124
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis kvleviTi instituti konkurenciis kanonebi da institutebi saerTaSoriso praqtikis mimoxilva 1
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis kvleviTi instituti
konkurenciis kanonebi da institutebi saerTaSoriso praqtikis mimoxilva
T b i l i s i
2012
1
Sinaarsi
abreviatura
Sesavali
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
nawili I. antimonopoliuri regulirebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
Tavi I konkurenciis kanonebis miznebi, gavrcelebis sfero ----------- 8
da ZiriTadi koncefciebi
Tavi II konkurenciis kanonebis ZiriTadi debulebebi ---------------------- 22
2.1 antikonkurenciuli SeTanxmebebi/xelSekrulebebi ----------------------- 22
2.2 dominirebuli mdgomareoba da misi borotad d gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebuli akrZalvebi
------------------------------------------------------------------------29
2.3 koncentracia (Serwymebi da SeZenebi, gaerTianebebi)
------------------------42
nawili II. konkurenciuli politikis aRmasrulebeli organoebis
dizainisa da efeqtianobis Sesaxeb
Tavi III. konkurenciis saagentoebis (komisiebis, ofisebis) dizaini ---52
Tavi IV. konkurenciis saagentoebis (komisiebis, ofisebis) efeqtianobis
Sesaxeb
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59
daskvnebi da winadadebebi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------71
gamoyenebuli literatura
------------------------------------------------------------------------72
danarTebi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
danarTi 1. konkurenciis kanonebi da aRmasrulebeli institutebi danarTi 2 konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis organoebi danarTi 3 kanonmdeblobis miznebi gamokiTxuli qveynebis mixedviTdanarTi 4-5 mniSvnelovani sabazro Zalauflebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi
2
(SerCeva moxda mxolod SeTavazebuli kriteriumebidan, Tumca sxva kriteriumebsac iyeneben)danarTi 6 konkurenciis saagentoebis msaxasiTeblebi SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviTdanarTi 7 dominirebis prezumpcia da usafrTxoebis zRvruli normebi
abreviatura
ADB - aziis ganviTarebis banki
CARICOM - karibis qveynebis gaerTianeba
COMESA – aRmosavleT da dasavleT afrikis saerTo bazari
DCFTA – SeTanxmeba Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis
Sesaxeb
DOJ- AaSS iusticiis departamenti
ICN - konkurenciis saerTaSoriso qseli
EU - evrokavSiri
EC - evrokomisia
EBRD - evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki aziis
ECN - evropis konkurenciuli qseli
FTC – aSS vaWrobis federaluri komisia
FTA – SeTanxmeba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb
MERCOSUR – 1991 wlis politikur-ekonomikuri SeTanxmeba argentinas
brazilias, urgvais da paragvais Soris
OFT - Tavisufali vaWrobis ofisi
OECD - ekonomikuri TanamSRomlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia
PCA –SeTanxmeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
UNCTAD - gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis komisia
WTO - msoflios savaWro organizacia
WB - msoflio banki
DF
3
Sesavali
antimonopoliuri regulirebis tradiciebis mqone qveynebSic ki
gansxvavebulia damokidebuleba konkurenciis kanonebis miznebisa da
maTi miRwevis saSualebebisadmi. miuxedavad amisa, yvela erTsulovania
Semdegi principebis mimarT:
- konkurenciis kanonebi unda iswrafodnen monopoliuri qcevisa da
iseTi SeTanxmebebis Tavidan acilebisken, romlebic zians ayenebs
momxmarebels.
- am kanonebma unda Seqmnan xelSemwyobi pirobebi axali
kompaniebis gamosasvlelad bazarze da arsebulTa Soris jansaRi
konkurenciis dasacavad
- kanonis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis reJimi unda iyos cxadi, prognozirebadi
da transparentuli, raTa daarwmunos rogorc investorebi, rom isini
daculi iqnebian bazarze damkvidrebuli firmebis antikonkurentuli
qcevebisagan da maTi saqmianobac obieqturad iqneba Sefasebuli;
aseve moqalaqeebi imaSi, rom daculi iqnebian monopolisti
sawarmoebis mxridan mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebisa da
diqtatisagan.
konkurenciuli kanonmdebloba SesaZloa iyos zedmetad mkacri an
loialuri. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli iqneba misi praqtikuli efeqtic. orive
SemTxvevaSi wagebulia momxmarebeli Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo:
a) Tu kanoni zedmetad loialuria, momxmarebels uwevs
dausabuTeblad gazrdili fasebis gadaxda, radganac konkurenti firmebi
dausjelad axorcieleben Serwymas, farul SeTanxmebebs da sabazro
Zalebis SemzRudav sxva qmedebebs. dominirebuli kompaniebi ki aseve
4
dausjelad ,,aSeneben” sxva kompaniebisaTvis bazarze Sesasvlel
barierebs.
b) Tu kanoni Zalze mkacria biurokratiis miswrafebam warmoebis
moculobebisa da fasebis kontrolisadmi SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios bazarze
moqmedi samewarmeo struqturebis iniciativis paralizeba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia, rom warmatebuli firmebi daisajon sruliad
damsaxurebulad miRebuli maRali mogebis gamo, an sxva
kompaniebisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis. operaciebis vertikaluri
integracia maqsimaluri efeqtianobis donemde ekrZalebaT aradominirebul
kompaniebsac ki, romlebic ar floben mniSvnelovan sabazro
SesaZleblobebs da Sesabamisad, survilic rom hqondeT, naklebad
SesaZlebelia, rom isini borotad gamoiyeneben sakuTar sabazro Zaluflebas.
es cnobili dilemaa da ekonomikuri Teoria da praqtika gamoyofs
antimonopoliuri kanonebidan im komponentebs (e.w. ,,indikatorebs”),
romelTa gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros Tu ramdenad
warmatebiT SeZles ama Tu im qveynis kanonmdeblebma misi
gadaWra.kerZod:amasTan, Sinaarsobrivad sworad gaazrebuli da wakiTxuli
kanoni mxolod pirveli nabijia imis gasagebad Tu rogor imoqmedebs igi
saqmian wreebze, momxmareblebze da sazogadoebaze. interesebze
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli rogor iqneba sakanonmdeblo debulebebis
gamoyenebuli antimonopoliuri organoebis mier da ganmartebuli
mosamarTleebis mier.
konkurenciis saerTaSoriso wesebi da principebi da, rac mTavaria,
konkurenciis roli ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da sazogadoebis keTildReobis
amaRlebaSi, dRis wesrigSi ayenebs konkurenciuli politikis Seqmnisa da
gajansaRebis amocanas nebismier qveyanaSi. Sesabamisad qveynebis
umravlesobaSi konkurenciuli politika ganixileba rogorc ekonomikuri
politikis fganuyofeli nawili da reformebis erTerTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.
aRniSnulze miuTiTebs mraval qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli da mimdinare
reformebi konkurenciis sferoSi da konkurenciis kanonisa da politikis
srulyofis mizniT ganxorcielebuli maregulirebeli qmedebebi. gansakuTrebiT
gaaqtiurda konkurenciis politikis reformebi 90-ian wlebSi, rac ukavSirdeba
postsocialistur qveynebSi mimdinare saxalxo meurneobis
demonopolizaciis, saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebisa da ekonomikis
liberalizebis procesebs.
5
saqarTveloSi am sakiTxebis aqtualoba gamowveulia rogorc
konkurenciis AaRiarebuli roliT ekonomikis zrdasa da ganviTarebaSi da
momxmarebelTa keTildReobis amaRlebaSi, aseve antikonkurenciuli
praqtikis gaaqtiurebiT (m.S. sasaqonlo bazrebis monopolizaciis
gaZlierebuli tendenciebiTa da karteluri SeTanxmebebis aSkara niSnebiT)
da saqarTvelos evrotlantikuri ambiciebiT. yovelive zemoarniSnuli qveynis
xelisuflebas akisrebs Sesabamis valdebulebebs da maT Soris zrunvas
konkurenciuli politikis iseTi elementebis uzrunvelyofaze, rogoricaa: a)
konkurenciis saTanado, cxadi da prognozirebadi wesebis arseboba, b) maT
dacvaze efeqturi saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba, g) aRsrulebis sando da
gamWvirvale praqtika.
saqarTveloSi konkurenciis politikis samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli
bazis mSenebloba araTanmimdevrulobiT, wyvetilobiTa da
winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeboda. iseve rogorc sxva postsocialistur
qveynebSi, saqarTveloSi konkurenciuli politika, rogorc ekonomikuri
politikis sruliad axali mimarTuleba, garkveuli obieqturi problemebisa da
subiqturi winaaRmdegobebis (maT Soris biznes interesebis mqone
gavleniani saxelisuflebo wreebis mxridan) fonze viTardeboda, rasac kidev
ufro arTulebda 90-ian wlebSi qveyanaSi Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri da
socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba. miuxedavad amisa, antimonopoliuri
politikis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze iyo garkveuli warmatebebic, rogorc
sakanonmdeblo bazis aseve instituciuri ganviTarebisa da kanondmeblobis
aRsrulebis procesSi. aRniSnulze miuTiTebs, rogorc antimonopoliuri
samsaxuris saqmianobis amsaxveli masalebi, aseve araerTi saerTaSoriso
organizaciisa, Tu ucxoeli eqspertis Sefasebac (vrclad es sakiTxebi
ganxilulia analitikur mimoxilvaSi: saqarTvelos konkurenciuli politikis
retrospeqtiva -1992-2012 ww) da rCevebic Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da
politikis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis. sagulisxmoa, rom 2000-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi nacvlad konkurenciuli politikis ganviTarebisa da saerTaSoriso
normebTan miaxloebisa (rasac saqarTvelos xelisuflebas 1996 wels
evrokavSirTan da mis wevr qveynebTan xelmowerili partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebac avaldebulebda) da antimonopoliuri
samsaxuris statusis gaZlirebisa (rasac im dros moqmedi antikorufciuli
sabWoc xazgasmiT miuTiTebda), TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa zogadi
konkurenciuli kanonmdeblobis dargobrivi niSniT fragmentaciisa da im dros
6
moqmedi antimonopoliuri samsaxuris dasustebis mcdeloba. dasanania,
rom vardebis revoluciis Semdeg damokidebuleba konkurenciuli
politikisadmi kidev ufro gauaresda. Sesabamisad, dReisaTvis, rodesac
araerT postocialistur qveyanaSi konkurenciuli politikis ganvitarebis 20 wlis
Sedegebs aanalizeben, saqarTveloSi, konkurenciuli politikis reforma kvlav
aqtualuria da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba
aseT viTarebaSi, aucileblad mogvaCnia sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis
imgvarad gaazreba, rom saTanado politikuri nebis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli
iyos saqarTvelos konstituciiT (30-e muxliT) garantirebuli konkurencis
ganviTareba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis uflebebis relizacia SedarebiT
naklebi regulirebis tvirTiTa da danaxarjebiT. amasTan,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi da Sesabamisi
samarTlebrivi normebis dakanoneba mxolod pirveli nabijia konkurenciuli
garemos gajansaRebis gzaze da, Tu rogor imoqmedebs kanoni saqmiani
wreebis, momxmareblebisa da sazogadoebis interesebze damokidebulia
sakanondbelo debulebebis interpretaciaze, ganmartebaze da
gamoyenebaze aRmasrulebeli organoebisa da mosamarTleebis mier.
Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSia ara mxolod konkurenciis cxadi wesebis
dakanoneba, aramed kanonmdeblobis administrirebisa da iZulebiTi
aRsrulebis efeqtiani sistemis Seqmnis sakiTxic.
winamdebare analitikuri mimoxilva miznad isaxavs farTo
sazogadoebis informirebas konkurenciis saerTaSoriso principebis,
wesebisa, agreTve sxvadsxva qveynebis kanonebisa da maTi aRsrulebis
aprobirebul meqanizmebze. migvaCnia, rom es masala, sxva faqtorebTan
erTad, mniSvnelovnad gaadvilebs konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
ZiriTadi debulebebis formirebas/gaazrebas da Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli
institutis dizainis ZiriTadi elementebis gansazRvras.
nawili pirveli. antimonopoliuri regulirebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
Tavi 1. konkurenciis kanonebis mizani, gavrcelebis sfero da
ZiriTadi koncefciebi
7
saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli biznesis SemzRudavi praqtikis
saxelmwifo kontrolis (maT Soris msoflios savaWro organizaciisa da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciisa da gaeros)
wesebi da principebi saxelmwifoebs mouwodebs miiRon, srulyon da
efeqturad ganaxorcielon Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, daafuZnon
kanonmdebloba biznesis Semzudavi praqtikis (mogvianebiT es termini
Seicvala antikonkurenciuli biznes praqtikiT) aRkveTisa da efeqturi
regulirebis principebze, uzrunvelyon aradiskriminaciuli midgoma yvela
sawarmosadmi, srulyon kanonis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis RonisZiebebi.
analogiuri moTxovnebi da principebi gaTvaliswinebulia evrokavSiris
sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebis (axali, lisabonis redaqciiT - xelSekruleba
evrokavSiris funqciobis Sesaxeb - TFEU, amoqmedda 2009 wlidan),
konkurenciuli samarTlis ZiriTadi debulebebis saxiT da evrosabWos (1993)
gadawyvetilebaSi e.w. “kopenhagentis kriteriumebis” saxiT, romelsac
unda akmayoflebdes gawevrianebis msurveli nebismieri kandidati
qveyana.
dReisaTvis, msoflios 120-ze met qveyanaSi miRebulia
gansxvavebuli dasaxelebis, dizainis, Tumca msgavsi struqturuli
elementebis (e.w. ZiriTadi funqcionaluri debulebebis) Semcveli kanonebi
konkurenciis Sesaxeb (SemdgomSi - kanoni) da aRsrulebis meqanizmebi
(ix. danarTi 1)
yvela kanoni Seicavs met naklebad zust, zogad, an ufro konkretul,
vrcel an lakonur a) zogad debulebebs kanonis mizani/miznebis da
amocanebis, gavrcelebis sfero/moqmedebis masStabis Sesaxeb da
ZiriTadi koncefciebi/definiciebis gansazRvrebebs.;
b) e.w. ZiriTad debulebebs, romlebSic Camoyalibebulia “konkurenciuli
TamaSis wesebi”, maT Sorisaa: ZiriTadi akrZalvebi/akrZaluli qmedebebi
da SeTanxmebebi, gamonaklisebi; g) Sesabamisi institutis administraciuli
mowyobisa da kanonis administrirebasTan dakavSirebul debulebebs; d)
darRvevaTa prevenciisa da aRkveTis zomebs da RonisZiebebs,
(sanqciebis CaTvliT); gasaCivrebis procedurebs, zaralis anazRaurebis
meqanizmebs da sxva sakiTxebs. zogierTi kanoni exeba momxmarebelTa
dacvisa da sxva maregulireblebTan urTierTobebis gamijvnisa da
koordinaciis sakiTxebsac.
