G.C.E (O/L) - 2013npedu.sch.lk/web/Publications/OL ICT Short Notes.pdf · Hardware & Networking...

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Hardware & Networking Solution Team - Jaffna

1 G.C.E (O/L) - 2013 Information & Communication Technology

(01) jfty; cyfpy; fzpdpapd; gq;F (01) kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fzpdpAld; njhlu;ghd jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fshtd. 1. fy;tpj;Jiw:

gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis rpukkpd;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp Kiwik(e-Education) %yk; njhiyf; fy;tpapy; xNu jlitapy; Vuhskhd khztu;fSf;F fy;tpia mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

,yj;jpudpay; fw;if KiwikahdJ (e-Learning) khztu;fSf;F Rafw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gJld; fy;tpj;Jiwapd; tpidj;jpwidAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ.

ghlrhiyf;Fupa juTj; jsq;fisf; ifahs;tjD}lhf ghlrhiy epUthf eltbf;iffspy; fzpdp ,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 2. Rfhjhuj; Jiw:

fzpdpapd; JizAld; njhopw;gLfpd;w kUj;Jtg; gFg;gha;T ,ae;jpuq;fspd; %ykhf Jy;ypakhf Neha; epUzak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; Rfhjhuj;JiwahdJ jukhdJk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhd Nritia kf;fspw;F mspf;fpd;wJ. - CT Scanners, MRI Scanners, ECG, EEG

E-Channeling %yk; njhiytpl itj;jpa epGzu;fisj; njhlu;G nfhs;sf; $ba trjpfs;> njhiy mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fzpdp ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wJ.

3. tq;fp kw;Wk; epjpj; Jiwfs;: tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; fpisfs; gpujk mYtyfj;Jld; tiyaikg;gpD}lhf

njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ve;jnthU tq;fpf; fpisapypUe;Jk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jd;dpaf;f fhrspg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; (ATM) %yk; gy;NtW tq;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; tq;fp thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkJ eltbf;iffis ,t;tpae;jpuq;fs; %yk; ,yFtpy; g+u;j;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

Telebanking, Phonebanking, Netbanking Nghd;w NritfspD}lhf tq;fpf;Fr; nry;yhJ tq;fpf; fzf;F rhu;e;j eltbf;iffis tPl;bypUe;jthNw Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjp. - tq;fpf; fzf;Ffspw;fpilNa gzg;gupkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. - kpd;rhu> njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jjy;.

,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ru;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fSld; ,yFthf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjpfs;.

4. njhlu;ghlw; Jiw:

fzpdpj; njhopDl;gKk;> njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gKk; ,ize;J Mw;Wk; Nrit msg;gupad. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp %yk; clDf;Fld; gpwUld; njhlu;G nfhs;sf;$ba trjpapdhy;

,d;iwa cyfk; RUq;fptpl;lJ vdyhk;. - tPbNah khehL> kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit> njhiyefy; Nrit.

njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp Nghd;w nghJrd Clfq;fs; jkJ njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffSf;F fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw kpf tpiuthf tbtikf;fTk;> mr;rplTk; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

5. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw:

FbtuT> Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; jpizf;fsk;> rhujp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fk; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;wit jkJ md;whl eltbf;iffis fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghL> tpkhd mDkjpr; rPl;L tpepNahfk;> Mrd xJf;fPL Mfpa eltbf;iffSf;iffspy; fzpdpapd; gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

6. fl;bl epUkhzj; Jiw:

fl;ll epUkhzj; Jiwapy; fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cWjpahdJk;> rpwe;j Njhw;wk; nfhz;lJkhd fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fiwe;j nrytpy; R+oy; Neak; kpf;f fl;ll epUkhzg; nghUl;fs; jahupf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

R+oYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;glhj tifapy; efuq;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; gzpfs; fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

7. ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw: VTfizfis topg;gLj;jy;> mZf;fU ciyfis ,af;Fjy; Nghd;w kpfr; rpf;fyhdJk;

Mgj;jhdJkhd eltbf;iffs; fzpdpapd; cjtpia ek;gpAs;sd. Gydha;Tj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> jftw; gFg;gha;T Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;F fzpdp

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

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8. fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs;;;:

fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; gy;NtW taJj; njhFjpapdUf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $bajhfTk;> gy;NtW mwpT Mw;wy; kl;lq;fspw;F Vw;wjhfTk;> tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy; ,jd; rpwg;gk;]khFk;. - nr];

,t;tpisahl;Lf;fs; %ykhf Ez;zwpT tpUj;jp Vw;gLtJld;> tpiuthf jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wYk;> Mf;fj;jpwDk; tsu;fpd;wd.

fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; clw;fisg;G> csj;jifg;G Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwf;Fk; ClfkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

(02) md;whl tho;tpy; vkf;F mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ij mspf;Fk; vt;tifapYk; mike;j Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhj vz;fs;> cUf;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> gbkq;fs;> mstPLfs; Mfpad nfhz;l njhFjp juT MFk;. Fkhupd; cly; ntg;gepiy> khztd; jtizg; guPl;irapy; ngw;w Gs;spfs;> Nehahspapd; ngau;. (03) Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ijj; juf;$bajhf rupahf Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfs; jfty;fshFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ruhrup kiotPo;r;rp> khztd; guPl;irapy; ngw;w nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs;> ruhrupg; Gs;spfs;> f.ngh.j(c.j) Z Gs;sp> filapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fspd; tpiyg;gl;bay;. (04) jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs;:

Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jf;$bajhf> nrk;ikahf> Nghjpajhf ,Uj;jy;. gadUf;F njspthd tpsf;fKk;> ek;gfk; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy;. rupahd egiu milaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;. Njitahd Neuj;jpy; jahuhf ,Uj;jy;> jpl;lkhd nghWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

(05) fzpdpapd; tuyhW:

Kw;fhyj;jpy; fzpjr; nra;iffSf;F kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vspa cgfuzk; vz;rl;lk; MFk;.

fzpdpapd; je;ijahf fUjg;gLgtu; rhu;y;]; ghNg[; Mtu;. Kjy; fzpdpr; nra;epuyuhf fUjg;gLgtu; mlh xf];uh nyt;Ny]; Mtu;. Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzpdpahff; fUjg;gLtJ ENIAC MFk;. fzpdpg; nghwpapy; ngsjpf uPjpahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ> mjpy;

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nra;epuiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU fzpdpapypUe;J gy;NtWtifg;gl;l Ntiyfisr; nra;aKbAk; vd;gJ N[hd; nthd; epAkd; vz;zf;fUthFk;.

re;jjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l $W gz;Gfs; Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; gUkdpy; ngupait. rf;jp Efu;T mjpfk;.

mjpf ntg;gk; ntsptply;. ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; jpuhd;rp];uu; gUkdpy; rpwpaJ. rf;jp Efu;T kpf

FiwT. ntg;gk; ntsptply; FiwT. %d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;

xd;wpize;j Rw;Wf;fs; SSI, MSI,LSI,VLSI

mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd jpuhd;rp];uu;fisf; nfhz;like;jit. tpidj;jpwd; mjpfk;.

ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;

Ez;rpy;Yfs; my;yJ Ez;Kiw topahf;fpfs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf kpf mjpfk;.

(06) fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;: re;jjp mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.

o Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> %d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;> Ie;jhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; (nraw;ifahd Ez;zwpT nfhz;lit)

mstpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;. o kPf; fzpdpfs;> jiyikf; fzpdpfs;> rpW fzpdpfs;> Ez;fzpdpfs;.

gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy. o jdpegu; fzpdpfs;> kbf;fzpdpfs; (Note Book,)> cs;sq;iff; fzpdpfs;(PDA),

gzpepiyf; fzpdpfs; (workstation-eg: 3D Graphic Design) gad;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.

o nghJthd eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfs;.(md;whl fUkq;fs;) o tpNrl eltbf;iffSf;fhd fzpdpfs;.(tpupthd Muha;r;rp> Aj;j eltbf;if>

vz;nza; Ma;T> thdpiy Muha;r;rp) tbtikg;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.

o ,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs;> xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs;> fyg;Gf; fzpdpfs;

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(02) fzpdp td;nghUl;fs; 1) fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

fjp> nrk;ik> tpidj;jpwd;> gy;gzpr; nra;gzp> Nrkpj;jYk; kPl;Gk;> Ez;kjpapd;ik> czu;r;rpapd;ik

2) fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs;

cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fk;> tUtpisT> Njf;fy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

3) fzpdpf; fl;likg;G

4) fzpdpj; jpiuapd; jd;ikia jPu;khdpg;git.

gpupjpwd;> epwq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> fjpu;g;G

5) fzpdpj; jpiu tiffs;.

fNjhl;Lf; fjpu;f;

Foha;j; jpiu (CRT)> jputg; gspq;F fhl;Lk;

jpiu (LCD)

6) jputg; gspq;F

fhl;Lk; jpiu (LCD) rpwg;gk;rq;fs;.

