GCSE Homework Pack- Britain: Health and the people, c1000 ...

GCSE Homework Pack- Britain: Health and the people, c1000 to

the present day

The Influence of the Ancient

Worlds:

• Greek•Hippocrates•4 Humours

• Roman• Army • Public

Health• Galen

Medieval Medicine

• Galen• Black Death• Surgery • Hospitals• Church • Arab

Medicine

Renaissance Medicine

• Vesalius• Anatomy

• Pare• Ligatures • Ointment• False

Limbs• Harvey

• Heart

• The Great Plague

18th and 19th

Century Medicine

•Surgery• Pain &

Anaesthetics• Infection and

Antiseptics• Blood Loss• Jenner ,

Fleming,, Women.

• Germ Theory • Public Health

20th Century Medicine

• NHS• Liberal

Reform

Name: ___________________________Class: ___________________________Teacher: _________________________

1

Guide to the Guide

2© Mr Roberts 2016

This guide is split into the six main sections that cover this unit. You have a series of tasks to complete which will help you reinforce your learning from the lessons to help you achieve the best grade you possibly can! If you need any help completing one of the tasks, speak to your teacher! Make sure you keep it safe as if you loose it, you will have to pay for a new one!

3© Mr Roberts 2016

4© Mr Roberts 2016

AQA expect you to think about the following throughout the course. As you study ‘Britain: Health and the people, c1000 to the present day’ keep these themes in mind:

• Why changed happened when it did?• Did change bring about progress?• How significant were the changes?• Cause and consequence• Short term, long term and trigger causes • Intended/unintended consequences

5

Contents Page: Page Set Due Mark

Factors pages – these should be completed as you go through the course and see evidence of these factors.

8-16

Medieval Medicine Quick Questions 17

Individual Genius in Review: Hippocrates 18

Individual Genius in Review: Galen 19

Explain the Significance of Ancient individuals on the development of Medicine (8 marks)

20

Public Heath: Roman Britain 22

Explain the Significance of the Romans on Public Health in Britain (8 marks)

23

Medieval: Treatment 25

Medieval: Hospitals 26

Explain the Significance of Hospitals in the Middle Ages. 27

Medieval: Public Heath 29

Compare Public Health in the Roman period to the Middle Ages. In what ways did they differ? Explain your answer with reference to both time periods. (8 marks)

30

Medieval: Role of the Church 32

Explain the Significance of Religion in the Middle Ages. 32

Contents Page Con.:

6

Page Set Due MarkIndividual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Nafis 34

Individual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Sinna (Avicenna) 35

Individual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Razi 36

Compare Christian medicine to that of Islamic Medicine. In what ways did they differ? Explain your answer with reference to both time periods. (8 marks)

37

Explain the Significance of the Black Death on life in the Middle Ages. (8 marks)

39

Was Religion the main factors in relation to medicine and Public Heath in the Middle Ages? (16 marks)

41

Renaissance – Quick Questions 44

Individual Genius in Review: Vesalius 45

Explain the Significance of Vesalius’s impact on Medicine. 46

Individual Genius in Review: Paré 48

Explain the Significance of Paré’s impact on Medicine. 49

Individual Genius in Review: Harvey 51

Individual Genius in Review: John Hunter 52

Explain the Significance of Hunter’s impact on Medicine. 53

How useful is Source A to a historian studying treatments in the Renaissance period. (8 marks)

55

Compare the Black Death in the Middle Ages and the Plague in the Renaissance in which ways were they similar.

58

Compare hospitals in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance era in which ways do they differ?

60

Was individuals the main factors in the development of medicine in Britain in the Renaissance era? (16 marks)

62

Individual Genius in Review: Jenner 65

Jenner Storyboard 66

How useful is Source A to a historian studying vaccination? 67

Fight Against Disease – Quick Questions 70

Individual Genius in Review: Pasteur 71

Explain the Significance of Pasteur’s impact on Medicine. 72

Individual Genius in Review: Koch 74

Explain the Significance of Koch’s impact on Medicine. 75

Individual Genius in Review: Ehrlich 77

Explain the Significance of Ehrlich’s impact on Medicine. 78

Contents Page Con.:

7

Page Set Due MarkSurgery – Quick Questions 80

Individual Genius in Review: Simpson 81

Individual Genius in Review: Davy 82

Individual Genius in Review: Liston 83

Explain the Significance of anaesthetics in the development of medicine.