8
konkurenciis kanonis mizani (da amocanebi): zogadad, konkurenciis
kanonis mizania sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis bazrebze konkurenciis
ganviTareba da dacva. konkurenciis, rogorc procesis (da ara misi romelime
konkretuli monawilis) dacva, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs antikonkurenciuli
efeqtis mqone nebismieri praqtikis SeTanxmebis/qmedebis/qcevis
prevencias, gamovlenasa da aRkveTas. konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebis
mizani da amocanebi gamomdinareoben konkurenciis SemzRudavi
praqtikidan da Sesabamisad, dakavSirebulia iseTi qmedebebis
gamovlenas, dauSveblobasa da aRkveTasTan, rogoricaa: antikonkurenciuli
SeTanxmebebi sawarmoTa Soris, Serwymebi da SeZenebi Tu maT
Sedegad mosdevs sabazro Zalauflebis koncentracia, dominirebuli
mdgomareoba da misi borotad gamoyeneba, rasac Sedegad mosdevs
konkurenciis Sesusteba da aRkveTa da uaryofiTad moqmedebs vaWrobis
ganviTarebaze da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. sakamaTo ar aris, rom
sakanonmdeblo debulebebi ise unda iyos formulirebuli, rom
emsaxurebodes kanonis mizans da amocanebs, ar iZleodes maTi ormagi
interpretaciis saSualebas, an qmnides gaugebrobas maTi aRsrulebis
procesSi. amasTan, nebismieri saxelmwifo mowodebulia miiRos da
gaaumjobesos da efeqturad aRasrulos Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi, agreTve aucilebeli samarTlebrivi da administraciuli kontrolis
procedurebi ( maT Soris transnacionaluri korporaciebis SemzRudavi
praqtikis winaaRmdeg).
miuxedavad msgavsi miznebisa, romlebic ukavSirdeba konkurenciis
mxardaWeras da dacvas, an masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, sxvadsxva
qveynis kanonebi miznebis gansxvavebuli formulirebebiT xasiaTdebian.
damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva kombinaciaSi iseTi frazebis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa: konkurenciis ganviTareba, waxaliseba da dacva; kapitalisa da
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis kontroli; inovaciebis waxaliseba;
sazogadoebis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa da dacva; momxmarebelTa
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa da interesebis dacva da sxva. UNCTAD mier
Catarebuli kvlevis (kvlevaSi monawileobda 33 qveyana) SedegebiT,
kanonis erTerTi ZiriTadi amocanaa efeqtiani konkurenciis procesis (rogorc
mizanis da saSualebis) uzrunvelyofa (32 qveyanaSi), momxmareblis
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (30 qveyanaSi), efeqtianobis amaRleba (20
9
qveyanaSi), 1ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa (13 qveyana).
Sesabamisi debulebebis Sinaarsi qveynebis mixedviT warmodgenilia
cxrilSi (ix. cxrili 1).
konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebi msgavsia gamoyenebuli koncefciebis
da maTi ganmartebebiს TvalsazrisiTac. amasTan, rogorc praqtika
adasturebs, ganmartebebis simravle damaxasiaTebelia im qveynebis
kanonebisaTvis, sadac konkurenciuli politika SedarebiT axalia da,
Sesabamisad, konkurnciuli kulturac nakleb ganviTarebulia. Uufro
ganviTarebuli qveynebi ki ganmartebebze aqcents ZiriTadad meorad
kanonmdeblobasa da instruqciebSi amaxvileben. aSS-Si am sakiTxSi
gansakuTrebuli roli aqvT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs. rac Seexeba
konceptualur msgavsebas, es ukanaskneli ganpirobebulia da aixsneba
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli (UNCTAD, wesebisa da principebis
kompleqsi, OECD da sxva wyaroebi) harmonizaciisa da ganviTarebis ufro
maRal stadiaze myofi qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis
tendenciebiT. ama Tu im qveynis konkurenciuli politikis formirebaze
gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
rekomendaciebi da tipiuri normebi, agreTve ama Tu im ekonomikuri Tu
politikuri blokisa da gaerTianebis pirobebi wevri/ gawevrianebis msurveli
qveynebisaTvis. sailustraciod gamodgeba OECD-WB da UNCTAD-is tipiuri
kanonebi konkurenciis Sesaxeb, EU Acquis ( wesebi konkurenciis sferoSi)
da UNCTAD antikonkurenciuli praqtikis SemzRudavi wesebi da principebi,
aseve evrokomisiis instruqciebi, meToduri miTiTebebi da sxva masalebi.
kanonis amocanebi - konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebis ZiriTadi mizania
konkurenciis ganviTareba da dacva, xolo amocanebis speqtri sxvadasxva
kanonebSi met naklebad gansxvavebulia da qvemoT CamoTTvlilidan erTi
an ramdenime komponentisagan Sedgeba (ix.cxr. 1):
- momxmareblis keTildReoba
- ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrda (resursebis optimaluri ganawileba da
maqsimalurad sasargeblod gamoyeneba, warmoebis efeqtianoba. iseTi
garemos Seqmna romelic waxalisebs efetqianobis amaRlebas da sxva);
- konkurenciis procesi (mraval kanonSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli
konkurenciis procesis SenarCunebis auciloblobaze im qmedebebis
SezRudvis gziT, romelic aferxebs bazarze Sesvlasa da keTilsindisiri
1
konkurenciis pirobebis SenarCunebas. swored konkurenciis procesis
dacva ganixileba kanonis miznis miRwevis (maT Soris momxareblis
dacvisa da keTildReobis amaRlebis) ZiriTad xerxad;
- sxva mosazrebebi (mravali kanoni sxva mosazrebebsac Seicavs,
romlebic uSualod konkurenciis kanonis sferos ar ganekuTvneba:
magaliTad zogierT kanonSi deklarirebulia iseTi amocanebi, rogoricaa
keTilsindisieri konkurencia, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba, regionaluri
ganviTareba, aqcenti amaTu im dargobrivi politikaze da sxva).
aSS uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciaa, rom antimonopoliuri
kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebisas/dacvisas analizis procesSi naklebi
yuradReba daeTmos sakiTxebs, romelic pirdapir ar exeba konkurencias.
da rom analizis sagani unda iyos SezRudvis konkretuli faqti da misi
mniSvneloba konkurenciisaTvis da ara is, Tu ramdenad sasargebloa
konkurencia zogadad sazogadoebis interesebis an garkveuli dargisaTvis
gansxvavebuli midgomebi konkurenciis kanonis miznebTan dakavSirebiT
cxrili 1
qveyana kanonis mizani
alJiri Tavisufali konkurenciis organizeba da waxaliseba,
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis stimulireba da momxmareblis
keTildReobis amaRleba
samxreT
afrika
Tanabari monawileoba erovnul ekonomikaSi, ekonomikis
efeqtianobisa da qmedunarianobis amaRleba, araregulirebad
bazrebze momxmareblis Tavisufali arCevanis uzrunvelyofa,
potencialis gazrda saerTaSoriso konkurenciisaTvis,
konkurentuli ekonomikis xelisSemSleli praqtikis SezRudva,
sakuTrebis uflebebis gadacema sazogadoebrivi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikis sferoSi konkurenciis
monitoringisaTvis damoukidebeli dawesebulebebis Seqmna,
am sferoSi qveynis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesruleba
Sveicaria ekonomikis damRupveli an socialuri Sedegebis mqone
1
kartelebis an sxva SezRudvebis/qmedebebis Tavidan acileba
sabazro ekonomikis interesebisa liberalur principebze
damyarebuli midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT
ungreTi sasaqonlo bazrebze konkurenciis mxardaWerasTan
dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis interesebis dacva, keTilsindisieri
saqmiani praqtikisa da momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva
dania resursebis efeqtiani gadanawilebis waxaliseba realuri
konkurenciis gziT sawarmoTa da momxmarebelTa
keTildReobisaTvis
ukraina ekonomikuriis konkurenciis mxardaWera da dacva,
monopolizmis SezRudva, ekonomikuri efeqtianobisa da
konkurentul urTierTobebze damyarebuli ekonomikis
efeqtiani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa
evrokavSi
ri
Seqmna sistemisa, romelic ar dauSvebs Sida bazarze
konkurenciis rRvevas
norvegia konkurenciis waxaliseba da am gziT resursebis efeqtiani
gadanawileba, momxmareblis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
zambia konkurenciis waxaliseba da dacva, monopoliebisa da
koncentraciebis regulireba, momxmareblis keTildReobis
dacva, warmoebisa da ganawilebis efeqtianobis amaRleba
da sxva.
CineTi monopoliuri qcevis Tavidan acileba, keTilsindisieri
konkurenciis dacva ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRleba,
momxmareblTa interesebis da sazogadoebrivi interesebis
dacva da jansaRi socialisturi ekonomikis ganviTareba
Svecia kanoni miznad isaxavs efeqtiani konkurenciis xelisSemSleli
pirobebis likvidacias warmoebisa da ganawilebis sferoSi
ruseTi ek. sivrcis mTlianoba, saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgileba,
konkurenciis dacva, ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba da
sasasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtiani funqciobisaTvis pirobebis
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Seqmna
somxeTi Tavisufali konkurenciis waxaliseba da dacva, Sesabamisi
garemos Seqmna mewarmeobis ganviTareba da
momxmareblis uflebebis dacva
indoeTi imdenad vrceli formulirebaa, rom citireba zedmetad
miviCnieT (q.l.)
taivani savaWro operaciebis mowesrigeba, momxmareblis
interesebis dacva, ekonomikuri stimuluroba da ayvaveba (Tu
aRorZineba?)
laTinuri
amerikis
qveynebi:
antitrastuli zomebis gamoyeneba konstituciiT garantirebuli
iseTi uflebebis dasacavad, rogoricaa Tavisufali mewarmeoba,
qonebis socialuri mniSvneloba, momxmarebelTa dacva,
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis dauSvebloba
da sxv.
kolumbia konkurencia konstituciuri uflebaa da saxelmwifom unda
miiRos kanonebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
sawinaaRmdegod da ibrZolos borotad gamoyenebis
nebismieri formis winaaRmdeg
panama Tavisufali konkurenciisa da SejibrebiTobis procesis dacva,
monopoliuri praqtikis da sxva SezRudvebis aRkveTa da
momxmareblis uzenaesi uflebebis dacva
peru monopolisturi, makontrolebeli da SemzRudavi praqtikis
aRkveTa, romelic exeba konkurenciis Tavisuflebas da sxva.
kanada konkurenciis mxardaWera da dacva ekonomikisa da misi
unaris stimulirebis mizniT, raTa gaizardos kanadis
monawileioba msoflio bazrebze da, rom mcire da saSualo
sawarmoebs SeeZloT monawileoba ekonomikaSi da
momxmaeblisaTvis konkurenciuli fasebisa da arCevanis
uzrunvelyofa da sxva
aSS efeqtianobis konkurenciis procesis (rogorc saSualebis da
rogorc miznis) uzrunvelyofa, momxmareblis keToldReobis
uzrunvlyofa, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRleba
1
wyaro: Modal law on competition (2010), available at: http://www.unctad.org
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos konkurenciuli kanonmdebelobis ZiriTad mizans,
sxvadasxva wlebSi miRebul, gauqmebul da moqmed sakanonmdeblo
aqtebSi igi gansxvavebulad ganimarteba (ix. cxrili 2)
konkurenciis kanonis mizani saqarTveloSi
cxrili 2
sakanonmdeblo aqtis dasaxeleba kanonis mizani
saxelmwifo sabWos dekreti
“monopoliuri saqmianobis
aRkveTisa da konkurenciis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb” (1992)
dekretSi mizani calke gansazRvruli ar
aris, Tumca gamokveTilia is amocanebi
rasac unda emsaxurebodes
antimonopoliuri organo. kerZod: me-13
muxlis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi amocanebia:
“mewarmeobis mxardaWera da
sasaqonlo bazrebze konkurenciis
ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna;
monopolizmis, bazarze dominirebuli
mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis
tavidan acilebisa da SezRudvis,
arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis
aRmofxvris RonisZiebaTa
ganxorcieleba; antimonopoliuri
kanonmdeblobis dacvis saxelmwifo
kontroli.”
saqarTvelos kanoni monopoliuri
saqmianobisa da konkurenciis
„am kanonis mizania saqarTveloSi
samewarmeo saqmianobis
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Sesaxeb (1996) xelSewyobisa da konkurentuli garemos
SeqmnisaTvis organizaciul-
samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmna da
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva
(muxli 1. p1)“.
saqarTvelos kanoni „ Tavisufali
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis
Sesaxeb“(2005)
” - fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis, maTi
organizaciuli-samarTlebrivi da
sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad,
saqarTveloSi Tavisufali vaWrobisa da
konkurenciisaTvis barierebis moxsna,
kerZod:
a)ekonomikuri agentebis
konkurenciisaTvis xelis arSeSla;
b)bazarze Sexvlis administraciuli
barierebis aRkveTa da bazarze
ekonomikuri agentebis Tavisufali
daSvebisaTvis xelis arSeSla;
g) saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
organoebis mxridan diskriminaciuli
barierebis arsebobis aRkveTa da maTi
Seqmnis dauSvebloba;
d) SezRuduli konkurenciis pirobebSi
regulirebad ekonomikur sferoebSi
sazogadoebis sasicocxlo da
ekonomikuri interesebis dacva.”
saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti ”Tavisufali
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb”
(2012 wlis 29 martis mdgomareobiT)
მუხლი 2.