Fiwe;j msT ,lk; Njitg;gly;> Fiwe;j msT kpd;tY Njitg;gly;> jpiuapy; rpkpl;L ,y;yhik

7) jputg; gspq;F

fhl;Lk; jpiu (LCD) gpujp$yq;fs;.

tpiy mjpfk;> fhl;rpfs; tiuaWj;j tPr;rpy; ,Uj;jy;> Jyq;fiyf; fhl;l mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;.

8) mr;Rg; nghwpfspd; tiffs;.

jhf;f mOj;j mr;Rg;nghwp

(Gs;sp mikTU> nla;rp rpy;Y> tup mr;Rg; nghwpfs;)

mOj;jh mr;Rg; ngwpfs;

(ik gPr;R> Nyru;> ntg;g mr;Rg; nghwpfs;)

9) epidtf tiffs;.

jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop

thrpg;G kl;Lk;

gJf;F epidtfq;fs;

……….…OR………..

mopjF epidtfk;

mopTwh epitfk;

10) fzpdpapd; fjp

(Hz)

1000 Hz = 1 kHz

1000 kHz = 1 MHz

1000 MHz = 1 GHz

11) xU jilt fzpj;jiy my;yJ Njf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpw;Wf;fspd; (bits) vz;zpf;if ikaKiwtop myfpd; nfhs;ssT (nrhy;ypd; gUkd;) vdg;gLk;.

ika Kiwtop myF cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; tpirg;gyif> Rl;b> tUb> EZf;Fg; gd;dp> tiyf; fkuh> xspg; Ngid> gl;ilf; FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;> ,af;fg;gpb> ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh.

fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk;> mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; cs;sPL nra;jy;.

fl;Lg;ghl;L myF fzpdpapd; vy;yhf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

fl;lisfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L fzpdpapd; rfy gFjpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

vz; fzpj ju;f;f myF vz;fzpj gzpfSk;> ju;f;fg; gzpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

epidtfg; gjpNtLfs; vz;fzpj> ju;f;f myfpy;

eilngWk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd juTfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpad ,q;F itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;.

ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;

fzpdpj; jpiu> mr;Rg; nghwp> xypngUf;fp> gy;Y}lf vwpfUtp.

fzpdp %yk; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk; Gwj;Nj nfhz;Ltuy;.

gpujhd epidtfk;; jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; (RAM)

ika Kiwtop myfpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis toq;Ftjw;fhf mtw;iwj; jw;fhypfkhfj; Njf;fpitj;jy;.

Jizj; Njf;ffk; td;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> nefpo; tl;L> ,yf;fKiwg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> gspr;rPl;L tl;L

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Njitg;gLk; juTfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> jfty;fs; Mfpatw;wij; Njf;fpitj;jy;.

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12) Gwj; Jizg; ghfq;fisg; nghUj;JjYf;fhd Jiwfs; / Fijfs;

cU Fij tif ,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;

PS/2 Fijfs; tpirg;gyif> Rl;b

njhlu;f; Fijfs; Nkhlk;> Rl;b

rkhe;juf; Fijfs; mr;Rg; nghwp> tUb

tiyaikg;Gf; Fij fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpfis xd;wpizf;Fk; tlq;fisj; njhLj;jy;.

fzpdpj; jpiuf; Fij fzpdpj; jpiu> gy;Y}lf vwpfUtp

USB Fij

rhjdq;fis ,f;Fijapy; njhLj;jTld; mj;JizAWg;Gf;fisr; nraw;gLj;jyhk;.

,izf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fSf;F ,f;FijapD}lhf kpd;toq;fg;gLk;.

fzpdpia epWj;jhky; ,f;Fijapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l rhjdq;fis nghUj;Jk;> njhLg;gfw;Wk; Mw;wy;.

xU Fijapy; gy;NtWgl;l tpjkhf 127 JizAWg;Gf;fis njhLf;Fk; trjp.

tpirg;gyif> Rl;b> tUb> mr;Rg; nghwp> ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh> Nkhnlk;

xypj; JizAWg;Gf; Fij EZf;Fg; gd;dp> xypngUf;fp

Nkhnlk; Fij Nkhnlk;

13) juTfis Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtNwhu; ,lj;jpw;F CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlu;ghly; vdg;gLk;. juTj; njhlu;ghlYf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilg; gFjpfs;.

juT %yk;> juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfk;> juT nghWeu;

14) juTj; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;.

topfhl;ba Clfk;: KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb> Xur;R tlk;> xspapay; ehu;fs;.

fjpu;j;j Clfk;:

thndhyp miyfs;> nrq;fPo;f; fjpu;fs;> Ez;ziyfs;> Bluetooth, Wi-Fi

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15) juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfs;.

njhlu;j; juT CLflj;jy;:

juTfs; xd;wd; gpd; xd;W tPjk; gpw;fshf (bits) CLflj;jg;gLk;. xU fk;gp NghJk;.

rkhe;juj; juT CLflj;jy;:

xNu jlitapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd gpw;fs; (bits) CLflj;jg;gLk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 8 fk;gpfs; Njit.

16) juT CLflj;jy; topfs;.

xw;iw topg; Nghf;F: juT xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; nry;fpwJ. cjhuzk;: njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp njhlu;ghly;.

miu ,Utopg; Nghf;F: ,U jpirfspYk; juTfis CLflj;jj;jf;fjhf cs;sNghjpYk; xU jlitapy; xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; juTfis CLflj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: Nthf;fp Nuhf;fp.

,U topg; Nghf;F: xNu re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,U jpirfspYk; juT CLflj;jy; eilngwj;jf;f juT CLflj;jy;. cjhuzk;: njhiygd;dp

17) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; mD$yq;fs;.

fjp> nryT> ghJfhg;G> xUKfg;gLj;jpa nkd;nghUs; fl;Lg;ghL vspjhjy;> kpd;dQ;ry;

18) fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd fzpdp nraypog;gpd; KOj;njhFjpapdJk; nraw;ghl;by; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf juTfSk;> jfty;fSk; mopjYk; Fog;gkiljYk;.

tiyaikg;Gj; njhFjpapy; cz;lhFk; tO fhuzkhf tsq;fs; mw;Wg; NghFk; rhj;jpak;.

ntspegu;fs; vspjhf njhFjpapDs; Eioe;J mq;Fs;s juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk; fsthlj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.

tyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vspa gzpahf mikahik.

19) ngsjpf uPjpapy; fzpdpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W nghUj;jg;gLk; tpjk; tiyaikg;G ,lj;jpay; MFk;.

cL ,lj;jpay; Star

tisa ,lj;jpay; Ring

ghl;il ,lj;jpay; Bus

ku tbt ,lj;jpay; Tree

20) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; gpujhd tiffs;.

,lj;Jup gug;G tiyaikg;G: LAN rpwpa gug;gpy; gue;jpUf;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G.

ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;G: WAN

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: Internet.

ngUefu;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G: MAN ,lj;Jup gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;f;ff; $Ljyhd gug;gpNy gutpapUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ngUk;gug;G tiyaikg;gpYk; ghu;f;ff; Fiwe;j Gtpapay; r+oYf;Fg; gue;jpUf;Fk; tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;;: murhq;fj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G> vy;yhg; gpuNjr nrayfq;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk; tiyaikg;G.

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21) fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;.

Nkhnlk;: ,yf;fKiwr; iriffs; xj;jpirr; iriffshfTk; (Fwpg;Ngw;W)> xj;jpirr; iriffs; ,yf;fKiwr; iriffshfTk; (Fwpg;gpwf;fk;) khw;wg;gad;gLk; JizAWg;G.

tiyaikg;Gf; Ftpak;: fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;D njhLg;gjw;F gad;gLk;.

tiyaikg;G Msp: fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gy fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;Fk;> mjd; %yk; juTfisAk;> jfty;fisAk; Kiwahf gupkhWtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.

tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il: fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpia ,izj;J Njitahd njhlu;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Rw;Wf;fisf; nfhz;l ,yj;jpudpay; ml;il.

Nritaff; fzpdp: fzpdp tiyag;gpd; vy;yhg; gzpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Nkitahd Nritfis toq;Fk; fzpdp Nritaff; fzpdp MFk;. ,J rhjhuz fzpdpapYk; ghu;f;f $Ljyhd miktbtj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

Nritg;gadu; fzpdp: fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fzpdp.

22) ,izak;: Internet

ARPANET fzpdp tiyaikg;ghdJ ,izaj;jpd; Muk;gkhFk;.

,izaj;jpy; tiuaiwapd;wpf; fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjd; %yk; cyfk; G+Nfhsf; fpuhkkhf khwpAs;sJ.

,izaj;jpw;F cupikahsNuh> fl;Lg;gLj;JgtNuh fpilahJ.

,izar; rq;fq;fspd; (ISOC) %yk; ,izaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epakq;fs;> xOf;ftpay; Nfhitfs; jahupf;fg;gLtJld; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;w gadhsu;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

23) ,izaj;Jld; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit:

fzpdp> njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs;> njhiygd;dpj; njhLg;G> nkhnlk; nghwp> ,iza Nritia toq;Feu;.