84

Individual Genius in Review: Lister 86

Explain the Significance of Joseph Lister in the development of medicine.

87

Individual Genius in Review: Semmelweis 89

Explain the Significance of Semmelweis in the development of medicine. (8 marks)

90

Public Health – Quick Questions 92

Explain the significance of the industrial revolution on Health. 93

How useful is Source A to a historian studying Public Health in the early 19th Century.

95

Individual Genius in Review: Snow 98

Explain the Significance of Snow’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)

99

Individual Genius in Review: Bazalgette 101

Explain the Significance of Bazalgette and the Sewers he built impact on Medicine. (8 marks)

102

Individual Genius in Review: Chadwick 104

Explain the Significance of Chadwick’s impact on Medicine. 105

Individual Genius in Review: William Farr 107

Public Health: Government Acts 108

Public Health Timeline 109

Modern Medicine – Quick Questions 110

Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth debate 111

Individual Genius in Review: Fleming 112

Explain the Significance of Fleming’s impact on Medicine. 113

Was war the main factors in the development of medicine in Britain in the 20th Century? (16 marks)

115

Explain the Significance of modern surgical methods on Medicine.

118

Factors Factory: War War has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

8

Factors Factory: Religion Religion has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

9

Factors Factory: Chance Lots of improvements and discoveries have been made in medicine by accident, where it was not intended. Give some examples (with detail) below.

10

Factors Factory: Government Government has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

11

Factors Factory: CommunicationCommunication has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

12

Factors Factory: The EconomyThe Economy has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

13

Factors Factory: Attitudes (Conservatism)People’s attitudes regarding equality, democracy and representation has both helped and hindered medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

14

Factors Factory: Individual Genius Individual Genius has helped medical development over time. Give some examples (with detail) below.

15

Factors Factory: Science and Technology* Lots of improvements and discoveries have been made in medicine by developments in technology and scientific development. Give some examples (with detail) below.

16

1. Medieval Medicine

17

1. What are the other two names the period is known as?

1. What are the two time periods that came before the Medieval period? (In chronological order)

1. Which time period is Hippocrates from?

1. Which time period is Galen from?

1. Why do we look at these two individual in the Medieval period, when they are from before then?

1. In what year was the Black Death?

1. Name two things people believed caused the Black Death?

1. Name two consequences of the Black Death?

1. Name two medieval hospitals and give details about them (e.g. Treatments, who would visit etc.) 1.

1.

1. Name two Islamic doctors and explain what they did. 1.2.

Individual Genius in Review: Hippocrates

18

Background information:

Full name: Date of Birth:Date of Death: Occupation:

What is the Theory of the Four Humours (with detail)?

What did he say about treating patients?

How did his work differ to what had come before?

In what ways did he have a POSITIVE impact on Medicine?

In what ways did he have a NEGATIVE impact on Medicine?

Was his work natural or supernatural? Was this typical of the time?

Other:

Individual Genius in Review: Galen

19


Full name: Date of Birth:Date of Death: Occupation:

What is the Theory of Opposites (with detail)?

What work did he do about the Anatomy?




Was his work natural or supernatural? Was this typical of the time?

Other:

Explain the Significance of Ancient individuals on the development of Medicine (8 marks)

For an 8 mark significance question you need 3 PEEL paragraphs answering the question. To get more than 6 marks you MUST talk about long term impact as part of AT LEAST 1 of your PEEL paragraphs.

20

One way that Ancient individuals are significant is:

Another way that Ancient individuals are significant is:

A final way that Ancient individuals are significant is:

Which one(s) of these had long term impact?

Now have a go at answering the question! ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please continue on the next page.

…continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please continue on a separate piece of paper if needed.

21

Public Heath: Roman Britain

Why was Public Health important to the Romans?

22

When was the Roman period?:

Explain how the following helped and/or hindered developments in people’s health. Aqueduct:

Sanitation:

Roads:

Public Baths:

Hospitals:

Latrines:

Wells:

Sewers:

How did the fall of the Roman Empire effect public Health in Britain? (don’t forget to state clearly if it was better or worse):

Overall, did the Romans have a positive or negative impact on Britain?