“ამ კანონის მიზანია საქართველოში თავისუფალი ვაჭრობისა და კონკურენციის უზრუნველყოფა, კერძოდ:
ა) თავისუფალი მეწარმეობისა და კონკურენციის განვითარების ხელშეწყობა;
ბ) ბაზრის ლიბერალიზაციის ხელშეწყობის მიზნით, სახელმწიფო ორგანოს ან/და
1
ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის ორგანოს მხრიდან ბაზარზე შესვლის ადმინისტრაციული, სამართლებრივი და დისკრიმინაციული ბარიერების დაუშვებლობა;
გ) ბაზარზე ეკონომიკური აგენტების თავისუფალი დაშვებისათვის პირობების უზრუნველყოფა;
დ) ეკონომიკურ აგენტებს შორის კონკურენციის არამართლზომიერი შეზღუდვის დაუშვებლობა;
ე) ეკონომიკური აგენტების საქმიანობისას მათი თანაწორუფლებიანობის დაცვა;
ვ) დომინირებული მდგომარეობის ბოროტად გამოყენების დაუშვებლობა;
ზ) სახელმწიფო ორგანოს ან/და ადგილობრივი თვითმმართველობის ორგანოს მხრიდან ეკონომიკური აგენტებისათვის ისეთი ექსკლუზიური უფლებამოსილებების მინიჭების დაუშვებლობა, რომელიც არამართლზომიერად ზღუდავს კონკურენციას;
ი) უფლებამოსილი ორგანოს მიერ გადაწყვეტილების მიღებისას მაქსიმალური საჯაროობა, ობიექტურობა, არადისკრიმინაციულობა და გამჭვირვალობა”.
konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebis ZiriTadi struqturuli elementebia:
zogadi nawili (mizani, definiciebi, kanonis gavrcelebis sfero), ZiriTadi
funqcionaluri debulebebi (antikonkurenciuli SeTanxmebebis, monopoliuri
1
mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis dauSvebloba, Serwymebi da
SeZenebi, maTTan dakavSirebuli notifikaciis sistemebi da sagamoZiebo
procedurebi. zogier kanonSi am CamonaTvals emateba debulebebi
seqtorul maregulireblebTan urTierTobebis reglamentirebasTan,
momxmarebelTa dacvasTan dakavSirebiT) da debulebebi kanonis
administrirebasTan dakavSirebiT. es ukanaskneli moicavs administraciuli
organos (miuxedavad dasaxelebisa: saagento, komisia, ofisi da sxva)
Seqmnisa da funqciobis ZiriTad mareglamentirebel normebs, romlebic
exeba iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa: organos dizaini, mandati, Tanamdebobaze
daniSnvis da gaTavisuflebis procedurebi (zogierT SemTxvevaSi
sakvalifikacio moTxovnebic), iZulebiTi aRsrulebis meqanizmebs (sanqciebi
da sxva) gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebis procedurebs da sxva sakiTxebs.
bazris monawileTa da TviT konkurenciisaTvis mniSvnelovania rogorc
kanonis ZiriTadi debulebebis aseve miznebis, gamoyenebis sferoebisa da
gamonaklisebis swori gaazreba da cxadad Camoyalibeba, raTa
administrirebis procesi ar iyos moulodneli da araprognozirebadi
sazogadoebisaTvis. gasaTvalisiwinebelia, rom rac ufro axalia sistema
(mag. indoeTi, barbadosi, nikaragua, iamaika, indoeTi da sxva) miT ufro
vrcel da detalur ganmartebebs gvTavazobs kanoni ama Tu im
definiciasTan dakavSirebiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi erTidaigive termins
sxvadasxva datvirTvac gaaCnia. am mxriv sainteresoa samarTlebrivi
ganmartebebi da konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli koncefciebi.
yvela kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb gansazRvravs subiqtebis wres,
romlebzec vrceldeba kanoniT dawesebuli normebi, kanonis moqmedebis
obieqtur sferos - akrZaluli qmedebebisa da gamonaklisebis saxiT da
kanonis gavrcelebis teritoriul areals masStabs moqmedebisa.
AamasTan, rekomendebulia, rom subieqtebis gansazRrisas CamoiTvalos
ara konkretuli adresatebi, aramed maxasiaTeblebi Tu visze da ra
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gavrceldes kanonis debulebebi. magaliTad: kanoTa
umravlesoba subiqtebis wres gansazRvravs, rogorc: nebismieri
samarTlebrivi formisa da sakuTrebis tipis sawarmo, romemlic eweva
komerciul saqmianobas (zogierTi qveyana kanonis miznebisaTvis am
ganmartebaSi aqcevs saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebsac da fizikur pirebsac). evropaSi gavrcelebulia meurne
subieqtis koncefcia, romelic ganimarteba, rogorc ekonomikuri saqminobis
1
monawle - iuridiuli statusisa da dafinansebis xerxebis/wyaroebis
miuxedavad; indoneziaSi m/subieqti gulisxmobs yvela iuridiul da fizikur
pirs, romelic qveynis teritoriaze axorcielebs ekonomikur saqmianobas
( mniSvneloba ara aqvs damoukideblad Tu xelSekrulebis safuZvelze);
indoeTis kanonSi sawarmo gansazRvrulia, rogorc piri an samTavrobo
uwyeba romelic, amaTu im formiT dakavSirebulia saqonelwarmoebisa da
brunvis, momsaxurebis, investirebis, dazRvevis da sxva mravali saxis
saqmianobasTan (Zalian vrceli CamonaTvalia!) garda saxelmwifos
suverenuli funqciebis(maT Soris Tavdacva, atomuri energetika, savaluti
reJimi) ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobisa; ukrainaSi –
meurne subieqti gansazRvrulia, rogorc piri ( maT Soris saxelmwifo da
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebi), romelic saqmianobs warmoebis an
realizaciisa da SeZenis sferoSi an axorcielebs sxva saxis sameurneo
saqmianobas; somxeTis kanoni vrceldeba meurne subieqtebisa da
xelisuflebis organoebis mizanmimarTul qmedebebze, romelTac SeuZliaT
gamoiwvion konkurenciis Sesusteba, SezRudva da aRmofxvra, agreTve
arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis faqtebze, garda kanoniT gansazRvruli
qmedebebisa da sferoebisa; koreis respublikaSi - kanoni vrceldeba
sawarmoebze, daqiravebul muSebzec da Tanadebobis pirebzec, romlebic
moqmedeben sawarmos saxeliT. gamonaklisebi gansazRvreba amave
kanoniT.
kanonis gamoyenebisaTvis mniSvnelovania dominirebuli
mdgomareobis, dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis,
horizontaluri da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis, karteluri SeTanxmebebis,
sabazro Zalauflebis da misi koncentraciis, Sesabamisi bazris, sasaqonlo da
geografiuli bazris da sxva koncefciebi.
sakanonmdeblo debulebebis gamoyenebis safuZvelia Sesabamisi
bazris gansazRvra. Sesabamisi bazris gansazRvris meTodikaSi ki yvelaze
mniSvnelovania dakonkretdes saqoneli/momsaxureba, rac warmoadgens
konkurenciis sagans da ganisazRvros areali/sfero, sadac adgili aqvs
metoqeobas. safuZveli sasaqonlo bazris gansazRvrisa aris
urTierTCanacvlebadi saqonlis koncefcia. sxvadasxva qveynis
kanonmdebloba Sesabamis bazars gansazRvravs, rogorc sasaqonlo an
teritoriuli bazars, rogorc areals, sadac meurne subieqtebi konkurireben
1
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi da garkveuli saqonlis mowodebasa da
momsaxurebisaSi.
kanonis gamoyenebis sfero/igive gavrcelebis areali/masStabi:
UNCTADis tipiuri kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb da sarekomendacio
principebi gansazRvravs, rom kanoni gamoiyenebodes yvela dargis,
SeTanxmebebisa da subieqtebis mimarT, romelTac kavSiri aqvT saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis komerciul gacvlasTan,. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
garkveuli politikuri samarTlebrivi da sxva miznebi/mizezebi gamoiyeneba
arealis SesazRudad (maT Soris ,ganskuTrebuli jgufebis interesebis
lobireba). UNCTAD-is monacemebiT, ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli kanonebis umravlesoba sakmaod zogadi iyo da maTi
dakonkreteba, rogorc wesi, droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeboda, praqtikis
gaTvaliswinebiT. cnobilia, rom 70-ian wlebSi kanadis kanonmdebloba ar
vrceldeboda bankebze dazRvevaze, aviakompaniebze. aSS-Si wlebis
ganmavlobaSi kanonis moqmedeba ar vrceldeboda ramdenime seqtorze
(dazRveva, transporti, profesiuli beisboli, energetika), nawilobriv aseve
iyo dazRveva – evrokavSirSi. am momentis gamoyenebas xSirad (Tumca
sul sxva miznebiT/ motivebiT) cdiloben dainteresebuli pirebi da/an maTi
lobistebi, gansakuTrebiT gardamaval da ganviTarebad qveynebSi (vTqvaT,
jer biznesi ganviTardes da Semdeg avamoqmedoT kanoni; rom amerikaSi
kanonmdebloba monopoliebis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna da sxva. am
logikiT jer unda Seiqmnas monopolizebuli bazrebi da mere daiwyos
zrunva konkurenciuli garemos gajansaRebaze?!).
cxadia, saerTaSoriso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, misaRebia
dasabuTebuli gamonaklisebis daweseba garkveuli seqtorebisaTvis da ara
ama Tu im piris an pirTa jgufisaTvis. Tumca, rogorc praqtika adasturebs,
konkurenciisaTvis aranakleb saSiSia misi wesebis ignorireba ekonomikis
demonopolizebisa da liberalizebis sawyis etapze (rodesac xdeba
saxelmwifo monopoliebis Canacvleba kerZo monopoliebiT da
saxelisuflebo wreebi cdiloben ama Tu im formiT SeinarCunon gavlena maTi
zedamxedvelobis arelidan gasul saqmianobaze; qveyanaSi yalibdeba
nomenklaturuli biznesi; Cveulebrivi movlenaa diskriminaciuli da
aragamWvirvale saprivatizebo procesebi da tenderebi da sxv).
1
kanonma konkurenciis Sesaxeb unda uzrunvelyos antikonkurenciuli
qmedebebis prevencia da aRkveTa da am mizniT Seqmnas saTanado
meqanizmebi Dkonkurenciis wesebisa da principebis aradiskriminaciuli
da Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, yvela kanoni
konkurenciis Sesaxeb Seicavs ekonomikuri agentebis garkveuli saxis
SeTanxmebebisa da qmedebebis amkrZalav normebs da iTvaliswinebs
maTi iZulebiTi aRsrulebis RonisZiebebsac. imavdroulad, TiTqmis yvela
qveynis konkurenciul kanonmdeblobaSi vxvdebiT gamonaklisebis
ganmsazRvrel debulebebs (TviT kanonSi an kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi).
cnobilia jgufuri da kerZo gamonaklisebi. jgufurAgamonaklisebs
ganekuTvneba inteleqtualuri sakuTreba da saavtoro uflebebi gamoyenebis
sferoebi, Tumca am ukanaskneliT sargebloba xSirad badebs konkurenciuli
problemebs, da Sesabamisad midgomebi nelnela icvleba (mag. aSS,
espaneTi da gaerTianebuli samefo cdiloben gansazRvron inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis adgili konkurenciasTan mimarTebaSi) da arc Tu iSviaTad
mrewvelobis garkveuli seqtorebi (mag. israelSi – gamonaklisSi eqceva
SeTanxmebebi, romelic exeba soflis meurneobis produqcias, saerTaSoriso
sazRvao da sahaero gadazidvebs, gadazidvebis bazris yvela monawile am
qveynis rezidenti, an saerTaSoriso asociaciis wevrebi arian). .zogierTi
qveyanaSi konkurenciis kanonis moTxovnebi ar vrceldeba saeqspoto
kartelze samamulo ekonomikis dacvis motiviT; gamonaklisTa Soris xSirad
gvxvdeba soflis meorneobis mTeli dargebi an/da garkveuli produqcia,
Sromis bazari, transporti da regulirebadi dargebi, ufro kvalificiuri
formulirebiTebiT ki am dargebis infrastruqturuli segmentebi, romlebic
naturaluri monopoliis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian (zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi
dargebi mTlianad gamosulia konkurenciuli regulirebis sferodan) da,
romlebzec vrceldeba eqs ante regulaciis principebi sxva kanonebis
Sesabamisad. amasTan, regulirebis sakiTxebSi saerTaSoriso doneze
aRiarebuli araerTi eqspertebi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs zogadi konkurenciis
wesebis yvela dargSi SeuzRudavad gamoyenebis sargeblianobaze da
aucileblobaze (Jacobs, 2000).
sazogadod konkurenciis kanonebis gavrcelebis areali ganisazRvreba
ramdenime niSniT: kanonis gamoyenebis sferos mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebia: subiqturi sfero, anu visze vrceldeba kanoni; sagnobrivi sfero,
2
anu ra saxis saqmianobis regulirdeba kanoniT; teritoriuli sfero, ra
teritoriaze moqmedebs kanoni. zogierTi qveynis kanoni vrceldeba mxolod
konkretuli qveynis teritoriaze, zogierTi nebismier antikonkurenciuli
qmedebaze, miuxedavad imisa sad imyofeba subieqti, mTavaria ra
gavlena aqvs mas qveynis teritoriaze konkurenciis procesebze. mesame
SemTxvevaa kanonis eqstrateritoriuli gamoyeneba (sagnobrivi
gamoyeneba – faqti sxvagan xdeba, magram axdens gavlenas qveyanaSi
– aSS, evropa, germania da singapuri, romelmac es principi daakanona
qveynis gareT ganxorcielebul qmedebebzec an qveynis gareT myofi
mxarebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebze. amasTan,
gasaTvalisiwinebelia, rom rodesac saubaria konkurenciis dacvis
regionalur reJimebze, ibadeba kiTxva sad mTavrdeba nacionaluri da sad
iwyeba regionuli reJimi?
Tavi 2. konkurenciis kanonebis ZiriTadi debulebebi
konkurenciis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo aqtebis ZiriTadi debulebebi
koncentrirebulia firmaTaSoris SeTanxmebebze, dominirebuli kompaniebis
saqmianobaze, Serwymebze da sxva organizaciul struqturul cvlilebebze.
( Tu gaviTvaliswinebT centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
ekonomikis struqturas, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom am qveynebis
kanonmdebloba ufro metad ( vidre amerikuli), koncentrirebulia
dominirebuli firmebis qcevis kontrolze, rac garkveulwilad aixsneba am
qveynebis ekonomikis zemonopolizebuli warsuliT). Ggarda amisa,
zogierTi qveynis kanonSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba arakeTilsimdisieri
konkurenciis calkeuli formebis amkrZalav debulebebs (analogiuri midgoma
iyo saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanonSi, muxli 9).