24) ,iza mfk;: Intranet

,izaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gtpay; cj;jpfis xU Fwpj;j epWtfj;jpy; cs;s egu;fs; khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhfTk;> ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cupa epWtfj;jpw;F

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfj; jahu; nra;ag;gLk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G. cjhuzk;: Dialog, Airtel

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(03) fzpdpj; juTfis rku;g;gpf;Fk; Kiw (01) vz; Kiwikfs;.

vz; Kiwik mbg; ngWkhdk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,yf;fq;fSk;> neLq;fzf;F tupAUf;fSk;

,Uk(Jtpj) vz; Kiwik 2 0,1

vz;k vz; Kiwik 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

gjpd;k vz;Kiwik 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

gjpdWk vz;Kiwik 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F (02) vz; KiwikfSf;fpilapyhd gupkhw;wk;

Jtpjk;

10101101012

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 512 0 128 0 32 16 0 4 0 1

512+128+32+16+4+1 = 69310

gjpd;kk; 69310

Jtpjk;

2 693 kPjp

2 346 1

2 173 0

2 86 1

2 43 0

2 21 1

2 10 1

2 5 0

2 2 1

2 1 0

0 1

vz;kk; 12658

1 2 6 5

(1x83) +(2x82) +(6x81) +(5x80)

(1x512) +(2x64) +(6x8) +(5x1)

512 +128 +48 +5

= 69310

vz;kk; 8 693 kPjp

8 86 5

8 10 6

8 1 2

0 1

gjpdWkk; 2B516

2 B 5

(2x162) +(11x161) +(5x160)

(2x256) +(11x16) +(5x1)

512 +176 +5

= 69310

gjpdWkk;

16 693 kPjp

16 43 5

16 2 11(B)

0 2

vz;kk; 12658

8=23 1 2 6 5

*** *** *** *** 001 010 110 101

10101101012

Jtpjk; 10101101012

vz;kk; 8=23 1>010>110>101

1 010 110 101 1 2 6 5

12658

gjpdWkk; 2B516

8=24

2 B (11) 5

**** **** ****

0010 1011 0101 10101101012

gjpdWkk;

8=24 10>1011>0101

10 1011 0101

2 B 5

2B516

10101101012

12658

2B516

kjpg;Ngw;Wq; fhuzp

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(03) juTf; fsQ;rpaq;fis (Data storage) mstPLfsf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;.

8 Bits 1 byte

1024 bytes 1 Kilo byte KB

1024 Kilo bytes 1 Mega byte MB

1024 Mega bytes 1 Giga byte GB

1024 Giga bytes 1 Tera bytes TB

1024 Tera byte 1 Peta byte PB (04) fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;.

BCD 4 Bits 1 0 0 1

16 NtWgl;l FwpaPLfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j KbAk; (0 - 15)> (24)

ASCII 7 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0


EBCDIC 8 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1


Unicode 16 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1


(05) gapw;rp: COMPUTER vDk; nrhy;iyf; fUJf. ,r;nrhy;ypy; mlq;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd; m];fp

ngWkhdq;fs; tUkhW. C=67, O=79, M=77, P=80, U=85, T=84, E=69, R=82 . Nkw;gb M, U, T, E Mfpa vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa gjpd;k nghWkhdq;fis ,Uk ngWkhdq;fshf khw;wp vOJf.

M= U= T= E=

(07) gapw;rp: A, B, C tupAUf;fspd; m];fp ngWkhdq;fs; KiwNa A=65, B=66, C=67 vdpd;> tupAU D ,dJ m];fp ngWkhdj;ij Jtpj vz;tbtpy; jUf

X=1101, Y=111 vdpd;> X+Y, X-Y ,dJ ngWkhdq;fisf; fzpf;f.

je;ijapd; taJ kfdpd; tajpd; %d;W klq;fhFk;. je;ijapd; taJ 39 vdpd;> ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd; kfdpd; tajpid Jtpj vz; tbtpy; jUf.

tpil: tpil: tpil:

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Bit

8 Bits

(1 byte)

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(04) ju;f;f thapy;fSldhd G+ypad; ml;rufzpjg; gad;ghL (01) VNjDk; xU khwp ,uz;L ngWkhdq;fis kl;Lk; vLf;Fkhapd; mk;khwp g+ypad; khwp vdg;gLk;. ,g; ngWkhdq;fis True (1) my;yJ False (0) vd fhl;l KbAk;.

X = 1 either X = 0 (02) G+ypad; ml;rufzpj mbg;gilj; Njw;wq;fs;.(X,Y,Z G+ypad; khwpfshFk;)

OR AND

X + 0 = X X + 1 = 1 X . 0 = 0 X . 1 = X

X + Y = Y + X X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z X . Y = Y . X X . (Y . Z) = (X . Y) . Z

X.(Y+Z) = (X.Y) + (X.Z) BABA . De Morgan’s X+(Y.Z) = (X+Y) . (X+Z) BABA . De Morgan’s

X + X = X AA X . X = X

(03) cz;ik ml;ltiz / nka;epiy ml;ltiz

2n=

22=

4

…..

2,1

No

t A

A A

nd

B

No

t(A

An

d B

) A

NA

ND

B

A O

r B

No

t (A

Or

B)

A N

OR

B

A E

xclu

sive

Or

B

No

t A

or

B

No

t A

An

d B

A B A BA. BA. BA BA BA A +B A .B

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

2n=2

3=8

…..

4,2,

1

No

t A

A A

nd

B A

nd

C

No

t(A

An

d B

An

d C

)

A O

r B

Or

C

No

t (A

Or

B O

r C

)

A X

OR

B E

XO

R C

No

t A

An

d B

Or

C

A B C A CBA .. CBA .. CBA CBA CBA CBA .

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

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(03) gpd;tUk; ju;f;fr; Rw;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd g+ypad; Nfhitfis vOJf> cz;ik ml;ltiz jahupf;Ff.

F

F

F

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(05) gzpnray; Kiwik

(01) fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nkd;nghUl; njhFjp gzpnray; KiwikahFk;.

Windows , Linux, UNIX, Mac, DOS (02) gzpnray; Kiwikapd; nraw;ghL.

epidtf Kfhik> Kiwtop Kfhik> JizAWg;G Kfhik> Nfhg;G Kfhik> ghJfhg;G Kfhik

(03) fzpdp Kiwikf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,iNaAs;s njhlu;G.

gadu;

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; Antivirus Software:

Kasper sky, AVG, AVIRA, Avast

Trouble Shooting Tool: Scanning, Defragment, Backup

gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Power Point,

Front Page.

Adobe Photoshop, Flash

Macromedia Flash, Dreamweaver

Sony Sound Forge gzpnray; Kiwik

Windows XP, windows Vista, Windows 7

Linux: Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat

DOS, MS DOS

Mac OS td;nghUs;

Mother Board, RAM, Hard Disk, DVD Drive, Power Supply…

Monitor, Key Board, Mouse, Scanner, Printer…

(04) gadu; ,ilKfj;jpd; tif.

fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; CLI> tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; GUI (05) tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwikapy; cs;s gpujhd $Wfs; rpy rhusq;fs;> glTU> gl;b> Rl;b (06)

nrYj;jpfs;

epakf; fUtpg; gl;il

Kftupg; gl;il

fz;Lgpbf;Fk; gl;il nrYj;jpfs;

Nfhg;G Nfhg;G ePl;rp

kPs;Rw;Nwhl;lf; nfhs;fyk;

ciw

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(06) nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs; (01) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs;.

Microsoft Office Word, Open Office Writer, Corel Word Perfect, Kingsoft Office.

(02) nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; cs;s rpy tpNrl trjpfs;. jpUj;jQ; nra;jy;> vOj;JU tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy;> jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fis kPs vLj;jy;> Nfhg;gpid Nrkpj;jy; jpwj;jy;> gjpg;G nra;a Kd;gjhf mjd; jd;ikia Nehf;Fjy;. gf;f mikg;G> ml;ltiziar; Nru;j;jy;> tbtikg;G nra;jy;> ge;jp mikj;jy;> Neu;g;gLj;jy;> vOj;J ,yf;fzg; gpiofisr; rupghu;j;jYk; rPu;nra;jYk;> nrhw;fisj; NjLjy; nrhy;iy khw;wPL nra;J nfhs;sy; trjpfs;> mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;G> (03)

ml;ltiz

Neu;g;gLj;jy; - ,lk; Neu;g;gLj;jy; - kj;jp Neu;g;gLj;jy; - tyk; Neu;g;gLj;jy; - ,Ugf;fk;

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your

document.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items

that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your

document.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document.

vOj;JUg; ghzp jbg;ghf rha;thf mbf;NfhL

vOj;JU msT

vOj;JU tif MicroWish w we u o k g l MicroWish Bullets

One

Two

Three

Numbering 1. Red 2. Green 3. Yelow

Merge Cells

Insert Picture

Auto Shapes

Cut (Ctrl + X) Copy (Ctrl + C) Paste (Ctrl + V)

X2 - Supper Script Log10 – Sub Script

Ω Φ λ

Insert Symbols

Page Border?

n the Insert tab, the

galleries include

items that are

designed to coordinate with

the overall look of your

document.(Drop Cap)

You can use these galleries to

insert tables, headers,

footers, lists, cover pages,

and other document building

blocks.