Explain the Significance of the Romans on Public Health in Britain (8 marks)


23

One way that Romans were significant is:

Another way that Romans were significant is:

A final way that Romans were significant is:



…continued


24

Medieval: Treatment Which Ancient Individuals influenced treatments in the Middle Ages:

25

Below list as many treatments people could get in the Middle Ages as you can. Make sure to include what it was treating, who would have done it and whether or not it would have worked. You could do this in four different colours! So, treatment, illness, who performed/gave it, would it have worked?

Medieval: Hospitals The MHS (Medieval Health Service) is desperate for some advertising, so that patients know where to go, as too much time is waste on patients going to the wrong place! Use the rest of this page to create either: a poster or script for a radio/TV advert doing this! Make sure you include all the different types of hospital, who is and is not welcome and the treatment they would receive and whether or not it would have helped!

26

Explain the Significance of Hospitals in the Middle Ages. (8 marks)


27

One way that Hospitals were significant is:

Another way that Hospitals were significant is:

A final way that Hospitals were significant is:



…continued


28

Medieval: Public HeathWhat were the POSITIVE impacts of War on Medieval times?

29

What were the NEGATIVE impacts of War on Medieval times?

What were the other POSITIVE aspects of Public Health in Medieval times?

What were the other NEGATIVE aspects of Public Health in Medieval times?

Compare Public Health in the Roman period to the Middle Ages. In what ways did they differ? Explain your answer with reference to both time periods. (8 marks)

For an 8 mark ‘Compare’ question you need 3 PEEL paragraphs referencing both time periods in each.To get more than 6 marks you MUST talk about the wider historical differences between the time periods.

30

One differences is: Another difference is:

A final difference is: The wider historical differences are:


…continued


31

Medieval: Role of the ChurchWho trained doctors in the Middle Ages:

Who’s ideas was this training based on?

Why was this an issue?

Other than training, what else were the Church in change of (in relation to medicine) in the Middle Ages?

Why was the Church important in the Middle Ages?

32

Explain the Significance of Religion in the Middle Ages. (8 marks)


Now have a go at answering the question! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please continue on the next page.

…continued


33

Individual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Nafis

34


Other names: Date of Birth:Date of Death: Occupation:

Which ancient did he disagree with, and over what?

What work did he do about the Anatomy?




How was his achievements limited?

Other:

Individual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Sinna (Avicenna)

35



Use the space below to create a profile about his key achievements (and limitations) and work in relation to Medicine:

Individual Genius in Review: Ibn al-Razi

36




Compare Christian medicine to that of Islamic Medicine. In what ways did they differ? Explain your answer with reference to both time periods. (8 marks)


37

One differences is: Another difference is:

A final difference is: The wider historical differences are:


…continued


38

Explain the Significance of the Black Death on life in the Middle Ages. (8 marks)


39

One way that the Black Death was significant in the Middle Ages was:

Another way that the Black Death was significant in the Middle Ages was:

A final way that the Black Death was significant in the Middle Ages was:



…continued


40

Was Religion the main factors in relation to medicine and Public Heath in the Middle Ages? (16 marks)Explain your answer with reference to religion and other factors.

41

Level 1 (1-4)

Basic description or some Basic reasoning. E.g. ‘They had herbalists in the medieval monastery.’

Level 2 (5-8)

Answers that argue the case for the identified factor or alternative factor that shows detailed understanding and support

Level 3 (9-12)

Answers that argue a detailed case for the identified factor and alternative factor(s)

Level 4 (13-16)

Answers that develop out of Level 3 and evaluate the relative merits of the stated factor. The answer demonstrates a balanced integrated assessment or judgement about

Religion is a very important factor because…

For example…

Another example…

Other factors contributed to improvements in Public Health including…

For example…

Another example….

Religion however had limitations… For example…

Other factors are limited and held back public health for example…

To conclude:

…now have a go at answering the question!