2.1 antikonkurenciuli SeTanxmebebi/xelSekrulebebi
aRiarebulia, rom horizontaluri da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi sruliad
gansxvavebuli movlenebia da kanoni, romelic mkveTrad ar mijnavs maT
srulyofas saWiroebs. aucilebelia, rom kanonSi mkveTrad gamijnos
upirobod antikonkurentuli SeTanxmebebi, romelTa ukanonod
aRiarebisaTvis saWiroa mxolod faqtis dafiqsireba da SeTanxmebebi,
2
romelTa kanonierebis dadgena specialistebis damatebiT Zalisxmevas
saWiroebs, raTa adgili ar hqondes antikonkurentuli qcevebis
gamarTlebisaTvis argumentebis dausabuTebel da dausrulebel Ziebas
mewarmeTa mxridan an/da aRmasrulebelTa zedmet aqtivobas da
resursebis umiznod xarjvas iq sadac dominirebuli firmebis aSkaad
normalur qcevasTan gvaqvs saqme. Ees sakiTxi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens axlad formirebadi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis
Sesabamisad mizanSewonilia rom calsaxad gansazRvruliyo da
dakanonebuliyo mkacri wesebi konkurenciis SemzRudavi SeTanxmebebis
mimarT; xelSemkvreli pirobebi Tu masSi monawileoben mcire firmebi
saziano araa sazogadoebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmebebi romelSic ar
monawileoben dominirebuli firmebi ar unda warmoadgendes
antimonopoliuri kontrolis sagans.
ekonomikiri agentebis SeTanxmebebze msjelobisas aucilebelia
gaimijnos horizontaluri (SeTanxmeba warmoebisa da ganawilebis erT
doneze moqmed, anu konkurent firmebs Soris) da vertikaluri
SeTanxmebebis (SeTanxmeba warmoebisa da ganawilebis sxvadasxva
doneze moqmed firmebs Soris) kategoriebi. kanonTa erT nawilSi
antikonkurenciul SeTanxmebebში მოიაზრება orive saxis SeTanxmebebi,
ზogierT qveynebSi ki kosta rika, samxreT afrika, indonezia da sxva
calcalke formuლirebebi aqvT horizontalur da vertikalur SeTanxmebebTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve დომინირებული მდგომარეობის ბოროტად
გამოყენებთან დაკავშირებით debulebebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba vertikalur
SeTanxmebebTan dakavSirebiთ rodesac eRTi mxare dominirebul
mdgomareobaSia. zogierTi qveyana ubralod krZalavs antikonkurenciul
SეTanxmebebs da gadawyvetilebis miRebas aRmasrulebels utovebs. aseTi
midgoma erTis mxriv gamarთlebulia -moqnilobis kuთxiT, თumca garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, gansakuთrebiT axal sistemaSi, qmnis gaurkvevlobis
moments da umjobesia garkveulad iyos Camoyalibebuli romeli saxis
SeTanxmebebi iTvleba ukanonod. garkveuli qveynebis kanonebi
akrZalvebTan erTad akrZaluli qmedebeბis konkretuli kategoriebis
ჩamonaTvalsac gvთavazoben.
amasTan, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagania horizontaluri
SeTanxmebebis is kategoria, romelic cnobilia karteluri SeTanxmebebis
2
saxeliT (maT Sorisaa: fasebis fiqsireba, produqciis moculobis SezRudva
winaswari SeTanxmebiT, teritoriebis dayofa da bazrebis an
momxmarebelTa sxva niSniT ganawileba da jgufuri boikoti gayidvaze an
SeZenaze (e.w. “bid rigging” - mraval qveyanaSi mkacrad isjeba).
mravali qveyana kartelur SeTanxmebebs Tvlis upirobod
kanonsawinaarmdegod da maTi ukanonod aRiareba ar moiTxovs
damatebiT kvlevas, gansxvavebiT sxva saxis SeTanxmebebisagan,
romelTa antikonkurenciuli efeqti kvlevis sagania. mraval qveyanaSi
karteluri SeTanxmebebi kriminals ganekuTvneba, maSin rodesac sxva
saxis hozizontaluri SeTanxmebebi isjeba mxolod administraciuli wesiT.
gansakuTrebiT mkacria midgoma koluziur tenderebis mimarT, radgan es
uSualod exeba saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs da vnebs sazogadoebriv interesebs.
karteluri garigebebisagan gansxvavebiT horizontaluri SeTanxmebis
sxva saxeobebi (maT Soris erToblivi marketingi, reklama, erToblivi
SeZena, erToblivi sawarmo, informaciuli TanamSromloba, kvleva da
ganviTareba da sxva mraval qveyanaSi gonivrulobis wesiT ganxilvis
sagania.
aSS-s antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobiT (Sermanis kanonis pirveli
nawiliT, romelic exeba antikonkurentul SeTanxmebebs), akrZalulia
nebismieri kontraqti, piroba an molaparakeba, romelic mimarTulia
vaWrobis an komerciuli saqmianobis SezRudvaze Statebs Soris”.
miuxedavad aseTi formulirebisa konkurentebs Soris SeTanxmebis mravali
saxe saWiroebs dawvrilebiT iuridiul ganxilvas imis dasadgenad
aRemateba Tu ara konkurenciis SezRudviT sazogadoebis
keTildReobisaTvis miyenebuli zarali im upiratesobebs rac SeiZleba
mohyves am SezRudvebs. amasTan, arseboben konkurentebs Soris
SeTanxmebebis iseTi formebi, romlebic iTvleba upirobod sazianod da
dauSvebelia nebismieri gadaxra maT iuridiul SefasebaSi. magaliTad:
SeTanxmeba fasebze, bazris dayofa, momxmareblis mimagreba
gansazRvrul momwodeblebze winaswari xelSekrulebebiT. SeTanxmebebis
es saxeobebi iTvleba upirobod ukanonod. erTaderTi rac saWiroa maT
ukanonod cnobisaTvis aris maTi arsebobis faqtis dadastureba. aSS-Si
miRebuli gansxvaveba SeTanxmebebs Soris, romlebic miCneulia upirobod
ukanonod ufro gasagebi gaxdeba Sermanis kanonTan dakavSirebuli
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gacnobiT. am gansxvavebis mniSvneloba
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azriT swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mewarmeebs mieTiTebaT maTi
zogierTi mosalodneli qmedebebis kanonsawinaaRmdego xasiaTze,
agreTve imazec, rom amiT iqmneba administraciuli da sasamarTlos
xarjebis ekonomiis SesaZlebloba, imdenad ramdenadac bevr SemTxvevaSi
gamoricxulia ekonomikuri efeqtis winaswari Sefasebis aucilebloba
(pitmani, 1992).
rac Seexeba vertikalur STanxmebebs, mravali specialisti Tvlis rom
maTi umravlesoba eqvemdebareba mizanSewonilobis wesiT ganxilvas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani (maT Soris sacalo fasis dadgena
mimwodeblisagan, eqskluziuri garigebebi (rodesac firma ver irCevs
myidvels an gamyidvels), eqskluziuri SeTanxmebebi sadistribucio
teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT, xelSemkvreli SeTanxmebebi (rodesac sqonlis
SeZena SesaZlebelia mxolod damatebiT pirobiT/saqonlis SeZeniT)
garkveul problemebs uqmnis konkurenciul process.
gamonaklisebi/avtorizacia
mravali iurisdiqcia awesebs individualur da jgufur gamonaklisebs kanoniT
dadgenili akrZalvebidan (mag. Ggamonaklisia xelSekruleba, romlis
mizania kvleva da ganviTareba). individualur gamonaklisebis
avtorizaciisaTvis aucilebelia specialuri mimarTva Sesabamisi faqtebiTa da
argumentebiT xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, mravali
qveynis kanonmdebloba iTvalisiwinebs e.w. notifikaciis procedurebs
(Setyobinebis formebs, maTi wardgenisa da ganxilvis vadebs da sxva
sakiTxebs). rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, umravlesoba aplikaciebisa
dadebiTi gadawyvetilebiT mTavrdeba. am faqtoris da aplikaciebis
/Setyobinebebis ganxilvis procesis Sromatevadobis gaTvaliswinebiT
evrokavSirma gaauqma savaldebulo notifikaciis rejimi da moaxdina
seriozuli reforma Serwymebis regulirebis sferoSi (evrosabWos direqtiva
139/2004, mario monti, axali regiulaciebis Sesaxeb).
aSS kanonmdebloba ar cnobs gamonaklisebs da Sesabamisad arc
notifikaciis reJims exeba. Tumca sasamarTlos araerTxel miuRia
gadawyvetileba gamonaklisebTan dakavSirebiT.
rac Seexeba individualur gamonaklisebs maTi gansazRvris ZiriTadi
kriteriumia sargeblianoba sazogadoebisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
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evrokavSiris midgoma. (TFEU 101/3 muxli). garda amisa, aRiarebulia, rom
garigebebi mcire sabazro wilis mqone firmebs Soris konkurenciisaTvis
safrTxis Semcveli ar aris da Sesabamisad mraval qveyanaSi (m.S.
evrokavSirsa da mis wevr qveynebSi) dawesebulia e.w. De minimis
wesebi, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo garigebebis kategoriaSi eqceva
SeTanxmebebi/xelSekrulebebi mxareTa Soris Tu maTi erToblivi sabazro
wili 10-15 procents ar aRemateba (gaaCnia SeTanxmebis saxes da
qveyanas).
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom arc evrokavSirSi da arc OECD qveynebSi,
gamonaklisebi kanoniT dawesebuli akrZalvebidan ar vrceleba kartelur
SeTanxmebebze. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs “Tavisufali
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti, romelic
29 Tebervals meore mosmeniT miiRo saqarTvelos parlamentma. proeqtiT
gaTvaliswinebulia mravali jgufuri da kerZo gamonaklisi. amasTan, mravali
qveynis msgavsad, saqarTvelos kanonproeqtic iTvaliswinebs konkurenciis
umniSvnelod SemzRudav garigebebs, Tumca proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli
zRvruli normebi Zalian maRalia da ar Seesabameba saerTaSoriso praqtikas
(vrclad es sakiTxi, ixileT: q.lafaCi ”arsebiTi SeniSvnebi “Tavisufali
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonproeqtze”). garda
imisa, rom proeqti gansakuTrebiT ”guluxvia” gamonaklisebTan
dakavSirebiT, ar iTvaliswinebs zemoxsenebul daTqmas, romlis
Tanaxmadac gamonaklisebi ar vrceldeba karteluri SeTanxmebebis
kategoriaze. rac am proeqtis seriozuli naklia.
rogorc aRvniSneT, zogierTi kanoni gamonaklisebs avrcelebs mcire da
saSualo firmebis SeTanxmebebze, Tu isini arsebiT gavlenas ar axdenen
konkurenciaze da xels uwyoben maT efeqtian TanamSromlobas (Tumca
aseT midgomas ar iziarebs zogierTi mkvlevari. mag. ixilavs ra aRmosavleT
da centraluri evropis postsocialisturi qveynebis kanonebis Sesabamis
debulebebs, pitmani Tvlis rom zogierTi kanonis formulirebiT yvelaze
aSkara fasebze garigebac ki SesaZloa Sedges, im imediT, rom mxareebi
SeZleben antimonopoliuri organoebis darwmunebas, rom es faqti ar
iwvevs konkurenciis SezRudvas). cnobilia e.w ‘krizis kartelebis’ da sxvaTa
avtorizaciis (gamonaklisad aRiarebis) SemTxvevebic, Tumca garkveul
garemoebebSi. mag.: iaponiisa da germaniis antikarteluri kanonmdeblobiT
daSvebuli iyo e.w. racionaluri da antikrizis kartelebi mxareTa moTxovnis
2
Sesabamisad. mogvianebiT orive qveyanam gaauqma es gamonaklisebi
(Sesabamisad 1999 da 2005 wlebSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom im qveynebSic ki,
sadac aseTi gamonaklisebi dRemde daSvebulia isini, TiTqmis, ar
gamoiyeneba (unctad, 2010).
Setyobinebis reJimi – rogorc SeTanxmebebis, aseve Serwymebis
administrirebisaTvis mravali qveyana awesebs Setyobinebis rejims da
specialur moTxovnebs mxareTa mimarT, maT Soris SeTanxmebis mxareTa
saregistracio monacemebis, damfuZneblebisa da SeTanxmebis saxeobisa
da sxva detalebis Sesaxeb informaciis wardgenis Taobaze. konkurenciis
organo ixilavs da garkveuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT dasaSvebad an
ukanonod miiCnevs garigebas da Sesabamis daskvnas ugzavnis
ganmcxadeblebs (administraciuli werilis, rekomendaciis an sxva formiT).
am sisitemas gaaCnia, rogorc dadebiTi aseve uaryofiTi momentebi. kargi
magaliTia evrokavSirSi 1962 wlidan moqmedi sistema (romelic Seicvla),
aTasobiT Setyobineba da Sesabamisi xarjebi. eqspertebis azriT,
instiucionaluri ganviTarebis /Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze es sistema
SesaZloa sasargebloc ki iyos monacemTa bazis Sesaqmnelad. garda
amisa, rig SemTxvevaSi, am sistemis gamoyenebiT cnobili xdeba iseTi
antikonkurenciuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb, romelzedac samsaxurs
warmodgenac ar eqneboda. axal, jer kidev Camouyalibebel sistemebSi,
sadac kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi koncefciebi sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad
cnobilia, notifikaciis (Setyobinebis) sistemas SeuZlia dadebiTi rolis
Sesruleba konkurenciis kulturis formirebaSic. rac Seexeba naklovanebebs:
aseTi reJimi SesaZloa aRmoCndes kontrproduqtiuli konkurenciis
saagentosaTvis resursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT da Seasustos Zalebi
sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovan mimarTulebebze. miT umetes, rom xSirad
Setyobinebebis simravlis miuxedavad maTi detalurad ganxilva mainc
SeuZlebelia.
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli midgomebisa, rogorc savaldebulo aseve
nebayoflobiTi Setyobinebis SemTxvevaSi, kanoni aucileblad unda
iTvaliswinebdes Setyobinebis ganxilvis vadebs. amasTan,
gasaTvalsiwinebelia, rom nebarTva SesaZloa eqvemdebarebodes
gamoTxovas axali garemoebebis gamovlenis an sxva dasabuTebul
SemTxvevebSi.
2
firmaTaSoris SeTanxmebebis regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT,
sainteresoa ukanasknel wlebSi evrokavSiris qveynebSi damkvidrebuli e.w.
Serbilebis/Semwynareblobis programa. programa iTvaliswinebs
antikonkurenciul SeTanxmebebsa da garigebebSi monawile pirisaTvis
sasjelis Semsubuqebas, an piris srulad gaTavisuflebas sasjelisgan, im
SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli amxels SeTanxmebis monawileebs da
iTanamSromlebs faqtis gamoZiebis procesSi. (mag. poloneTis
konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis ofisis wliuri angariSis Tanaxmad,
2010 wels am programiT sargeblobis 8 SemTxveva dafiqsirda. maT Soris
erTerTi sayofacxovrebo saRebavebis distributorebis monawileobiT. firma,
romelmac amxila karteli, am da sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
saerTod gaTavisuflda sasjelisagan, maSin rodesac danarcen or kompanias
daekisra jarima, Sesabamisad 39 mln da 9 milioni polonuri zlotis
odenobiT).