When you create pictures,

charts, or diagrams, they also

coordinate with your current

document look.

(3 Columns)

O

Header

&

Footer?

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(07) kpd;dZrhu; tpupjhs;fs;

(01)

(02)

Statistical Functions Examples Results

01 AVERAGE(number1,number2,...) =AVERAGE(A2:A6) =AVERAGE(A2:A6, 5)

02 COUNT(value1,value2,...) =COUNT(B2:B6) =COUNT(B2:B6,2)

03 MAX(number1,number2,...) =MAX(D2:D6)

04 MIN(number1,number2,...) =MIN(D2:D6,50)

05 RANK(number,ref,order) =RANK(D5,D2:D6,0)

B Logical Functions Examples Results

01 AND(logical1,logical2, ...) =AND(3<A2, D5<100) =AND(3<A2, D5>100)

02 OR(logical1,logical2,...) =OR(5<A2, D5<100) =OR(5<A2, D5>100)

03 NOT(logical) =NOT(FALSE) =NOT(1+1=2)

04 TRUE( ) =TRUE( )

05 FALSE( ) =FALSE( )

06 IF(logical test, value if true, value if false) =IF(A2<=100,"Yes","No")

C Math & Trigonometric Functions Examples Results

01 ABS(number) =ABS(2) =ABS(-2)

02 ROUND(number,num_digits) =ROUND(2.15, 1) =ROUND(2.149, 2)

03 SUM(number1,number2, ...) =SUM(3, 2) =SUM("5", 15, TRUE)

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(8) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jif

(01) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUs;fs;: xU Fwpj;j jiyg;G my;yJ epfo;r;rp njhlu;ghfj; njhFf;fg;glj;jf;f tplq;fis xOq;F Kiwahf VidNahUf;F vLj;Jiug;gjw;F cjTk; gy;Y}lf nkd;nghUs; tif.

Microsoft PowerPoint, Impress (Open Office), Magic Point, Apple Works, Google Docs. (02) epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;:

kpf typikahd njhlu;ghlYf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. epfo;j;JdUf;Fk; ghu;itahsUf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Nkk;gLj;jfpd;wJ. jfty;fs; vspjhfTk; rPuhfTk; xOq;fikg;gjw;F tha;gspf;fpd;wJ. capu;g;ghd epfo;j;Jifia jahupg;gjw;Fk;> vLj;Jiug;gjw;Fk; tha;g;ig mspf;fpd;wJ. rypg;gpd;wp fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;gjw;Fg; gy;Y}lfj; njhlu;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

(03) epfo;j;Jifia mikj;jy;:

fhl;rpr; rl;l msitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;. fhl;rpr; rl;lfj; jsf;Nfhyj;jpid njupT nra;jy;. fhl;rpr; rl;l tbtikg;Gfisr; Nru;j;jy;. fhl;rpj; jpiug; gpd;dzpapidr; Nru;j;jy;. fhl;rpr; rl;lf cs;slf;fj;Jld; mirT+l;lq;fisr; Nru;j;jy;. fhl;rpr; rl;lf cs;slf;fj;Jld; xypiar; Nru;j;jy;. fhl;rpr; rl;lfq;fSf;fpilNa epiy khwy;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

(04) kpd;dZ epfo;j;Jifapy; fhzg;glf;$ba gy;NtW ghq;Ffs; (View):

Normal

Slide Sorter

Slide Show

Notes Page (05) ghu;itahsUf;F epfo;j;Jifia Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;F SlideShow (F5) MFk;.

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(09) juTj;jsk; (01) ifapdhy; juTj; jsq;fis Kfhik nra;jy; fzpdp %ykhd juTj;js Kfhik Kiwik ml;ltizapd; msT> gjptpd; msT mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ml;ltiz mikj;jy; rpukk;.

juT ml;ltizfis vspjhf mikf;fyhk;.

juT ml;ltizfisr; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F ngupa msT ,ltrjp Njitg;gLjy;.

kpff; $Ljyhd msT juTfisr; Nrkpf;fyhk;.

gjpit kWgbAk; ifahsy; rpukk;. kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;.

neLq;fhyj;jpw;F ghJfhj;J itj;jy; rpukk;. $Ljyhd ghJfhg;igg; ngwyhk;.

gjpit ePf;Fjy;> ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;> gjpitr; Nru;j;jy; rpukk;.

gjpitr; Nru;j;jy;> Gjpjhfg; Gyj;ijr; Nru;j;jy;> gjpit ePf;fy;> gjpit ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> gjpitj; NjLjy;> kpf vspJ.

gjpit Njitahd Kiwapy; xOq;F nra;jy;> Njitahd gjpit khj;jpuk; ngwy; fbdkhFk;.

gjpit Njitahd Kiwapy; xOq;F nra;jy;> Njitahd gjpit khj;jpuk; ngWjy; vspJ.

(02) juTj;js Kfhkpg;G nkd;nghUs;fs;:

Microsoft Access, Oracle, MYSQL, dBASE, FoxPro, Paradox (03) juTj;jsj;ij Kfhkpf;f gpd;tUk; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ml;ltizfs;> gbtq;fs;> tpdty;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> kf;Nwhf;fs; (04) juT tiffs;:

Text, Memo, Numbers, Currency, Date/Time, Yes/No

Gyk; juT tif Gyk; juT tif

gjpT vz; guPl;irg; Gs;spfs;

ngau; trjpf; fl;lzk;

gpwe;j jpfjp rk;gsk;

mDkjpj; jpfjp Ra tpguk;

kUj;Jtf; fl;lzk; jpUkzkhdtuh?

khztu; njhif Nj.m.m. ,yf;fk; (05)

ml;ltizapy; cs;s gjpTfis jdpj;Jtkhf ,dq;fhzg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ rhtpahFk;.

ml;liz 1 ,d; Kjd;ikr; rhtp vJ?

ml;ltiz 2 ,d; Kjd;ikr; rhtp vJ? md;dpar; rhtp vJ?

Kjd;ikr;rhtpahf gpufldg;gj;jg;gl;l Gyj;jpy; xNu juT kPs ,lk;ngw ,ayhJ. jdpj;Jtj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;.

xu; ml;ltizapid NtNwhu; ml;ltizAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gyk; ml;ltizapd; md;dpar; rhtp MFk;.

(06) ml;ltizfSf;fpilNa gpd;tUk; njhlu;Gilikfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

xd;Wf;nfhd;whd 1:1> xd;Wf;Fg; gythd 1:*> gyTf;Fg; gythd*.*

(07) tpdty;: vkf;Fj; Njitahd Gyq;fspd; fPo; khj;jpuk; gjpTfisg; ghu;g;gjw;F tpdty; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Field: Gyj;jpd; ngaiu njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.

Table: ml;ltizia njupT nra;a gad;gLk;.

Sort: cupa Gyj;ij xOq;FgLj;jg; gad;gLk;. (VWtupir> ,wq;Ftupir)

Show: cupa Gyj;ij Njhd;wr; nra;a my;yJ Njhd;whkypUf;fr; nra;a gad;gLk;.

Criteria: cupa Gyj;jpy; juTfis Kfhkpf;fg; gad;gLk;. (epge;jidg;gLj;j)

(08) gbtq;fs;: ml;ltizfSf;Fj; juTfis vspjhfr; Nru;g;gjw;Fk;> ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa jfty;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk; gbtq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

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(10) jfty; Kiwik (01) ahNjDnkhU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mj;jpahtrpakhd Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w xd;Wlndhd;D njhlu;Gila gy;NtW $Wfspd; Nru;f;if KiwikahFk;. KiwikahdJ cg Kiwikfisf; nfhz;likayhk;. (02) njhFjpapd; gpujhd nraw;ghLfshtd: cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fk;> tUtpisT (03) jfty; Kiwik:

ifahy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik: vy;yh Kiwtopahf;fKk; kdpju;fspd; ifahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> juTfSk;> jfty;fSk; fljhrpapy; vOjp Nfhitfshf ciwfspYk; fhg;Gg; ngl;lfq;fspYk; itf;fg;gLk;. jfty;fs; jpUj;jkw;Wf; fhzg;glf;$ba jd;ik> Jupjkhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fbdk;> Kiwtopahf;fk; tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;J fhzg;gly; ,jd; FiwghLfshFk;.

fzpdpfis mbg;gilahf; nfhz;l jfty; Kiwik: fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kiwtopahf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,q;F jfty;fis kpfj; jpUj;jkhditahfTk;> tpiuthfTk;> Neu;j;jpahfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. tpidj;jpwd; $ba nrad;KiwahFk;. ,k;Kiwikapd; $Wfshtd: td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs;> kf;fs;(gadu;> nra;epuyu;)> nray;Kiwfs;> juTfSk; jfty;fSk;.