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42

…continued


43

2. Renaissance

1. What does ‘Renaissance’ mean?

1. Name the 5 individuals in this time period:

1. What year(s) was the Plague?

1. Name two things people believed caused the Plague:

1. Name two consequences of the Plague:

1. What does a Quack Doctor do?

1. What is an ‘Apothecary’?

1. What does ‘vacca’ mean?

44

Individual Genius in Review: Vesalius

45

Background information: Full name: Date of Birth:Date of Death: Occupation: Nationality:


Explain the Significance of Vesalius’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


46

One way that Paré was significant was: Another way that Paré was significant was:

A final way that Paré was significant was:



…continued


47

Individual Genius in Review: Paré

48



Explain the Significance of Paré’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


49





…continued


50

Individual Genius in Review: Harvey

51



Individual Genius in Review: John Hunter

52



Explain the Significance of Hunter’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


53





…continued


54

Study Source A. How useful is Source A to a historian studying treatments in the Renaissance period. (8 marks)Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.

55

Death and the Apothecary, or The Quack Doctor by Thomas Rowlandson, early 1800. Robert Burns wrote 'Death and Doctor Hornbook' about a doctor of the type satirised in this cartoon, who kills more patients than he cures.

How do we measure whether a source is useful? The 3 T(ea)s

✓ What does or doesn’t it TELL me? CONTENT.

✓ Is it TYPICAL of the time? (Look at the date…) PROVENANCE

✓ Can I TRUST it? (Why was it written and who is it written by?) PROVENANCE.

To test whether we can trust it we look at the 4 A’s: ➢ The author of the source . What are their beliefs?

What circumstances did they write it in? Where did they create it? (Place).

➢ The purpose or aim of the source. Is it to inform? Invoke a reaction? Show support? Is it for the public because it is what they want to hear?

➢ Audience who is it written for? The wider public, America, the world, readers of a particular newspaper?

➢ Access: Does the person writing or talking or drawing about it have access to the information?

How is it useful? (remember contextual knowledge):

How is it not useful? (remember contextual knowledge):

What is the context of time it was written? (What are people’s attitudes of Apothecary?):


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

56

…continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please continue on a separate piece of paper if needed.

57

Compare the Black Death in the Middle Ages and the Plague in the Renaissance in which ways were they similar. Explain your answer with reference to both epidemics. [8 marks]

For an 8 mark ‘Compare’ question you need 3 PEEL paragraphs referencing both time periods in each.To get more than 6 marks you MUST talk about the wider historical similarities between the time periods.

58

One similarity is: Another similarity is:

A final similarity is: The wider historical similarities are:


…continued


59

Compare hospitals in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance era in which ways do they differ? Explain your answer with reference to both time period. [8 marks]


60

One difference is: Another difference is:

A final difference is: The wider historical difference are:


…continued


61

Was individuals the main factors in the development of medicine in Britain in the Renaissance era? (16 marks)Explain your answer with reference to individuals and other factors.

62

Level 1 (1-4)


Level 2 (5-8)


Level 3 (9-12)


Level 4 (13-16)


Individuals were very important factor because…

For example…

Another example…


For example…

Another example….

Individuals however had limitations… For example…

Other factors are limited and held back public health for example…

To conclude:


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

63

…continued


64

Individual Genius in Review: Jenner

65



Edward Jenner faced A LOT of opposition. Write as many reasons below as you can and explain them.

66

Study Source A. How useful is Source A to a historian studying vaccination? (8 marks)Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.

67

How do we measure whether a source is useful? The 3 T(ea)s

✓ What does or doesn’t it TELL me? CONTENT.

✓ Is it TYPICAL of the time? (Look at the date…) PROVENANCE

✓ Can I TRUST it? (Why was it written and who is it written by?) PROVENANCE.

To test whether we can trust it we look at the 4 A’s: ➢ The author of the source . What are their beliefs?

What circumstances did they write it in? Where did they create it? (Place).

➢ The purpose or aim of the source. Is it to inform? Invoke a reaction? Show support? Is it for the public because it is what they want to hear?

➢ Audience who is it written for? The wider public, America, the world, readers of a particular newspaper?

➢ Access: Does the person writing or talking or drawing about it have access to the information?

How is it useful? (remember contextual knowledge):

How is it not useful? (remember contextual knowledge):

What is the context of time it was written? (What are people’s attitudes of Apothecary?):

A cartoon drawn in 1802 by James Gillray.It is generally thought to show Edward Jenner giving his patients ‘the new inoculation’ at St Pancras Hospital in London. However, historians have suggested that the patients are Dr. William Woodville’s, who ran the hospital. He was in dispute with Jenner after some of his patients died from Smallpox when he used Jenner’s technique.