22 dominirebuli mdgomareoba da misi borotad gamoyenebis
dauSvebloba
kontrolis ganxorcieleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone firmebis
saqmianobaze maT mier mdgomareobis SesaZlo borotad gamoyenebis
Tavidan acilebisa da aRkveTis mizniT antimonopoliuri regulirebis erTerTi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa. A yvela kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb, Seicavs
rogorc dominirebis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebs, aseve CamonaTvals im
qmedebebisa, romlebic kvalificirdeba, rogorc mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyeneba. zogierT qveyanaSi am sakiTxebs calke kanoniT
aregulireben.
zogadad, ekonomikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi gavrcelebuli
mosazrebebiT (da ara romelime konkretuli kanonis Tanaxmad),
ekonomikuri agenti iTvleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned Tu mas
SeuZlia bazarze zemoqmedeba konkurentebisagan damoukideblad.
cnobilia koleqtiuri dominirebis cnebac. mag evrokavSirSi (keisebi nestle,
perie). konkurenciuli kanonmdeblobiT ikrZaleba ara dominirebuli
mdgomareoba (xSirad monopoliuri mdgomareoba da dominirebuli
mdgomareoba erTi da nigive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba), aramed misi
2
borotad gamoyeneba. Sesabamisad, meti sicxadisaTvis nebismieri
dainteresebuli pirisTvis mniSvnelovania dazusteba Tu ra iTvleba borotad
gamoyenebad. mravali kanoni maT Soris UNCTAD modeluri/tipiuri
EUkanoni (muxlis 4/2) gvTavazobs akrZalul qmedebebaTa CamonaTvals
(Tumca ara amomwuravs).
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis sawinaaRmdego
zomebi gaTvaliswinebulia TiTqmis yvela qveynis antimonopoliur
kanonmdeblobaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am problemas ukavSirdeba AaSS-s
pirveli antimonopoliuri kanonic, ,,Sermanis aqti’’ (1890) miRebac, romlis
meore seqciis Tanaxmad bazris monopolizeba iTvleba ukanonod, xolo
konkretuli mewarmeebis saqmianobis garkveuli saxeebi (maT Soris
SeTanxmeba fasebis erToblivad dawesebaze da bazrebis dayofaze
konkurentebs Soris) mimarTuli bazris monopolizebaze iTvleba danaSaulad.
A1914 wels miRebuli iqna ,,kleitonis aqti’’ (romelmac ukanonod
gamoacxadda safaso diskriminacia, anu saqonlis miyidva sxvadasxva
momxmareblebisaTvis gansxvavebuli fasiT) da kanoni ,,federaluri savaWro
komisiis Sesaxeb”, romelic iTvaliswinebda am komisis Seqmnas da misTvis
antimonopoliuri kanonebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebebis dakisrebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu Sermanis aqti ewinaaRmdegeboda arsebul
monopoliebs, kleitonis aqti ukanonod acxadebs maTi nebismieri formiT
warmoqmnas.
aSS-s antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis debulebebis umravlesoba,
romlebic exeba monopolizacias (aSS-s kanonmdeblobaSi monopolizacia
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba) koncentrirebulia ZiriTadad ori kategoriis akrZalul qcevebze,
rogoricaa:
1. dominirebuli mdgomareobis eqspluatacia (rac gamoixateba
monopoliuri fasebis dawesebaSi, momxmarebelTaTvis dausabuTebeli
pirobebis SeTavazebasa da sxva qmedebebSi)
2. TviT dominirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCuneba da ganmtkiceba,
rac gamoixateba bazarze axali monawileTaTvis bazarze Sesasvleli
barierebis SeqmnaSi da ganmtkicebaSi, konurenciis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelSemSleli pirobebis SeqmnaSi.
2
aSS-s antimonopoliuri regulirebis praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom
Sermanis aqtis Sesabamisad antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba ufro
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba darRevaTa meore kategoriis anuU im qmedebebis
mimarT, romelic aferxebs bazarze konkurenciis ganviTarebas, rac kidev
erTxel mianiSnebs, rom sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSad iTvleba ara
mdgomareoba, aramed mdgomareobiT borotad sargebloba. (ix. rasel
pitmani, ,,antimonopoliuri politika da kanonmdebloba amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebSi”).
amasTan, dominirebuli firmebis qcevis kontrolTan dakavSirebiT aSS-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia midgoma, rom antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis
gamoyenebis safuZveli unda iyos principi, rom firmis qcevas bazarze
ganapirobebs pirvel rigSi dargis struqtura, Tumc dRemde sadiskusioa - ra
unda iyos antimonopoliuri gamoZiebis sagani qceva Tu bazris struqtura.
gavrcelebuli mosazrebebiT, monopolisturi bazris mqone dargSi bunebrivia
firmebis qcevac iqneba monopolisturi. gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa, rom
TviT monopolizebuli dargic ki SesaZloa iyos teqnologiurad progresuli da
awarmoebdes maRali xarisxis produqcias momxmareblisaTvis misaRebi
fasiT. amitom, azri ara aqvs antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis
gamoyenebas warmatebiT funqcionirebadi, Tundac monopoliuri
mdgomareobis mqone firmebis mimarT, Tu isini xelovnurad ar aferxeben
konkurenciis ganviTarebas.
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis akrZalvebs
iTvaliswinebs evrogaerTianebis sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebis 82-e muxli
(axali, lisabonis redaqciiT evrokavSiris funqciobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis
102-e muxli), romlis Tanaxmadac ikrZaleba evrogaerTianebis saerTo
bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, Tu amgvarma
qmedebam SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad SezRudos vaWroba wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris. amave muxlis Tanaxmad dominirebis borotad
gamoyenebad iTvleba iseTi qmedebebis Cadena, rogoricaa: arasamarTlani
fasebis (monopoliurad maRali, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sawarmos
mier gaweuli danaxarjebisagan, an mtaceblurad dabali fasis daweseba,
romlis mizania bazridan konkurentebis gaZeveba), an vaWrobis
arasamarTliani pirobebis daweseba; warmoebis bazrebis, an teqnikuri
ganviTarebis SezRudva; savaWro partniorebis diskriminacia da sxva
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qmedebebi. xelSekrulebiT agreTve gaTvaliswinebulia, rom am muxlis
debulebebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod ori pirobis, sawarmos
dominirebisa da mis mier mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtis
erTdroulad arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. Ggarda amisa, am muxlis debulebebis
gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom geografiuli bazari moicavdes minimum
erTi qveynis mTlian teritorias. ufro konkretulad: evrogaerTianebis
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad (TFEU muxli 102):
”1. akrZalulia erTi an meti ekonomikuri agentis mier dominirebuli
mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba saerTo bazarze an mis mniSvnelovan
nawilze rogorc Seusabamo saerTo bazarTan Tu mas SeuZlia imoqmedos
saerTo bazarze.
2) monopoliuri mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvleba:
a) pirdapir an arapirdapir arasamarTliani gasayidi an SesaZeni fasebis an
vaWrobis sxva romelime arasamarTliani pirobis daweseba;
b) momxmareblis sazianod warmoebis, bazrebis an teqnikuri ganviTarebis
SezRudva;
g) savaWro partniorebTan araTanabari pirobebis gamoyeneba
erTgvarovani garigebebis SemTxvevaSi, riTac maT ayenebs araTanabar
pirobebSi konkurenciis TvalsazrisiT
d) xelSekrulebis dadebas uqvemdebarebs sxva mxareebis mier
damatebiTi pirobebis aRebas, romelic Tavisi bunebiT an komerciuli
daniSnulebiT ar ukavSirdeba xelSekrulebis sagans;
e)xelyofs sxva ekonomikuri agentebis konkurenciul SesaZleblobebs ise
rom gavlenas axdens konkurenciaze
v) iTxovs gansxvavebul angariSsworebas da sxva saqmian pirobebs rac
iarsebebda konkurenciis SemTxvevaSi
z) uars ambobs dauSvas sxva ekonomikuri agentebi mis kuTvnil qselSi an
sxva insfrastruqturul saSualebebSi (qselis paraleluri gamoyeneba)
Sesabamisi anazRaurebis sanacvlod, garda im SemTxvevebisa , roca
dominirebuli ekonomikuri agenti daamtkicebs, rom funqciuri Tu sxva
mizezebis gamo qselis (an infrastruqturis saSalebebis) paraleluri
gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia”.
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba erTerTi yvelaze
winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia konkurenciis kanonTan mimarTebaSi.
3
sakamaToa, rogorc is Tu ra iTvleba mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebad,
aseve misi gansazRvris kriteriumebic. pasuxi damokidebulia konkurenciuli
regulirebis miznebze (keTildReoba, efeqtianoba, konkurenciis procesis
dacva) da agreTve imazec Tu ra Rirebulebebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli
konkurenciis analizis procesSi (mag. momxmarebelTa mdgomareoba, Tu
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba).
zogadad – dominireba niSnavs mniSvnelovan gavlenas. ekonomikuri
Sinaarsi ki bazarze sawarmos dominirebuli mdgomareobisa gamoixateba
mis unarSi damoukideblad daawesos konkurenciuli fasebTan
SedarebiT maRali fasi da xangrZlivad SeinarCunos igi.
Ddominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba SesaZloa
gamoixatebodes iseT qmedebebSi, rogoricaa: warmoebis Semcireba da
fasebis aweva konkurentebisa da momxmarebelTa reaqciis
gauTvaliswineblad, xarisxisa da asortimentis daqveiTeba/Semcireba, uari
inovaciebze da sxva. zogierTi kanoni ar gansazRvravs dominirebis
kriteriumebs da konkurenciis organos aniWebs uflebas analizis safuZvelze
daadginos igi. qveynebis umravlesobaSi dominirebis gansazRvris
kriteriumebi, iseve rogorc dominirebis prezumpciis ganmsazRvreli norma
kanoniTve ganisazRvreba. Tumca aRiarebulia, rom mniSvnelovani
sabazro wili SesaZloa iyos mxolod erTerTi da ara erTaderTi kriteriumi
dominirebis gansazRvrisa. Sesabamisad, kanonTa umravlesoba
miuTiTebs, rom dominirebuli mdgomareobis dadgenis procesSi
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sxva faqtorebic, rogoricaa bazarze Sesasvleli
barierebi, faqtiuri da potenciuri konkurentebi, myidvelis gavlena,
mniSvnelovani wilis xangrZlivad floba, masStabis ekonomia, sanedleulo
wyaroebTan da pirvelad gadamuSavebasTan xelmisawvdomoba,
vertikaluri integraciis xarisxi, bazris ganviTarebis maCveneblebi,
sawarmosa da misi konkurentebis finansuri resursebi (potenciali) da sxva
mravali. mraval sistemaSi gaTvaliswinebulia e.w. dominirebisa da
Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis prezumpciuli, zRvruli normebi. maT
Soris e.w. safe harbours saxiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom zRvrul normaze mcire
sabazro wilis flobis SemTxvevaSi kompaniis mier mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebis sakiTxi arc ixileba (ix. cxrili 2), ufro maRali wilis
SemTxvevaSi ki mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtis arseboba
dgindeba zemoTCamoTvlili faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. iseTi sistemebic
3
arsebobs, sadac zRvruli wili sakmarisia dominantad cnobisaTvis da
sawinaaRmdegos mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba sawarmos, rac profesiul
wreebSi kanonis naklad iTvleba. cxadia, zRvruli normebis arseboba (sxva
faqtorebTan erTad) aadvilebs Sesabamisi normebis gamoyenebas, Tumca
im pirobiT, rom ar moxdeba maTTvis zedmeti mniSvnelobis miniWeba, rac
gamoiwvevs an zedmetad mkacr aRsrulebas an piriqiT. dominirebasTan
dakavSirebuli faqtebis analizisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovani faqtorebia
konkurencia, bazarze Sesasvlelad da importis moculoba. cxadia, Tu
ramdenime firma cdilobs bazarze SeRwevas, da es procesi xelovnurad ar
izRudeba, nebismier ukve damkvidrebul firmas gauWirdeba
mdgomareobis xangrZlivad SenarCumneba da, miT umetes, xangrZlivad
gamoyeneba. amasTan, rac ufro viwroa Sesabamisi bazris ganmarteba
miT ufro advilia poziciis mopoveba/gamyareba/SenarCuneba bazarze.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali zogierT
kanonSi Zalian vrcelia, Tumca amomwuravi ar aris. garda amisa zogierTi
eqsperti miiCnevs, rom rigi kanonebisa Seicavs saSiS formulirebebsac,
romelTa pirdapirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios bazarze sruliad
kanonierad moqmedi dominanti firmebis ukanonod Seviwroebac. mag.
cnobilia keisi saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri samsaxuris praqtikidan, rodesac
erTerTi sadazRvevo kompania, mxolod imitom gamocxadda dominantad
da iyo mcdeloba misi monitoringis reJimSi moqcevisa, rom mas erTaderTs
hqonda dazRveuli gemi! (anu gemebis dazRveva ganxilul iyo calke
bazrad). cxadia kompaniam es faqti gaaprotesda da savsebiT
samarTlianadac. analogiuri faqtebi cudad aisaxeba konkurenciis damcavi
organos avtoritetze. analogiur debulebebs orpir maxvils uwodebs Tavis
SromebSi rasel pitmani (Pittman, 1997). aseve kritikulad afasebs dsT
qveynebis kanonebis zogierT akrZalvebs iunktadis eqsperti natalia
iaCeistova (YYacheistova, 2000). analogiuri poziciaa gamoxatuli statiaSi:
”saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri kanonis ZiriTadi debulebebis Sefaseba rasel
pitmanis testiT” (q.lafaCi, 2001, 2002). gamokvlevebiT (ICN, 2010)
dasturdeba, rom dominirebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeTa ganxilvis procesSi
konkurenciis saagentoebis umravlesoba iTvaliswinebs zemoTCamoTvlili
faqtorebidan yvelas an umravlesobas (danarTi 4,5).
aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokomisia firmis sabazro Zalauflebis
Sefasebisas iyenebs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlil kriteriums: sabazro wili,
3
konkurentebis mdgomareoba bazarze, bazarze Sesasvleli an warmoebis
gafarToebis barierebi, masStabis an qseluri efeqtebi, myidvelis sabazro
Zalaufleba, sanedleulo bazebis faqtorebis xelmisawvdomoba/vertikauri
integracia, sabazro mdgomareobis stabiluroba, bazris ganviTarebis done,
mniSvnelovani aqtivebisadmi wvdoma, firmisa da misi konkurentebis
finansuri resursebi, fasebis maRali done, firmis mogeba. analogiuri
midgomebi aqvT ukrainas, britaneTs, SvedeTs, Sveicarias, ruseTs,
rumineTs, latvias, axal zelandias, bulgareTs, safrangeTs. aSS, espaneTi,
singapuri, germania, indoeTi, CexeTi (es ukanaskneli, iseve rogorc
meqsika, nakleb yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zalauflebis xangrZlivobaze da
bazris ganviTarebis xarisxze) naklebad an saerTod ar amaxvilebs
yuradRebas bolo or maCvenebelze. firmis resursebs, finansur
mdomareobas da mogebas ar iTvaliswinebs israeli, iamaika, irlandia,
italia, aSS (garda israelisa es jgufi aseve ignorirebas ukeTebs fasebis
maRal donesac).