(04) jfty; Kiwik tiffs;:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwtopahf;f Kiwikfs;: md;whlk; eilngWk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Kiwtopg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jfty; KiwikahFk;. (tq;fpfs;> tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs;)

Kfhikj;Jt jfty; Kiwikfs;: ,q;F Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; juTfs; midj;Jk; juTj; jsj;jpy; Ngzg;gl;L> Njitahd Kiwapy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;L> epUthf eltbf;iffSf;F Njitahd jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gLk;. ,j;jfty;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> gpd;dilT gw;wp mwptjw;Fupa fhuzp ,Ug;gJld;> jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTk;. (ghlrhiy> itj;jparhiy> E}yfk;)

jPu;khd cjT Kiwikfs;: jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd jfty;fisj; Njitf;Nfw;g ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwikahFk;. jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw> epUthf tpjpfs;> nranyhOq;F> nghwpKiwfs; Nghd;w cupa juTfis KiwikapDs; cs;sPL nra;Ak;NghJ KiwikahdJ jPu;khdq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;.

ty;Ydu; Kiwikfs;: Fwpj;j Jiw rhu;e;j rfy tplaq;fisAk; KiwikapDs; cs;sPL nra;J gpd;du; KiwikahdJ cupa epiyikfSf;Nfw;g mwpTkl;lj;jpyhd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L MNyhridfis toq;Fk;. (kUj;Jt MNyhrid toq;Fk; ty;Y}du; Kiwik)

(05) Kiwik tpUj;jp tl;lk;:

fzpdp Kiwikia mikf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; gbKiwfs;.

1. gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;. 2. ,aYik Ma;T. 3. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T. 4. Kiwik tbtikg;G. 5. Kiwik tpUj;jp. 6. Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;. 7. Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;. 8. Kiwikiag; guhkupj;jy;.

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1. gpurpdj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;. Kiwikapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;> KiwikapypUe;J

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gfpd;w tplaq;fs;> cs;sPLfs;> tUtpisfs;> ,ilKfk;> Kiwikg; ghJfhg;G Nghd;wit gw;wp vspa Mtzk; jahupj;jy;.

epWtd Kfhikf; FOTk;> Kiwik tpUj;jpf; FOTk; ,ize;J ,ay;ghd nkhopapy; ,t; Mtzj;jpid jahupg;gu;.

6. Nrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;sy;. Kiwikapy; tOf;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.(FwpKiw tOf;fs;> mikg;G tOf;fs;> Njitfspd; FiwghLfs;)

KiwikapDs; rfy tpjkhd cs;sPLfisAk; ,l;L vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w tUtpisTfs; KiwikapD}lhf rupahfg; ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd nrt;it ghu;f;fg;gLk;. (Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwd;> ek;gfj;jd;ik> fhg;G)

$W}fSf;fhd Nrhjid: Kiwikapd; xt;nthU $Wf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf cs;sPLfis toq;fp mf;$wpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tUtpisT ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vd Nrhjpj;jy;.

njhlu;Gilikr; Nrhjid: Kiwikapd; $Wfs; xd;Wlndhd;W njhlu;Ggl;L> nra;epuy;fs; cupa Kiwapy; nraw;gLfpd;wdth vd cs;sPLfis toq;fpr; Nrhjpj;jy;.

Kiwikr; Nrhjid: KO Kiwikf;Fk; cs;sPLfis toq;fp vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w tUtpisT ngwg;gLfpd;wjh vdr; Nrhjpj;jy;.

Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nrhjid: Kiwikapd; Nritg; gadu; %yk; ,Wjpahf Kiwik Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Kiwik Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.

2. ,aYik Ma;T. Kiwikia cUthf;Ftjw;F Muk;gpf;f

Kd;du; mjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fs; cs;sdth? me;j Kiwik %ykhf ngwj;jf;f nghUshjhu mD$yq;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa mbg;gilf; fw;ifahFk;.

njhopDl;g ,aYik> nra;gzp ,aYik> nghUshjhu ,aYik.

3. Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T. fzpdp Kiwikia cUthf;f Kd;du;

mk;Kiwikapd; Njit> mjd; %yk; epiwNtw;w vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fUkq;fs;> mjpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;> mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs;> Kiwik nranyhOq;F gw;wp Muha;jy;.

Kiwik gFg;ghsu; cupikahsu;> gadu; MfpNahUld; fye;Jiuahly;.

Kiwikapd; Njit: nray;rhu;e;j Njitfs;:

tq;fpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Kiwikapy; gzitg;G> gzk; kPsg;ngwy;> khjhe;j mwpf;if> tq;fp kPjpia mwpjy;.

nray;rhuhj Njitfs;. ek;gfj; jd;ik> Kiwikapd; ,ilKfk;> Kiwikapd; ghJfhg;G.

jfty; Nrfupg;G Kiwfs;: mwpf;iffs;> Nfhitfs; Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpj;jy;. Neu;fhzy;. tpdhf;nfhj;J gad;gLj;jy;. mtjhdpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. khjpupfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

7. Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;. cupa Kiwapy; Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;. Neubahfr; nraw;gLj;jy;: ,Uf;fpd;w Kiwika ePf;fptpl;L mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa Kiwikia nraw;gLj;jy;.

rkhe;ju nraw;gLj;jy;: ,Uf;fpd;w KiwikiaAk;> Gjpa KiwikiaAk; rkhe;jukhf xU fhy mtfhrj;jpy; eilKiwg;glj;jy;. Gjpa Kiwik ntw;wpfukhdnjdpd; gioaij ePf;fp Gjpaij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

Kd;Ndhbr; nraw;gLj;jy;: gioa Kiwikapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghfq;fs; rpytw;iw Gjpa KiwikAld; ,izj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

gbKiwapyike;j nraw;gLj;jy;: gioa Kiwikapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghfq;fs; gbg;gbahf Gjpa Kiwikapdhy; khw;wPL nra;ag;gly;.

4. Kiwik tbtikg;G. nkd;nghUs; $Wfis ,dq;fhzy;. Kiwikapd; nkd;nghUs; mikj;jiy

,dq;fhzy;. ,ilKfq;fis tbtikj;jy;. juTj; jsj;jpid jpl;lkply;.

8. Kiwikiag; guhkupj;jy;. cUthf;fpa Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;Jifapy; guhkupg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

Nrhjidapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Fiwfis eptu;j;jp nra;jy;.

gadupd; Gjpa Njitfis G+u;j;jpnra;jy;. njhopDl;g khw;wj;jpw;fpzq;f Kiwikia Gjpa njhopDl;g mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf khw;wy;.

5. Kiwik tpUj;jp. tbtikg;gpd;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l $Wfs;> cgnjhFjpfs; Mfpad fzpdpnkhop %ykhf nra;epuyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L my;yJ FwpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L fzpdp Kiwik cUthf;fg;gLk;. Kiwikia mikg;gjw;Fupa nra;epuy; nkhopiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

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(11) gpurpdj; jPu;Tf;fhd fzpdpg; gad;ghL

(01) fzpdp nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rp

Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (,ae;jpu nkhopfs;) ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (xUq;F Nru;g;G nkhopfs;) %d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (cau;kl;l nkhopfs;) Eg: C, VB, PHP, JAVA, Phython ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdp nkhopfs; (nraw;if nkhopfs;) Eg: Prolog

(02) cau;kl;l nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;epuy;fs; fzpdpahy; njhopw;glr; nra;a Kd;gjhf fzpdpahy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba fPo;kl;l nkhopfshf khw;wg;gLk; nrad;Kiw nkhopngau;g;G MFk;. nkhop ngau;g;gpfshtd: xUq;F Nru;g;gp> njhFg;gp> nghUs;Nfhlyp (03) fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; fl;lq;fshtd. gpurpdj;ij gFj;jha;jy;. gpurpdj;ij jPu;g;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd newpKiwia cUthf;fy;. cUthf;fg;gl;l newpKiwia fzpdp nra;epuyhf khw;Wjy;. nra;epuypy; cs;s gpiofis ,dq;fhzYk; jtW ePf;fYk;. nra;epuy;fis nghUj;jkhd juTfSld; nraw;gLj;jy;. (04) tp\{ty; Ngrpf; juT tiffs;.

vz;rhu;e;j juTfs; (Byte, Integer, Long, Single, Double). ruk; (String). Currency. Date, Varient. (05) khwpfs;

nra;epuiy juTfSld; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ cupa juTfis gpujhd epidtfj;jpy; (RAM) jw;fhypfkhf itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf khwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (06) khwpfSf;Fg; ngaupLk;NghJ iff;nfhs;s Ntz;bait. Mq;fpy vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ (_ ) mbf;NfhL ,lk;ngwyhk;. ngaupy; ,Uf;fj;jf;f Mff;$ba vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 255 MFk;. tp\{ty; Ngrpf;fpy; cs;s fl;lisfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; ngau;fs; (Reserved word) khwpfspd; ngau;fshf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. EX: MyName, _Name, Name?, If, A_5, Salary, Num1 ,tw;Ws; khwpfshf gad;gLj;jf; $batw;iwj; njupf.