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

68

…continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please continue on a separate piece of paper if needed.

69

3. Fight Against Disease

70

1. Why did Pasteur and Koch compete?

1. What did Pasteur create the cures for?

1. What did Koch create the cures for?

1. What did Ehrlich create the cure for?

1. Why was it a turning point in history?

1. Who created the second magic bullet?

1. What did it cure?

Individual Genius in Review: Pasteur

71



Explain the Significance of Pasteur’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


72

One way that Pasteur was significant was:

Another way that Pasteur was significant was:

A final way that Pasteur was significant was:



…continued


73

Individual Genius in Review: Koch

74


Use the space below to create a profile about his key achievements (and limitations) and work in relation to Medicine:MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE DATE OF GERM THEORY:

Explain the Significance of Koch’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


75

One way that Koch was significant was: Another way that Koch was significant was:

A final way that Koch was significant was:



…continued


76

Individual Genius in Review: Ehrlich

77


Use the space below to create a profile about his key achievements (and limitations) and work in relation to Medicine:MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE THE MAGIC BULLET:

Second Magic Bullet was called: Made by: Treated: What does this show about Paul Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet:

Explain the Significance of Ehrlich’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


78





…continued


79

4. Surgery 1. What were the 3 problems with surgery

at the start of the 19th Century?

1. Which individual famously used chloroform in surgery?

1. Which monarch used chloroform in surgery?

1. What was the main problem with the invention of Lister?

1. Why did Semmelweis have a limited impact?

1. Which problem was not really solved in the 19th Century?

80

Individual Genius in Review: Simpson

81



Individual Genius in Review: Davy

82



Individual Genius in Review: Liston

83



Explain the Significance of anaesthetics in the development of medicine. (8 marks)


84





…continued


85

Individual Genius in Review: Lister

86



Explain the Significance of Joseph Lister in the development of medicine. (8 marks)


87





…continued


88

Individual Genius in Review: Semmelweis

89



Explain the Significance of Joseph Lister in the development of medicine. (8 marks)


90





91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

…continued


100

Individual Genius in Review: Bazalgette

101



Explain the Significance of Bazalgette and the Sewers he built impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


102





…continued


103

Individual Genius in Review: Chadwick

104



Explain the Significance of Chadwick’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


105





…continued


106

Individual Genius in Review: William Farr

107



Public Health: Government Acts Complete the table below about the Acts that Government passed to help public health.

108

Act Who did it help? Limitations?

Public Health Act 1848

Public Health Act 1875

Food and Drugs Act 1875

Housing Act 1875

Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906

Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906

Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907

Children and Young Person’s Act 1908 (Children’s Charter)

Old-Age Pensions Act 1908

Labour Exchanges Act 1909

Housing and Town Planning Act 1909

Nation Insurance Act 1911

Timeline! Use this page to make a timeline of Public Health from 1800-1875. Make sure you include what PH was like at the start, the end and the acts that took place.

109

1800

6. Modern Medicine1. Why did the Boer war lead to developments

in Medicine?

1. Which two individuals could be attributed with setting up the NHS? (and why?)

1.

1.

1. Which factor was most significant in the development of plastic surgery? Why?

1. Who discovered Penicillin before Flemming?

1. What limited the significance of this at the time?

1. What is meant by ‘drug-resistnace’?

1. How did WWI help surgery? What did it lead to?

1. How was the x-ray discovered, by who and when?

1. Who discovered blood groups? When?

1. What issues are there with the NHS today?

110

Modern Public Health Reformers: Create a debate between Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth over who had the greater impact in History:

111

Individual Genius in Review: Fleming

112



Explain the Significance of Fleming’s impact on Medicine. (8 marks)


113





…continued


114

Was war the main factors in the development of medicine in Britain in the 20th Century? (16 marks)Explain your answer with reference to individuals and other factors.

115

Level 1 (1-4)


Level 2 (5-8)


Level 3 (9-12)


Level 4 (13-16)


War was a very important factor because…

For example…

Another example…


For example…

Another example….

War however had limitations… For example…

Other factors are limited and held back developments for example…

To conclude:


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

116

…continued


117

Explain the Significance of modern surgical methods on Medicine. (8 marks)


118





…continued


119

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