sayuradReboa, rom amerikuli midgomebiT sazogadod sawarmo,
romelic kanonierad inarCunebs dominirebul mdgomareobas uflebamosilia
daawesos nebismieri fasi sakuTar produqciaze da momsaxurebaze da
miiRos nebismieri mogeba, rac Tavis mxriv Taviseburi stimuli xdeba
bazarze axali monawileebis Sesasvlelad da xels uwyobs konkurenciis
ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaRlebas.
zemoaRniSnulis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisufali bazris
pirobebSi dausabuTeblad migvaCnia sawarmoTaTvis (Tu isini ar
warmoadgenen bunebrivi monopoliebis subieqtebs an ar awarmoeben
saqonels/momsaxurebas, romelTa tarifebic eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo
regulirebas, an romelTa SeZenac savaldebulo an sasicocxlod aucilebelia)
fasebis regulirebis ama Tu im formis, maT Soris rentabelobis zRvruli
normis daweseba.
praqtika adasturebs, rom dominirebis gansazRvrisas erTerTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovan kriteriumad aRiarebulia bazarze Sesasvleli barierebi
(blokireba/Seferxeba bazarze), romlebic kvalificirdeba rogorc: struqturuli
barierebi (romelic dakavSirebulia dargis maxasiaTeblebaTan: teqnologia,
warmoebis xarjebi, moTxovnileba) da
strategiuli barierebi (romlebic sxvadsxva formiT iqmneba TviT
moqmedi firmebis mier. bazarze damkvidrebul firmebs SeuZliaT
3
gaaZlieron struqturuli barierebi, an daemuqrnon bazarze axal Semsvlelebs
(mag. gaaZlieron sawarmoo simZlavreebi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi e.w.
fasebis omis gamosacxadeblad, izrunon infrastruqturuli obieqtebTan
sxvebisTvis misadgomebis garTulebaze da sxva).
sakanonmdeblo barierebi (tarifebi, qvotebi, normatiuli aqtebi
eqskluziur uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, rac saboloo jamSi aZlierebs ama Tu
im subieqtis mdgomareobas sakanonmdeblo doneze) da sxva saxis
adinistraciuli winaRobebi (rac arc Tu iSviaTad lobisturi saqmianobis
Sedegia). administraciuli barierebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia postsocialisturi
qveynebis praqtikaSi. swored am problemis gamoZaxilad unda CaiTvalos
is faqti, rom postkomunisturi kanonebis umravlesoba, maT Soris yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris TiTqmis yvela qveynis pirveli Taobis kanoni Seicavs
specialur debulebebs da awesebs pirdapir akrZalvebs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis antikonkurenciul qmedebebze. analogiur debulebebs Seicavda
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos 1992 wlis dekreti “monopoliuri
saqmianobis SezRudvisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” (muxli 7), saqarTvelos
kanoni (1996) “monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” (muxli
10) da saqarTvelos kanoni (2005) “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis
Sesaxeb”. Tumca es ukanaskneli naklebad SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb.
dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis tipiuri
SemTxvevebia:
a) mtacebluri fasebi, anu fasebis TviTRirebulebaze dabali fasis
daweseba bazridan konkurentis gaZevebis mizniT.
rac ufro diversificirebuli pozicia aqvs sawarmos da rac ufro Zlieria igi
finansurad miT ufro metad SeuZlia mas am midgomiT sargebloba. Tumca,
hqonda Tu ara adgili am qmedebas aucilebelia dadgindes analiziT. zogierT
sistemaSi cdiloben dadgenas ramdenad didia albaTobaa dakarguli
Tanxebis ukan amoRebisa momavalSi, konkurentis gandevnis Semdeg.
SesaZloa, rom aseTi politika momxmareblisaTvis droebiT sasargebloc ki
aRmoCndes. sxva sistema ki saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs am saSiSi albaTobis
faqtors da Tvlis, rom aseTi qmedeba ukanonod unda CaiTvalos Tu mxare
ver asabuTebs fasis kavSirs TviTRirebulebasTan. garda mtacebluri fasisa,
cnobilia SemTxvebic, rodesac saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZena xdeba
mxolod konkurentis SeCerebis/ Camocilebis mizniT. (paraleli SeiZleba
3
gavavloT saprivatizacio obieqtis, an konkurenti sawarmos aqtivebis
SeZenasTan ara misi Semdgomi gamoyenebis, aramed misi gaCerebisa da
Sesabamisi bazris segmentis dakavebis mizniT. swored amitom rogorc
konkurenciis aseve adgilobrivi warmoebis dacvisa da ganviTarebis mizniT,
saprivatizebo da sainvesticio proeqtebis antimonopoliuri eqspertizis
procesSi aucilebelia yuradRebis gamaxvileba im faqtze, rom
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sxva pirobebTgan erTad profilis SenarCuneba. sxva
ESemTxvevaa ar mihyido konkurents aucilebeli masalebi
saqmianobisaTvis.
dabali fasebi sasargebloa momxmareblisaTvis. Sesabamisad rigi
gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli qveynis (maT Soris aSS) uwyebebi sakmaod
frTxilad udgebian am sakiTxs da faqtis kvalificirebisas pirvel rigSi bazris
struqturas iTvaliswineben. rig SemTxvevebSi arc maRali fasis daweseba
ganixileba mdgomareobis Sefasebisa da qmedebis kvalifikaciis ZiriTad
kriteriumad.
gansxvavebuli midgomebi: evrokomisia miiCnevs ukanonod mxolod
ganzraxul mtaceblur fasebs konkurentebis Seviwroebisa da bazarze
mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, rac zians ayenebs momxmareblebs
da keisebis ganxilvas iwyebs mxolod Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis
arsebobisas. CineTis kanoni, TviTRirebulebaze dabal fasad gayidvas
krZalavs. imavdroulad iTvaliswinebs SemTxvevebs, rodesac aseTi praqtika
ar CaiTvleba ukanaonod, mag sawarmos daxurva, sezonuri fasdaklebebi
da sxva. monRoleTis kanoni ukrZalavs monopolistebs produqciis gayidvas
TviTRirebulebaze dabal fasad konkurentebis gandevnis mizniT; brazilia
krZalavs dasabuTebis gareSeE saqonlis TviTRirebulebaze dabal fasad
gayidvas. kolumbia mtaceblur fasebs ixilavs, rogorc mdgomareobis
borotad gamoyenebas.
sainterseoa amerikuli midgoma. aSS-s umaRlesma sasamarTlom
daaskvna, rom aseTi faqtis dasadgenad aucilebelia ori piroba, TviT dabali
fasis arseboba da meore, rom arsebobs saSiSi albaToba e.w fasebSi
investiciis ukan dabrunebisa. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia ganasxvavo
konkurenciisaTvis xelSemwyobi dabali fasi antikonkurenciuli mtacebluri
fasisagan, radganac fasebis Semcireba xSirad sruliad samarTliani
miznebisaTvis, mag. saqmiani operaciebis gafarToebisaTvis gamoyeneba,
rac TviT konkurenciis arsia” (ix. )
3
b) diskriminaciuli fasis an vaWrobis gansxvavebuli pirobebis
gamoyeneba – aseTi faqtebi ar gamoirCeva antikonkurenciuli efeqtiT,
Tumca ekonomikuri dasabuTebais gareSe mraval qveyanaSi kvalificirdeba,
rogorc diskriminacia. mag. SeRavaTi mudmivi klientebisaTvis SesaZloa
iyos miCneuli dausabuTeblad da imavdroulad, SeRavaTi didi moculobis
garigebaze CaiTvalos kanonierad (masStabis ekonomikis gamo); an
SesaZloa aixsnas imiT, rom sxvadasxva garigeba daido sxvadasxva
sabazro pirobebSi, an klienti ufro kargad vaWrobda da sxva. aseve
SeRavaTebi mudmivi klientebisaTvis SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes rogorc
momxmareblis sakeTildReo qmedeba, Tumca konkurencisaTvis sazianoc
aRmoCndes Tu gamoiyenebuli iqneba mxolod msxvili klientebis
sasargeblod. safaso diskriminaciis erTerTi gamovlinebaa saqonlis EerTnair
fasad gayidva, rodesac miwodebis xarjebis gansxvavebulia. aseTive
akrZalvebi diskriminaciaze vrceldeba momsaxurebisa da gayidvis
pirobebzec.
g) gadasayidi (xelaxla gasayidi) fasebis dadgena gansxvavebuli
midgomebi: brazilia ukrZalavs dominant kompaniebs fasis an sxva
gansxvavebuli pirobebis dadgenas distributorebisa da sacalo
movaWreebisaTvis mesame pirebTan mimarTebaSi. evropaSi es sakiTxi
ganixileba, rogorc vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis antikonkurenciuli elementi.
SvedeTSi maqsimalur fasze SezRudva ar wesdeba, minimalurTan
dakavSirebiT ki kanoni iTvaliswinebs garkveul qmedebebs Tu igi
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens konkurenciaze. kanada iTvalisiwinebda
sisxlis samarTlis sasjels gadasayidi fasebis SenarCunebaze. 2009 wlidan
Seicvala midgoma da gaTvalisiwinebulia mxolod administraciuli sanqciebi,
isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom es faqti uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens konkurenciaze (ara mxolod dominantebis aramed sxva
kompaniebis mimarTac). aSS-Si Sermanis kanoniT minimaluri fasis
dadgena iTvleba upirobod ukanono qmedebad (Tu werilobiTi Tanxmobaa
distributorTan), rac Seexeba maqsimaluri fasis dadgenas es sakiTxi ixileba
gonivrulobis principiT.
3
d) garigebaze dausabuTebeli uari – ukanonod iTvleba gansakuTrebiT,
maSin rodesac dominanti flobs iseT saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebac
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania konkurentisaTvis. analogiuri sakiTxi xSirad
ixileba rogorc vertikaluri antikonkurenciuli SeTanxmebeba. kanonTa
umravlesobaSi analogiuri midgomaa eqskluziur da SerCeviT
ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisadmi.
cnobilia, rom sabazro zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria liberalizebul seqtorebSi, sainteresoa am mxriv
telekomunikaciebis sfero. sakamaTo ar aris, rom telekompaniis bazrebis
liberalizaciam ( dargSi kerZo investiciebis Sesvlam) gaafarTova axali
produqtebis da momsaxurebis arCevani, Seamcira fasebi da gaaumjobesa
momsaxurebis xarisxi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, miuxedavad
gaumjobesebuli maregulirebeli modelisa da rigi dargobrivi parametrebisa,
bazris monawileTa azriT, am sferoSi kvlav aqtualuria sabazo Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebis problema bazarze damkvidrebuli (an axali da
jerjerobiT ualternativo ) kompaniebis mier, rac gamoixateba iseT
qmedebebSi rogoricaa a) bazarze dominirebuli kompaniis mflobelobaSi
arsebul qselebTan daSvebis garTuleba, b) gadajvaredinebuli subsidireba
da momxmareblis erTi kategoriis xarjebis meore kategoriis
momxmareblisaTvis dakisreba c) mewarme subieqtebis aratanabar
pirobebSi Cayeneba d) momxmarebleli arCevanis xelovnuli Sezrudva, e)
fasiT diskriminacia da sxva, rac, rogorc Cans aramarto qarTuli realobaa,
aramed damaxasiaTebelia am sferos (iseve rogorc sxva liberalizebuli
seqtorebisaTis) ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gardamaval qveynebSi,
rac dastureba konkretuli keisebiT sxvadasxva qveynebis praqtikidan.
e) gayidvebi damatebiTi pirobebis SeTavazebiT - ixileba saqonlis
gayidvis gansxvavebuli sqemebi: 1) (a + b) erTad, calke „a“ da calke „b“,
da Tu erTerTs meoresTan erTad iyidi SeRavaTiT isargebleb; 2) „a“-s ver
iSeiZen, Tu ar iyide „b“-c. aseTi midgoma xSirad gamoiyeneba im saqonlis
saralizaciod, romelsac hyavs ufro aqtiuri konkurenti da mis mier, radgan
visac dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia moTxovnadi saqonlis bazarze
mas advilad SuZlia Tavs moaxvios momxmarebels damatebiTi sagnis
Sesyidva. cxadia, aseTi praqtika sazianoa momxmareblisaTvis da agreTve
vnebs konkurencias. iurisdiqciebis umravlsebaSi konkurenciis organo
3
ixilavs Sesabamis qmedebebs da paketuri SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi
iRebs garkveul zomebs Tu dominanti firma ar daasabuTebs Tavisi
qmedebis marTlzomierebas. amerikaSi Tavsmoxveuli pirobebi ganixileba,
rogorc qmedeba, rodesac erTi mxare yidis amaTu im saqonels mxolod im
pirobiT Tu meore mxare damatebiT SeiZens sxva saqonels an
momsaxurebas. an ukidures SemTxvevaSi dasTanxmdeba, rom ar iyidis
am saqonels sxva pirisagan. ( ganawilebiTi ekonomikis pirobebSi deficituri
saqonlis Tavis fasad SeZenis erTerTi piroba xSirad iyo sxva saqonlis
gasaRebac, rasac momxmarebeli xSirad siamovnebiT Tanxmdeboda,
Tumca igives ver vityviT sabazro urTierTobebze (mag. konkretuli
sadazRvevo kompaniis sadazRvevo polisis SeZena samanqano kreditis
aucileblei piroba iyo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, anlaogiuri SemTxvevebi iyo
sxva qveynebSic, Tumca saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, Tundac
ukrainasa da belorusSi, isini ar darCenilan Sesabamisi stuqturebis
reagirebis gareSe;
SeTanxmeba xelSemkvreli pirobebis Sesaxeb CaiTvleba ukanonod
mxolod maSin, rodesac gamyidveli sargeblobs erTi saqonlis sabazro
kontroliT da aiZulebs gamyidvelebs romlebic ar eTanxmebian SeiZinon
sxva saqonelic. pasuxismgebloba iZulebiTi asortimentisaTvis Sermanis
kanonis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad dgeba maSin, Tu: sakiTxi exeba or
gansxvavebul sagans da mopasuxe ar utovebs klients sxva gzas, garda
imisa, rom iZulebiT iyidos Tavsmoxveuli sqoneli raTa SeiZinos misTvis
sasurveli saqoneli.