(07)

fzpjr; nra;iffs; epge;jidr; nra;iffs; ju;f;fr; nra;iffs;

+ - * / ^ \ mod = > < >= <= <> AND OR NOT

nra;if 1 2 3 4 Kd;Dupik xOq;F ( ) ^ *, / +, -

Ex:

fzpjr; nra;iffs; epge;jidr; nra;iffs ju;f;fr; nra;iffs;

((5+(2*3)-(5^2) tpil: 5>8 tpil: (3>5) And (5=4+1)

15/3 tpil: 5<=8 tpil: (3<=5) And (4=2^2)

17\3 tpil: 5=6 tpil: (3>5) Or (5=4+1)

17 mod 3 tpil: 3<>3 tpil: Not (5<>5) (08) jlkhf;fy;.

FOR <Running Variable> = <Start Value> To <End Value> [Step(n)] One or More VB Statement(s) Next <Running Variable>

s=0 For c=1 To 10 s=s+c Next c Print “Sum = “,s

For x=1 To 10 Print “Computer” Next x

For x=1 To 10 Step 2 Print x Next x

For x=10 To 1 Step -1 Print “ICT” Next x Print x

For i=1 To 3 For j=1 To i Print i,j Next j Next i

fPo; kl;l nkhopfs;: fzpdpf;F mz;ikahdJ> kdpjDf;F Nra;ikahdJ

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(09) njupT nra;jy;.

If...Then selection structure If <condition> Then

statement

End If

If mark > 75 Then

txtGrade.Text = "A"

End If

If...Then...Else selection structure If <condition > Then

statement(s)

Else

statement(s)

End If

If mark > 50 Then

txtGrade.Text = "Pass"

Else

txtGrade.Text = "Fail"

End If

Nested If...Then...Else selection structure

If < condition 1 > Then

statement(s)

ElseIf < condition 2 > Then

statement(s)

ElseIf < condition 3 > Then

statement(s)

Else

Statement(s)

End If

If average > 75 Then

txtGrade.Text = "A"

ElseIf average > 65 Then

txtGrade.Text = "B"


txtGrade.Text = "C"


txtGrade.Text = "S"

Else

txtGrade.Text = "F"

End If

Select...Case selection structure

Select Case Index/Expression

Case 0

Statements

Case 1

Statements

End Select

mark = Val(txtMark.Text)

Select Case mark

Case 0 To 34

txtGrade.Text = "W"

Case 35 To 54

txtGrade.Text = "S"

Case 55 To 64

txtGrade.Text = "C"

Case 65 To 74

txtGrade.Text = "B"

Case 75 To 100

txtGrade.Text = "A"

Case Else

MsgBox "Invalid average marks"

End Select

(10) mzpfs;.

Dim Marks (0 to 8) as Integer

75 45 87 93 58 69 77 50 59

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Do While <Condition> VB Statement(s) Loop

Dim number As Integer number = 1 Do While number <= 100 number = number + 1 Loop

Do While x < 10 Print x x = x + 1 If x = 5 Then Print "The program is exited at x=5" Exit Do End If Loop

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(11)

(12)

gha;r;rw; gl FwpaPLfs;

juTfspd; gha;r;ry; jpirfs; njhLg;gp

(04) gha;r;rw; glKk;> Nghypf; FwpKiwAk;.

Flow Chart Pseudo code

Begin

Read two numbers X,Y

If X >= Y then

Print X

Else

Print Y

End If

End

khwpfis ntspg;gLj;jy; Dim Variable Name As Data Type

Dim password As String Dim Status As Boolean

Dim total As Integer Dim Surname As String

Dim FirstNum As Integer Dim DoB As Date

khwpyp nra;epuiy nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fs; khw;wkiltjpy;iy.

Const Constant Name As Data Type = Value

Const Pi As Single=3.142 Const Temp As Single=37 Const Score As Single=100

KbT

njhlf;fk; cs;sPL tUtpisT

Kiwtopahf;fk;

Start

Stop

Read two

numbers

X,Y

X>=

Y

Print X

Print Y

Yes

No

jPu;kh

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Label 1 Command Button1

Name lblNum1 Name cmdDo

Caption Num1 Caption Do

Alignment Right Justify Command Button2

Label 2 Name cmdExit

Name lblNum2 Caption E&xit

Caption Num2

Alignment Right Justify Text Box1

Label 3 Name txtNum1

Name lblGni Text

Caption Greatest Number is: Text Box1

Alignment Right Justify Name txtNum2

Label 4 Text

Name lblResult Form

Caption Name frmMyFirstPro

Alignment Right Justify Caption My First Pro

Private Sub cmdDo_Click()

If Val(txtNum1.Text) >= Val(txtNum2.Text) Then

lblResult.Caption = txtNum1.Text

Else

lblResult.Caption = txtNum2.Text

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdExit_Click()

End

End Sub

Private Sub cmdDo_Click()

If Val(txtNum1.Text) >= Val(txtNum2.Text) Then

MsgBox ("Greatest number is " & txtNum1.Text & ".")

Else

MsgBox ("Greatest number is " & txtNum2.Text & ".")

End If

End Sub

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Name lblMark1 Name cmdTotal

Caption Mark 1 Caption Total

Alignment Right Justify


Name lblMark2 Name cmdAverage

Caption Mark 2 Caption Average


Label 3 Form

Name lblMark3 Name frmSba

Caption Mark 3 Caption SBA


Label 4 Label 5

Name lblTM Name lblAM

Caption Total Marks : Caption Average Marks :

Alignment Right Justify Alignment Right Justify

Border Style Fixed Single Border Style Fixed Single I

Private Sub cmdTotal_Click()

lblTotal.Caption = Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +

Val(txtMark3.Text)

End Sub

Private Sub cmdAverage_Click()

lblAverage.Caption = (Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +

Val(txtMark3.Text)) / 3

End Sub


lblAverage.Caption = Val(lblTotal.Caption) / 3

End Sub II

Function avg()

lblAverage.Caption = (Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +

Val(txtMark3.Text)) / 3

End Function

Function tot()

lblTotal.Caption = Val(txtMark1.Text) + Val(txtMark2.Text) +

Val(txtMark3.Text)

End Function


Call avg

End Sub

Private Sub cmdTotal_Click()

Call tot

End Sub

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(12) jfty; NjlYf;F ,izaj;jpd; gad;ghL (01) ,izak;: ,izaj;jpd; Kf;fpa nray;Kiwfs;:

kpd;dQ;ry;> /Nghuk; Forums> ciuahly; FO> cyfshtpa ,iza tiy> fye;Jiuahlw; FO> nra;jpf; FO> Nfhg;G khw;wj;jpw;fhd nrk;ik elg;nghOq;F (File Transfer Protocol) tiy NkNyhbfs;: ,izaj; jsj;jpy; ,iza gf;fq;fis ghu;itapLtjw;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fs; tiyNkNyhbfshFk;.

Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox, Google Chrome, Opera

Njlw;nghwpfs;: ,izaj;jsj;jpy; NjLjy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp

nkd;nghUs;fs;.

Yahoo, Google, ask, Altavist

,iza Kftup: ,izaj;js jfty;fis xOq;FKiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; jdpj;Jtkhd ngau;.

www.schoonet.lk, www.doenets.gov.lk, ,izaj;jpy; ,iztjw;Fj; Njitahdit: njiyNgrp ,izg;G> fzpdp> nkhnlk;> njhlu;ghly; fzpdp nkd;nghUs;> ,iza Nrit toq;Feu; ISP.

(02) kpd;dQ;ry;:

Inbox: vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kpd;dQ;ry;fs; te;JNrUk; ,lk;. Draft: mDg;Gtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l Kbtilahj fbjq;fs; ,q;F Nru;j;J

itf;fg;gLk;. Sent: vk;khy; mDg;g;gl;l fbjq;fspd; gpujpfs; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; ,lk;. Spam: vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mdhkNjaf; fbjq;fs; ,q;F te;J NrUk;. Trash: mopf;fg;gLk; fbjq;fs; ,jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;. To: kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;gNtz;batuJ kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup cl;GFj;jg;gLk; ,lk;.

kpd;dQ;riyg; gyUf;F mDg;gNtz;ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Kftupfs; fhw;Gs;sp (>) milahsk; ,l;L Nru;f;fg;gLk;.

Cc: kpd;dQ;rypd; efy; (gpujp) Fwpg;gpl;l egiuj; jtpu VidNahUf;Fk; mDg;gNtz;ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy; KftupfSf;F ,ilNa fhw;Gs;sp ,l;L Kftupfs; cl;GFj;jg;gLk; ,lk;. ,k; Kftupfs; fbjk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; midtuhYk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Bcc: kpd;dQ;rypid gy egu;fSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ,J gad;gLk;. vdpDk;> ,q;Fs;s Kftupfis Kftup ,lg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l egiuj; jtpu NtW Kftupf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd vtuhYk; fhzKbahJ.