xaverdovani revoluciebis Semdeg centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebis reformatorebi da swavlulebi dadgnen sakamaTo amocanis
winaSe,E sxva kanonebs Soris miRebul iqna konkurenciis Sesaxeb
kanonebic (ungreTi, poloneTi, CexeTi, litva) da gaaqtiurda teqnikuri
daxmareba US, EU da EC mxridan. imavdroulad, gansakuTrebiT pirvel
etapze, aSS- Si gamoikveTa gansxvavebuli poziciebic konkurenciis
kanonebis mniSvnelobas, mizanSewonilobasa da danergvasTan
dakavSirebiT (Codec,1992). zogierTi kritikosi miiCnevda, rom sabazro
ekonomika unda iyos orientirebuli nebadarTul da ara amkrZalav
qmedebebze, mogebis maqsimizaciaze da sawarmoTa Tavisuflebaze
samTavrobo Carevebisagan. Tumca, rogorc praqtika adasturebs sabazro
Zalebis Tavisuflebis garanti swored konkurenciis damcavi normebia
3
(PPittman,2004) . gamoiTqva SeSfoTeba (Codec,1992, 1998), rom aseTi
kanonebi da, miT umetes maTi Zalian mkacrad aRsruleba, Seicavs
safrTxes konkurenciuli qcevis waxalisebisa da bazrebis gafarToebisaTvis.
kritikosebi kamaTobdenen, rom dominirebuli mdgomareobis
borotad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi (monopolizacia -
Sermanis kanoni mixedviT) centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi
Seasruleben e.w. „troas cxenis“ rols warmatebul sawarmoebSi. Cikagos
skolis zemoxsenebuli warmomadgeneli ganviTarebadi qveynebis
antitrastTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda, rom “ antitrastuli saagentoebi
SezRudulad unda moiqcnen iZulebiT aRsrulebaSi specifikuri perse illegal
debulebebisa da fasebis fiqsaciasa da sxva debulebebTan dakvSirebiT“.
rasakvirvelia aSS aRmasruleblebica da teqnikuri daxmarebis gamwevnic
SeSfoTebulni arian am debulebebis zrvargadasuli aRsrulebiT werda
pitmani.
rac Seexeba realobas: „axla rodesac CEE yvela qveyanas aqvs
konkurenciis kanonebi da amTi aRsrulebis 10 welze meti praqtika,
mizanSewonilia am praqtikis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba, xom ar
moqmedeben antitrastuli organoebi fasebis makontroleblisa da ara
konkurenciis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSmwyobisa da damcvelis rolSi, xom ar
iyo maTi qmedebebi warmosaxviTi da mimarTuli mxolod didi sabazro wilis
mqone kompaniebis mimarT. werda pitmani statiaSi ,,Abuse of Dominance
Provisions in Central and East European Competition Laws: Have Fears of Over
Enforcement Been Born Out?“. amave statiaSi avtori aanalizebs 1996 da 2001
wlebSi dominirebuli mdgomareobis porotad gamoynebis 110
SemTxvevas (romelTa udidesi nawili - 62 poloneTze modis) da daaskvnis,
rom aRsrulebis sferoSi aqtivoba (cxadia, rodesac misi safuZvelia
saTanadod dasabuTebuli kanodarRveva da ara mxolod firmis sabazro
Zalaufleba), sruliadac ar aisaxeba negatiurad mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis
tempebze da ar aferxebs ekonomikur zrdas qveynis ekonomikis
masStabiT. sailustraciod mohyavs poloneTi, romelic Tu ganxilul saqmeTa
raodenobis mixedviT vimsjelebT, yvelaze meti antimonopoliuri aqtivobiT
gamoirCeoda, Tumca, amas qveynis ganviTarebis tempebi ar Seuferxebia.
rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, saziano SeiZleba iyos ara zogadad kargad
gaazrebuli sakanonmdbelo debulebebi, aramed maTi araswori
interpretacia, an zedmetad mkacri aRsruleba, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs
3
aRsrulebis meqanizmebis srulyofisa da am procesSi biznesisadmi
keTilganwyobis aucileblobas (OECD,2007).
rogorc avtori aRniSnavs: monopoliuri mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis aRsrulebis praqtikis analizi
(romelic ganxorcielda 11 qveyanis magaliTze) cxadhyofs, rom
moCvenebiTi(an damaluli) eSmakebis materializeba ar moxda.
(PPittman,2004)
konkurenciis kanonebis “tolerantoba” ki swored imaSi mdgomareobs
rom isini ar iTvaliswineben Carevas sawarmos saqminobaSi, vidre TviT es
ukanasknelni ar gadawyveten sakuTari qmedebebiT xeli SeuSalon bazarze
sxva sawarmoebis Sesvlas, damkvidrebasa da Tavisufal saqmianobas.
2.3 koncentracia (Serwymebi da SeZenebi, gaerTianebebi)
Serwymebis kontroli miznad isaxavs Tavidan aicilos SeZenis an
sxva struqturuli kombinaciebiis gziT iseTi sawarmoebis warmoqmna
romelTac eqnebaT stimulebic da SesaZleblobac sabazro Zalauflebis
borotad gamoyenebisa.
rogorc praqtika adasturebs, Serwymebis didi umravlesoba
prokonkurenciulia. Tumca, maT Soris arian konkurenciisaTvis safrTxis
Semcveli da SemzRudavi xasiaTis da miznebis SemTxvevebic. yvela
kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb Seicavs SerwymebTan dakavSirebul
debulebebs, Tumca maTi Sinarsi da gamoyenebis /aRsrulebis formebi
mraval SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia
damokidebulebac horizontaluri, vertikaluri da konglomeratuli Serwymebis
mimarT.
Serwymebis analizis mniSvnelovani elementebia: struqturuli da
qceviTi faqtorebi, mxareTa sabazro wili, zRvruli normebi, im kriteriumebis
arseboba, romliTac ganisazRvreba unda aikrZalos garigeba Tu CaiTvalos
gamonaklisad, proceduruli sakiTxebi, maT Soris notifikaciis sistemebi
(savaldebulo da nebayoflobiTi), post faqtum intervenciebi, sanqciebi da
4
sxva. amasTan, rogorc saerTaSoriso pratqikis analizi gviCvenebs
Tanamedrove Serwymebis kontrolis sistemebSi msgavseba ufro metia
vidre gansxvaveba. rac mniSvnelovanwilad Sedegia imisa, rom
ukanasknel wlebSi mravalma qveyanam garkveuli damatebebi Seitana
Serwymebis kontrolTan dakavSirebul debulebebSi da am procesebSi
aSkarad SeiniSneba saerTo orientirebisadmi swrafva.
termini “koncentracia” – xSirad Serwymis/gaerTianebis sinonimad
gamoiyeneba da ganimarteba rogorc sxva sawarmoze kontrolis
mopoveba Serwymis, SeZenis an sxva gziT. koncentraciis done /xarisxi ki
gamoiyeneba sasaqonlo bazrebze konkurentuli garemos Sefasebis ZiriTad
raodenobriv kriteriumad. sabazro Zalauflebis koncentrciis raodenobrivi
SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori maCvenebeli: koncentraciis koeficienti
(CR), romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc bazarze moqmedi kompaniebis
sabazro wilis jami (mag. CR CR3, CR4, CR8, CR10) da herfindal hirSmanis
indeqsi (HHI), romliTac iangariSeba, bazarze moqmedi kompaniebis
sabazro wilebis kvadratebis jami. Aam koeficientebis mniSvnelobebis
mixedviT Sesabamisi bazari kvalificirdeba, rogorc:
- maRali koncentraciis – CR3 >70%, xolo HHI > 2000
- saSualo koncentraciis – 45 < CR3 < naklebia 70%, 1000 < HHI <2000
- susti koncentraciis – CR3 < 45%, xolo HHI < 1000 maRali. koncentracia
niSnavs sabazro Zalauflebis Tavmoyras mcire raodenobis monawileTa
xelSi, rac gansakuTrebul problemebs qmnis im SemTxvevaSi Tu bazarze
Sesasvleli maRali barierebia. sabazro koncentraciis doqtrina farTod
gamoiyeneba Zalauflebis indikatoris rolSi. zogadad, koncentraciis zrda
maRali sabazro barierebis pirobebSi sakmaod saSiSia monopolizaciis
TvalsazrisiT da qmnis pirobebs mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebisaTvis.
Serwyma – korporaciuli samarTlis terminia da gulisxmobs ori
sawarmos gaerTianebas, romlis Sedegadac erTerTi maTgani wyvets
arsebobas. Serwymis gageba konkurenciis kanonmdeblobaSi ufro vrcelia
da gulisxmobs SeZenas, STanTqmas, erToblivi sawarmos Seqmnas,
kontrolis mopovebas, an Tundac erTi da igive pirebs sxvadasxva
kompaniebis direqtoratSi.
SeZena/ STanTqma – SeZena niSnavs sawarmos mTlianad SeZenas,
an msxvili wilebis SeZenis gziT (an Tundac nawil-nawil minoritaruli wilebis
4
SeZenas droTa ganmavlobaSi im raodenobiT, rac uzrunvelyofs kontrolis
mopovebas samizne sawarmoze) gavlenis/kontrolis mopovebas. mraval
qveyanaSi sawarmoSi mniSvnelovani wilebis SeZena eqvemdebareba
Setyobinebas (notifikacias) Tu igi wilis SemZens kontrolis saSualebas
aZlevs gamyidveli sawarmos bazarze. Setyobinebebis msgavsi sistema
sxva sferoSic aris gaTvalisiwinebuli. mag. fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb
bazris kanonmdeblobiT, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, mniSvnelovani wilis
(kapitalis bazarze sxvasxva qveyanaSi mniSvnelovan SenaZenad iTvleba
da eqvemdebareba Setyobinebas sawarmos aqciebis 5-10% -SeZena).
amasTan, amave kanonmdeblobiT, sawarmos wilis SeZena, miuxedavad
misi odenobisa, eqvemdebareba Setyobinebas Tu SemZeni mmarTveli
organos wevria. sawarmoo xazis an sxva struqturuli erTeulis SeZena
agreTve kvalificirdeba, rogorc ESerwyma. STanTqma, anu mtruli Serwyma,
gulisxmobs samizne kompaniis SeZenas misi survilis gareSe.
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa erToblivi sawarmo, romelic iqmneba
garkveuli konkretuli miznis/proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad da rogorc wesi,
miznad isaxavs ama Tu im sasargeblo funqciebis ganxorcielebas an
sinergiis realizebas (aliansebi aviaciaSi, telekomunikaciaSi da sxva).
cxadia, Tu erToblivi sawarmos mizania axali funqciis an Zvelis ukeTesad
ganxorcieleba igi prokonkurenciulia. Tumca, SesaZloa am procesma
gamoiwvios sabazro Zalauflebis iseTi koncentraciac, rac safrTxes uqmnis
konkurencias da biznesis mxareTa integraciis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT
SesaZloa warmoadgendes SeniRbul formas fasebis fiqsaciisa.
Sesabamisad, erToblivi sawarmos Seqmnis calkeuli SemTxvevebi SesaZloa
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc konkurenciulic da antikonkurenciulic.
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa erTi da igive pirTa monawileoba
konkurenti sawarmoebis mmarTvel organoebSi. rodesac erTi da igive piri
ramdenime sawarmos direqtoratis wevria, an rodesac ramdenime
sawarmos direqtori imavdroulad sxva erT sawarmos direqtoratSia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi iqmneba noyieri niadagi imisaTvis, rom investiciebTan,
warmoebasTan, da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli saerTo strategiebis
Sedegi iyos bazris ganawileba, an konkurenciis sxva formiT SezRudva.
vertikaluri aliansis TvalsazrisiT, es iyos kavSiri momwodebelsa da
momxmarebels Soris, rac xels uSlis maT konkurenciul arealSi
saqmianobas. analogiuri faqtebi xSirad qmnis problemebs korporaciul
4
marTvaSi da wilobrivi fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelTa (gansakuTrebiT mcire
aqcionerTa) uflebebis realizebaSi. Sesabamisad. maTi Tavidan acilebis
garkveul meqanizmebi gaTvaliswinebulia mravali qveynis korporaciuli
samarTalSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos kanonSi “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” (muxli
konkurenciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb) da fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobaSic.
gansxvavebuli midgomebi: braziliaSi, CineTSi, evrokavSirSi
Sesabamisi aqtebiT regulirdeba. aSS moicavs aqtivebis, an xmis uflebis
mqone aqciebis SeZenas regulirebasac (regulirdeba hard skot rodinos
aqtiT , 1976). A
aSS Serwymebis regulireba efuZneba princips, rom konkurencia
aucilebelia, imisaTvis rom momxmareblebma gamoiyenon/isargeblon
sabazro ekonomikis sikeTeebiT. amasTan mravali Serwyma/SeZena
prokonkurentulia da mTavari gamowvevaa antikonkurentuli garigebebis
gamovlena. Serwymebis ganxilva xdeba ZiriTadad kleitonis aqtTan
SesabamisobaSi. es kanoni krZalavs Serwymebs da SeZenebs Tu maTi
efeqti SesaZloa iyos konkurencviis SezRudva and monopoliis warmoqmna
(Cramer, 1996)
cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac patara qveynebis analitikosebi da
konkurenciis saagentoebi Serwymebis kontrols ar miiCneven
mizanSewonilad. maTi azriT aseTi midgoma xels uSlis sawarmoebis im
zomamde konsolidacias, rac aucilebelia saerTaSoriso bazarze maTi
konkurentunarianobas misaRwevad. es Tema uSualo kavSirSia “erovnuli
Cempionebis” TemasTan da, rogorc praqtika da Teoria adasturebs, aseTi
midgoma naklebad ganapirobebs warmatebebs saerTaSoriso bazrebze da
xSirad mxolod adgilobrivi bazrebis monopolizebiT (an poziciebis
SenarCunebiT) mTavrdeba. arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic, romlis
Tanaxmadac liberalizebis masStabebTan erTad es Tema ufro aqtualuri
xdeba da Sesabamisad unda iyos aqtiuri ganxilvis sagani. (magaliTebi)
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Serwymebi SesaZloa iyos horizontaluri,
vertikaluri da konglomeratuli. konkurenciuli efeqtis TvalsazrisiT ufro
saSiSad iTvleba horizontauri Serwymebi, anu Serwymebi warmoebisa da
ganawilebis erTsa da imave doneze moqmed konkurent/potenciur
konkurent firmebs Soris da rogorc wesi iwvevs bazris monawileTa
raodenobis Semcirebas, koncentraciis zrdas da qmnis sabazro Zalauflebis
zrdisa da am ukanasknelis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasa. garda
4
amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic rom bazris monawileTa raodenobis
SemcirebasTan erTad ufro advili xdeba darCenil monawileTa saqmianobis
koordinaciac rac Tavis mxriv noyier niadags qmnis karteluri
SeTanxmebebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba vertikaluri Serwymebs, isini potenciurad SesaZloa
sasargebloc ki iyos sinerjiis TvalsazrisiT da momxmareblisaTvis. Tumca
nklebad transparentul pirobebSi vertikalurma Serwymebma SesaZloa
gamoiwvion warmoeba ganawilebis xazis koordinacia, konkurentebis
Seviwroeba da barierebis gaZliereba axali konkurentebisaTvis erT an
ramdenime funqcionalur doneze. (ungreTis keisi)
konglomeratuli Serwyma sazogadod ar cvlis Sesabamisi bazrebis
struqturas Tumca garkveul SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa iseTi Zalaufleba
mianiWos mxares, romelic mas miscems calkeul bazarze konkurenciis
aRkveTis saSualebasac (magaliTebi)
antikonkurenciuli Sewymebis kontrolis mizniT sxvadasxva qveyana
iyenebs winaswari savaldebulo Setyobinebis, eqs post savaldebulo
Setyobinebis an nebayoflobiTi Setyobinebis rejimebs. miuxedavad
Setyobinebis moqmedi sistemisa konkurenciis organo uflebamosilia
gamoiZios Serwyma da dasabuTebis SeTxvevaSi moiTxovos sasamarTlos
mier Sesabamisi zomebis gatareba, maT Soris: konkurenciis
sawinaaRmdego efeqtis aRmofxvra. proceduruli efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT
TiTqmis yvela qveyana zRudavs Setyobinebas daqvemdebarebuli
transaqciebis odenobas garkveuli ekonomkuri garemoebebiT da
kriteriumebiT. maT Sorisaa: Setyobinebis zRvruli maCveneblebi, geografia,
mxareTa aqtivebis Rirebuleba an brunva, erToblivi sabazro wili. mag.