Subject: fbjk; njhlu;ghf jiyaq;fk; ,Ltjw;fhf ,J cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. Attachments: kpd;dQ;rYld; Gifg;glk;> xyp xsp epfo;r;rpfspd; Nfhg;Gf;fis

,izg;ghf mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;. Reply: fpilf;fg;ngw;w kpd;dQ;ry; fbjnkhd;wpw;F gjpy; mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;. Forward: fpilj;j kpd;dQ;rypid NtnwhUtUf;F jpUg;gpaDg;GtJ. Sign Up: Gjpa kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;jpid Vw;gLj;jg;

gad;gLk;. Sign In: Vw;fdNt ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpDs; Eiotjw;Fg; gad;gLk;. Sign Out: cs; Eioe;j kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.

kpd;dQ;ry; Nritapd; rpwg;gk;]q;fs;: tpiuthdJ> ,yhgfukhdJ> cyfpd; vg;gFjpapy; cs;stUlDk; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;> Gifg;glq;fs; rydg;glq;fs; Fuy; xyp Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;J mDg;gyhk;> kpd;dQ;ry; Fwpj;j egiu nrd;wilahtpl;lhy; fhuzk; te;J Nruy;. (Windows Outlook, Webmail)

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kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup: ,dq;fhZk; ngau;> Ms;fsg; ngau; Mfpa ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;jJ. ,t;tpU gFjpfisAk; Ntwhf;Ftjw;F @ FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. (ID@DomainName)

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] kpd;dQ;rYld; njhlu;Gila Nritaf fzpdpfs;;.

SMPT Server, POP3 Server Ms;fsg; ngaupd; ,Wjpg; gFjp FwpaPLfs;;. .com thzpg epWtdq;fs; .int ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs;

.edu fy;tp epWtdq;fs; .net tiyaikg;G njhopDl;g epWtdq;fs;

.org mur rhu;gw;w ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fs; .lk ,yq;if

.gov mur epWtdq;fs; .us mnkupf;fh

.mil gilazp .ch rPdh

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(13) fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhd gy;Y}lfg; gad;ghL (01) tz;z khjpupaq;fs;:

RGB: rptg;G> gr;ir> ePyk;. njiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdpj; jpiufspy; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

CMYK: ,sePyk;> Cjh> kQ;rs;> (fWg;G) mr;R Clf NtiyfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ.

(02) xU glj;jpd; my;yJ gbkj;jpd; jukhdJ jq;fpAs;s fhuzpfs;:

glj;jpd; ePsk;> mfyk; (gpupjpwd;). xU gl%yj;jpy;(pixel) mlq;fpAs;s epwq;fspd; vz;zpf;if (bit-depth).

(03) RGB= 256x256x256 =16777216 epwq;fs; (RGB, 24 Bits= 8x8x8) . xU %y epwj;jpw;F 256 (0-255) (28 bits) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (04) gpupjpwd; (Resolution): jpiuapy;(glj;jpy;) xU mq;Fy rJug;gug;gpy; cs;s gl%yq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ppi (Pixel Per Inch), dpi(Dots per Inch). ( fzpdpapy; my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jpiuapy; jdpj; jdpNa vLf;fj;jf;f glf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if)

72ppi gpupjpwd; vdg;gLtJ. 72x72=5184 gl%yq;fs; (1 mq;Fy ePsKk;> 1 mq;Fy mfyKk; nfhz;l gug;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;) gupjpwd; mjpfupf;f glj;jpd; juKk; mjpfupf;Fk;. (05) gbkthf;fy; nkd;nghUs;fs;:

Adobe photoshop: xspg;gnkhd;wpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> xspg;glj;jpy; cs;s ghfq;fis mfw;Wjy;> vOj;JU tiffisr; Nru;j;jy;> Nkyjpf myq;fhuj;jpid xspg;glj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

(06) File Format:

BMP, TIFE, TGA, JPEG, GIF (JPEG-Joint Photographers Expert Group, GIF- Graphic Interchange Format rpwe;jit) (07) Polygonal Lasso Tool gy;Nfhzp tbtq;fis njupT nra;a

Magnetic Lasso Tool ve;jnthU tbtj;jpYk; njupT nra;a

Brush Tool tpUk;gpa cUtq;fis tiue;J nfhs;s

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(14) gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gj;ijf; nfhz;l ,izaj;jsq;fis cUthf;fy;

Tag milahs xl;Lf;fs; <Body>, <B>, <Html>….

HTML Hyper Text Marup Language

Web Browser tiy NkNyhb Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Google Chrome, …

Home Page Web Page Web Site

njhlf;fg; gf;fk; ,izag; gf;fk; ,izaj; jsk;

Search Engine Njlw; nghwp Google, Yahoo,

Teleconferencing njhiy khehL

,izaj; js cUthf;f nkd;nghUs;fs; WYSIWIG- Editor

Adobe ColdFusion, Macromedia Dreamweaver, Microsoft Expression Web, SharePoint Designer, Visual Studio, Visual Web Developer Express, Microsoft Front page.

gy;NtW Clfq;fspd; Nru;khdk; gy;Y}lfk; MFk; (Gjpdj; jhs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp). ,jD}lhf Fwpg;gpl;l tupAUf;fs;> nrhw;fs;> juTfs;> xspg;glq;fs;> tiutpay;fs;> xypfs;> mirT+l;lq;fs;> xspj;Njhw;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;syhk;.

WWW Server vdg;gLk; cyfshtpa ,iza Nritafj;jpy; ,izag; gf;fq;fs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mf;fzpdpapy; mlq;fpAs;s jfty;fis ehk; ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. upk; gu;d]; yP vd;gtuhy; WWW cyfshtpa ,izak;(tiy) mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

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(15) jftw; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gKk; r%fKk; (01) tptrhaj;Jiwapy; jftw; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;ghL:

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;LtUk; etPd Ma;Tfspd; my;yJ gupNrhjidfspd; ngWNgWfisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;F ,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

tptahapfSf;Fk; re;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; re;ijapd; tpiy epiyikfis clDf;Fld; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTtJld; re;ijapy; ,lk;ngWk; KiwNfLfspy; ,Ue;J tptrhapfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspf;f %bAk;.

,ilj;jufu;fs; %yk; tptrhapfs; Ruz;lg;gLtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLtJld; tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;Fupa epahakhd tpiyAk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.

,izaj;jpd; %yk; tptrha cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd fhyepiyj; jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;syhk;.

tptrhak; rhu;e;j nfhLg;gdT mwpf;iffis fzpdpg;gLj;jy; ,yFthdJ.. (02) ifj;njhopw;Jiwapy; jftw;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;;

gy;NtW nghUl;fisAk; fUtpfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ mit njhlu;ghd Muk;gj; jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> KbTg; nghUspd; mikg;ig Kd;dNu mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; jftw;njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpdpapd; %yk; ,aq;Fk; NuhNgh ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp KO cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp KbTg; nghUl;fisf; Fiwfs; vJTkpd;wp ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

(03) mur JiwAk; jfty; gupkhw;wKk;:

murJiw Mtzq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> nghJj; juTfs;> jfty;fs;> nra;jpj; jhs;fs;> Rw;wwpf;iffs;> rl;lk; Nghd;w Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Nritfs; fzpdpkag;gLj;jy;.

kf;fs; tPl;bypUe;jthNw Nkw;gb jfty;fisAk; NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

(04) jftw;njhopDl;gKk; tu;j;jfKk;:

nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Kjy; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ tiuAs;s rfy nraw;ghLfspYk; jftw;njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpahghu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; nghUshjhu uPjpapYk; epUthf uPjpapYk; ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

ru;tNjr uPjpahf tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfis xg;gpl;L tpUk;gpa ehl;by; ,Ue;J nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;aTk;> mNef re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJk; ed;ikfshFk;. (Amazon)

,izaj;jpd; %yk; tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghdJk;> ,yFthdJkhFk;.

tpUk;gpa vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisj; Njly;> fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwy; nghUl;fSf;fhd nfhs;tdTf; fl;lisfis ,ly; vd;gdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mjw;fhd gzj;ij VISA, Master ml;il %ykhfr; nrYj;j KbAk;.

tpkhdr; rPl;Lf;fis ngwy;> Rw;Wyhtpw;Fj; Njiahd N`hl;ly;fis xJf;fpf; nfhs;sy;> ez;gu;fSf;Fg; gupRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gpf; nfhs;Sjy;> Milfis thq;Ftjw;Fk; ,aYk;.

(05) jftw;njhopDl;gKk; Rfhjhuj;JiwAk;:

Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; kUe;Jfisj; jahupj;jy;> kUj;Jt Ma;Tfs;> kUj;Jt gupNrhjidfs;> mWitr; rpfpr;ir Nghd;wdtw;wpw;F fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

MRI tUb %yk; ntspg;ghu;itf;Fj; njupahj clypd; cs; mtatq;fis gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; cau; juj;jpy;> tu;zq;nfhz;ljhf glk;gpbg;gjd; %yk; kUj;Jtu;fs; rupahd jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f cjTfpd;wJ.

CAT tUb %yk; Kg;gupkhzg; glq;fs; ngwg;gLk;. cUg;gpf;fg;gl;l glq;fs; %yk; cs; cWg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj Neha;fisf; fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ. (vYk;G kr;ir).

EEG %yk; %isapy; Vw;gLfpd;w jPik tpistpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpr; rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. J}q;Fk;NghJ> elf;Fk;NghJ> jpBu; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ %isapd; nraw;ghl;bid ,jd; %yk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

Telemedicine: kUj;Jtu;fs; Nehahspfisg; gupNrhjpj;jy;> mtjhdpj;jy;> NehahsuJ kUj;Jt mwpf;iffis Kfhik nra;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; Telemedicine MFk;>

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(06) fy;tpj; Jiwapy; jftw;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;:

fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp> ,iza mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rp> fw;wy; Kfhikj;Jt Kiw> njhiyf; fy;tp KiwfspD}lhf kpd;fy;tp KiwahdJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

,iza trjp ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp epfo;r;rp> ghl ,Wtl;Lf;fs;> %yk; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fyhk;.

,k; kpd;fw;ifapy; khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fw;wy; eltbf;iffspy; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;> tpUk;Gk; ghlnewpiaj; njupT nra;jy; rpwg;gk;]q;fshFk;.

fw;if Kiwapy; cs;s ghlnewpfs; gy;tifg;gl;l gy;Y}lf fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gl;lik khztu;fSf;F fw;wypy; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

khztu;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> guPl;ir eltbf;iffs;> Rafw;wy; gapw;rpfs;> Njitahd topfhl;ly;fs; ,tw;wpd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gjpT nra;Jnfhz;l khztu;fs; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjw;fhd cjtpia kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; jkJ MNyhrfUld; my;yJ gjpT nra;J nfhz;l gpw khztu;fSld; njhlu;gpid vw;gLj;jpj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> Neu R+rpif jahupj;jy;> yPT eltbf;iffs;> tuTg; gjpTfs;> elj;ijr; rhd;wpjo; jahupj;jy;> fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid Kfhik nra;tjw;F jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

(07) fzpdp Kiwikfs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;: fzpdp KiwikfSf;F gpur;rpidfisAk;> rthy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUs;fs; jPa nkd;nghUs;fs; ( Malware or Malicious Software) vd miof;fg;gLk;. fzpdp er;R epuy;:

o fzpdpr; nra;epuypd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jthW RakhfNt ngUFk; Mw;wYilaJ. o ,izak;> tiyaikg;G> kpd;dQ;ry;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;> nefpo;tl;Lf;fs;> ,yf;fKiw

gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L> gspr;rPl;L tl;L Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf er;R epuy; guTfpd;wJ. o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfs;: fzpdpapDs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

juTfSk; jfty;fSk; mope;JNghjy;> rpijTWjy;. nkd;nghUl;fs; nraypoj;jy;. fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwd; Fiwtiljy;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fzpdp td;nghUl;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLjy;.

o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpid ,dq;fhz gad;gLk; mwpFwpfs;: fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;L Ntfk; Fiwtiljy;. fhuzkpd;wp fzpdp mbf;fb nraypoj;jy;> kPs Muk;gpj;jy;> kPs Muk;gpf;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> Muk;gpf;f mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;. rpy nkd;nghUl;fs; ,af;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> nraw;ghL rpijtiljy;> jhdhf mopf;fg;gLjy;. Nfhitfs; jhdhfNt mopf;fg;gLjy;. gadw;w Nfhitfs; Nru;f;fg;gLjy;. jpiuapy; Njitaw;w mwpTWj;jy;fs; nra;jpfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gly;. Gjpa nkd;nghUl;fisr; Nru;f;fKbahky; Nghjy;. gl;bg; gl;ilfspd; xOq;F rpijtiljy;. gy;NtW rj;jq;fs; Vw;gly;. td;tl;L nrYj;jp nraypoj;jy;> njhlu;r;rpahf ,aq;Fjy;. rupahf mr;nrLf;f Kbahky; Nghjy;> Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; mr;rhjy;. tl;Lf;fspy; ,lk; ,Ue;jhYk; ,lk; ,y;iy vd Fwpg;gply;.

o fzpdpapy; er;R epuiy ePf;Ftjw;Fupa rpwe;jtop er;Repuy; vjpu;g;Gr; nra;epuy;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. Anti Virus : Norton, McAfee, Panda, AVG, Kaspersky, Avira, Avast.

o er;R epuy; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;: jPr; Rtupid njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;. fhg;G Nfhitfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> er;R epuy; vjpu;g;Gr; nra;epuy;fspy; cs;s ghJfhg;G Kiwfis njhopw;ghl;by; itj;jpUj;jy;. vg;NghJk; %y nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;. nghJthd ghtidf;F epu;thff; fzf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jhJ rhjhuz ghtidf; fzf;fpidg; gad;gLj;jy;. mwpKfkpy;yhj ,izaj; jsq;fis gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;jy;. kpd;dQ;ry; ,izg;Gf;fis mtjhdkhff; ifahsy;. gspr;rPl;L tl;Lf;fis ftdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. nkd;nghUl;fspd; fl;lisg; gpupT trjpfis nraw;gLj;jhJ itj;jpUj;jy;.

Ntu;k;];: o kdpjdpd; jiyaPL ,d;wp RakhfNt gpujpahf;fk; nra;Ak; Mw;wYilaJ. o tiyaikg;gpD}lhf Ntfkhf gutp ghuJ}ukhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

l;nuh[d; N`hu;];: o gaDs;s fzpdp nra;epuy; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L kiwe;jpUe;J mopit

Vw;gLj;Jk;. ];igntahu;:

o fzpdpapDs; epiynfhz;L fzpdpapd; juTfis gpujp nra;J nfhLf;Fk;. o ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhf njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ

fzpdpapd; flTr;nrhy;> jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw gpw fzpdpfSf;F gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak;.

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ml;ntahu;: o ,izaj;js;fisg; gad;gLj;Jifapy; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; Njitaw;w tpsk;guq;fs;>

mwpTWj;jy;fs; ,itahFk;. o ,tw;wpdhy; cs uPjpahd jhf;fk;> ftdk; fiyf;fg;gly;> fhy tPz;tpuak; Nghd;wd

Vw;glf;$Lk;.

i`[hf;fu;: o VjhtnjhU fzpdpapy; fhzg;gLk; juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis NtW xUtuhy;

Fwpj;j fzpdp cupikahsupd; mDkjp ,d;wp ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ.

layu;: o nkhlk; ghtidA+lhf Vw;gLk; Dial up gpur;rpidfs;. o Nkyjpf njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzq;fs; Vw;gly;> njhiyNgrp ghtidapy;

jilNaw;gly;.

];ghk;: o mtrpakw;w kpd;dQ;ry;fis njhlu;e;J kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupf;F fpilf;fg;ngwy;. o Kf;fpa kpd;dQ;ry;fs; jpUk;gptpLjy;> kpd;dQ;ry;fis mopf;f mjpf Neuk; vLj;jy;>

kpd;dQ;riyg; gad;gLj;jy; rpukk; Vw;glyhk;.

(04) fzpdpAk; MNuhf;fpaKk;: kf;fs; jkJ flikfSld; ngsjpf mk;rq;fis ,izj;J nray;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd

fw;ifapid Ergonomics vd;gu;. (Ergo – Work, nomos – law)

kPs;tUk; jifg;G: xNu gzpapy; njhlu;e;J ePz;l Neuk; <LgLtjd; fhuzkhf clypy; Vw;gLk; xUtif typ kPs;tUk; jifg;G RSI vd;gu;.

fz; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;: o tuz;l fz;> fz; vupT> fz; typ> ghu;itf; FiwT> ,ul;ilg; ghu;it> jiy typ. o mbf;fb fz;fis %Ljy;> tpj;jpahrkhd J}uq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; kPJ

ghu;itiar; nrYj;Jjy;> Rw;Wr; R+oiy fhw;Nwhl;lkhfTk; Nghjpa ntspr;rj;JlDk; itj;jpUj;jy;> ,ilapilNa Xa;ntLj;jy; %yk; Nkw;gb gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;ayhk;.

fzpdpfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; fzpdpg; gad;ghl;lhsu;fis ghjpg;giar; nra;ayhk;: o ghJfhg;gpd;wp mq;Fkpq;Fk; kpd; tau;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;. o nghUj;jkw;w Nkir> fjpiufisg; gad;gLj;jy;. o Nghjpa kpd;ndhsp ,d;wp ,Uj;jy;. o fhw;Nwhl;lk; Ngzg;glhik. o fzpdp JizAWg;Gf;fs; rupahfTk;> KiwahfTk; gad;gLj;jhik

(mr;Rg;gpujpnaLg;ghdpd; Torner cupa Kiwapy; mfw;wg;glhik)

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