avstraliis kanoni iTxovs winaswar Setyobinebas Serwymis Taobaze Tu
transaqcia urTierCanacvlebadi produqciis mwarmoeblebs exeba da maTi
erToblivi sabazro wili 20 % aRemateba; gaerTianebuli samefoSi ki
winaswar Setyobinebas eqvemdebareba Serwyma Tu samizne kompaniis
brunva 70 milion funtsterlings aRemateba an mxareTa erToblivi wili 25 %
da metia; Setyobineba savaldebuloa evrokavSirSi Tu garigebis mxareTa
brunva (msoflio masStabiT) aRemateba 5 miliards; Tu mxareTa (calcalke)
brunva aRemateba 250 milion evros, garda im SemTxvevisa Tu erTerTi
mxaris brunvis 2/3 modis mxolod erTi qveynis bazarze. samxreT afrikaSi
Setyobineba savaldebuloa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme exeba
4
msxvil da saSualo Serwymebs. zRvruli normebi ki aqtivebisa da brunvis
maCveneblebis mixedviT yovelwliurad dgindeba. SvedeTis
kanonmdeblobiT Setyobineba aucilebelia, Tu eroblivi brunva aRmateba 1
miliard Svedur krons, ori mxare mainc TiToeulis brunva iyo 200 milioni.
StatebSi gamoiyeneba ramdenime kriteriumi: Tu Serwyma gavlenas exeba
amerikis vaWrobas, Tu Rirebuleba aqtivebis an aqciebisa, romelic iqneba
SeZenili AaRemateba garkveul zRvars (romelic yovelwliurad dgindeba
(62,5 milionze meti, 2010 wlis mixedviT) da TviT mxareTa wliur gayidvebs
(yvela maTgani yovelwliurad dgindeba).
SerwymasTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli keisis konkurenciuli efeqtis
analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa:
- ramdenad Seamcirebs es garigeba konkurencias,
- gamoiwvevs Tu ara dominirebuli mdgomareobis warmoamqnas da
- ra daemarTeba konkurencias – SeizRudeba, aRmoifxvreba Tu
Tavidan iqneba acilebuli
sxvadasxva kanoni Seicavs Sesabamisobis testis gansxvavebul
formulirebas. mag aSS: kleitonis kanoni krZalavs SeZenebs, romelic
arsebiTad Seasustebs konkurencias da gamoiwvevs sasaqonlo bazris
monopolizebas. sainteresoa am mxriv horizontaluri Serwymebis meToduri
miTiTebebis gacnoba (Horizontal Merger Guidelines, 2010). evrokavSiri krZalavs
Serwymebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs konkurencias saerTo
bazarze an mis mniSvnelovan nawilSi, an qmnis, an aZlierebs monopoliur
mdgomareobas. cxadia, yvela SemTxvevaSi daskvna efuZneba bazris
analizis Sedegebs (EC merger regulation139/2004 ).
Serwymebis monitoringTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs konsensusi, rom
saagentoebma ise unda warmarTon es procesi, rom dainteresebul
mxareebma ar gadaifiqron Serwymebi da imavdroulad SesaZlebeli iyos
potenciurad antikonkurenciuli efeqtis garigebebis gamovlena da Tavidan
acileba. mravali qveyana sakiTxs udgeba sajaro interesebis
gaTvalisiwinebiT da cdilobs Serwymebze kontrolis sistemis saWiroebis
uaryofas da am midgomis axsnas/gamarTlebas nacionaluri Cempionebis,
dasaqmebis, industriuli ganviTarebis mcire biznesis mxardaWeris da sxva
motivebiT. Tumca, garda imisa, rom maTi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad es
sakiTxebi ekonomikuri politikis sxva sferodana, rogorc praqtika adasturebs
nacionaluri Cempionebis Tema xSirad mTavrdeba ara maTi saerTaSoriso
4
konkurentunarianobis amaRlebiT, aramed emsaxureba mxolod qveynis
Sida bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareobis SenarCuneba/ganmtkicebasa da
gamoyenebas. rac Seexeba antikonkurenciuli Serwymebis
sawinaaRmdego zomebs, zogierTi qveyana iTxovs sawarmos
restruqturizacias, zogierTi akisrebs sanqciebs. struqturuli zomebis
gatareba advilia winaswari Setyobinebis Ddros. piriqiT ki status qvos
aRdgena gacilebiT problemuria. qceviTi zomebi naklebad efeqturia.
magaliTad, evrokomisiaSi notifikaciis ganxilvas SesaZloa mowyves
SEmdegi qmedeba: a) analizi ramdenad eqvemdebareba koncentraciis
konkretuli aqti regulirebas, b) exeba Tu ara saerTo bazars, g) aRZravs Tu
ara es qmedeba eWvs antikonkurenciuli efeqtis Taobaze. notifikacis
wardgenidan 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi.
gaTvalisiwnebulia jarima araswori da aradrouli informaciis
wardgenisaTvis wliuri brunvis erTi procentis@ odenobiT; wliuri brunvis
10% mde Tu garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba/ar Seesabameba regulaciebs da
mxareebi ar emorCilebian komisiis moTxovnas; dRiuri brunvis 5 %
odenobiT darRvevis TiToeul dReze. analogiuri jarimis odenoba aSS-Si
Seadgens 16000 dolars darRvevis yovel dReze.
rac Seexeba qveynis sazRvrebs gareT registrirebuli firmebis an
transnacionalur Serwymebs, romlebic nacionalur bazrebze axdenen
gavlenas an pirdapiri gayidvebis an subsidiarebis meSveobiT: is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva qveyana iyenebs sxvadsxva testebsa da midgomebs, miT
umetes gansxvavebul sabazo pirobebSi, gansxvavebul daskvnebs badebs
erTi da igive procesTan dakavSirebiTa. garda amisa, gansxvavebuli
sakanonmdbelo moTxovnebi da, arc Tu iSviaTad kvlevebis dublireba
mniSvnelovnad zrdis administrirebis xarjebs. am da sxva problemebis
gadawyveta SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis farglebSi.
cnobili amerikeli eqsperti rusel pitmani miiCnevs, rom Serwymebis
winaswari Setyobinebis meqanizmi udidesi gamogonebaa Tanamedrove
konkurenciis kanonebis aRsrulebaSi. kerZod, es sistema Tu igi kargad aris
gaazrebuli (ise rogorc aSS-Si da evrokavSirSia):
- saSualebas iZleva winaswar Sefasdes Serwymis konkurenciuli
efeqtebi da Tavidan iqnas acilebuli xarjebi, rasac adgili eqneboda
Serwymis post faqtum ganxilvisa da uaryofiT daskvnis SemTxvevaSi;
4
- astimulirebs SerwymiT dainteresebul mxareebs informaciis droulad
wardgenaze;
- aiZulebs administraciul organoebs procedurebiT dadgenil vadebSi
ganixilon aplikaciebi da sxva.
rasel pitmani statiaSi ,,centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis zogierTi gansakuTrebuli debulebebi”
(1992) Svidi kiTxvisagan Semdgari testiT afsebs Cexoslovakiis federaciuli
respublikis, poloneTis, ungreTisa da ruseTis federaciis pirveli Taobis
antimonopoliuri kanonebs. xuTi wlis Semdeg igive avtoris statiaSi ,,
‘’(1997) kiTxvari ganvrcobilia da Sefasebulia zemoxsenebuli qveynebisa
da rumineTis kanonebi konkurenciis Sesaxeb maTSi Setanili cvlilebebisa
da damatebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. e.w. pitmanis testi araerTxel iqna
gamoyenebuli sxvadsxva qveynebis maT Soris saqarTvelos konkurenciis
kanonis SefasebisaTvis (Lapachi, 2001). es kiTxvebia:
1. mkveTrad gansxvavebulia Tu ara kanonis damokidebuleba horizontaluri
da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis mimarT
2. ganixilavs Tu ara kanoni aSkarad kartelur SeTanxmebebs, rogorc
upirobod (TavisTavad) kanonsawinaaRmdego movlenas
3. zRudavs Tu ara kanoni vertikalur SeTanxmebebs im kompaniebs Soris,
romlebsac ar gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani sabazro SesaZleblobebi
4. icavs Tu ara kanoni bazris potenciur monawileebs bazarze
damkvidrebuli kompaniebis konkurenciis SemzRudavi qmedebebisagan
5. iTvleba Tu ara konkurentisaTvis zianis miyeneba upirobod
kanonsawinaaRmdegod
6. ,,domonirebuli” kompaniebis saqmianobis SemzRudavi debulebebiT
Zalian gaadvilebuli xom ar aris ama Tu im kompaniis mikuTvneba
dominirebulTa kategoriisaTvis
7. iTvaliswinebs Tu ara kanoni dominirebuli kopaniebis mier dawesebuli
fasebis kontrols
8. rogori moTxovnebia dawesebuli Serwymebis da gaerTianebebis
Setyobinebaze
4
9. rogoria dagegmili Serwymebis analizis SezRudvebi da Caurevlobis
Sedegebi?
10. ra kriteriumebiT xdeba mosalodneli Serwymebis Sefaseba?
zemoxsenebul kiTxvebze pasuxebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia Sefasdes
ramdenad sasargeblo iqneba konkurenciis ganviTarebisa da zogadad
sazogadoebis keTildReobisavis am kanonebis ganxorcieleba
antimonopoliuri regulirebis tradiciebis armqone qveynebisaTvis. garda
amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom amaTu im qveyanaSi biznesis
dawyebamde warmoebis SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis mizniT nebismieri
investori cdilobs winaswar Seiswavlos arsebuli sakanonmdeblo baza, raTa
gaarkvios xom ar iqneba misi qveynisTvis savsebiT misaRebi
( kanonierebis TvalsazrisiT) esa Tu is qmedeba kanonsawinaaRmdego am
qveyanaSi da Sesabamisad kanoni romelic xels uwyobs jansaRi
konkurenciis ganviTarebasa dacvas imavdroulad aRiqmeba, rogorc
investiciebis mozidvis winapiroba. statiis avtoris azriT, testis Sedegebi
Taviseburi orientiri iqneba, rogorc samTavrobo dawesebulebebisaTvis,
romelTac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis
ganxorcielebaze, agreTve sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis.
saTanado Teoriuli analizis Sedegad zemoaRniSnul kiTxvebze
pasuxebis mixedviT pitmani akeTebs daskvnas, rom:
- kanoni, romelic Tundac eWvs qveS ayenebs dominirebuli firmis
warmatebul strategias mxolod misi sabazro mdgomareobis gamo aSkarad
xels uSlis bazris ganviTarebas.
- horizontaluri da vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi sruliad gansxvavebuli
movlenebia da Sesabamisad kanoni, romelic mkveTrad ar miJnavs maT
srulyofas saWiroebs
- aucilebelia rom kanonSi mkveTrad gaimijnos upirobod antikonkurentuli
SeTanxmebebi romelTa ukanonod aRiarebisaTvis saWiroa mxolod faqtis
dafiqsireba da SeTanxmebebi, romelTa kanonierebis dadgena
specialistebis damatebiT Zalisxmevas saWiroebs, raTa adgili ar hqondes
antikonkurentuli qcevebis gamarTlebisaTvis argumentebis dausabuTebel
da dausrulebel Ziebas mewarmeTa mxridan an/da aRmasrulebelTa zedmet
4
aqtivobas da resursebis umiznod xarjvas iq sadac dominirebuli firmebis
aSkaad normalur qcevasTan gvaqvs saqme. E es sakiTxi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens axlad formirebadi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis
Sesabamisad mizanSewonilia rom calsaxad gansazRvruliyo da
dakanonebuliyo mkacri wesebi konkurenciis SemzRudavi SeTanxmebebisa
da SeTanxmebuli qmedebebis mimarT.
- mkvlevarTa azriT, xelSemkvreli pirobebi Tu masSi monawileoben mcire
firmebi saziano araa sazogadoebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmebebi
romelSic ar monawileoben dominirebuli firmebi ar unda warmoadgendes
antimonopoliuri kontrolis sagans, radganac
- dominirebuli firmebis SeTanxmebuli qmedebebis SemTxvevaSi kanoni
aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes mxolod maTi antikonkurentuli formebis
Tavidan acilebas.
- Tu kanoni dominirebas mxolod erTi kriteriumiT, calsaxad mxolod
sabazro wiliT gansazRvravs igi aSkarad seriozuli naklis mqonea da sxva.
dRes, rodesac saqarTveloSi kvlav dRis wesrigSia konkurenciis cxadi
da, aRsrulebis TvalsazrisiT, prognozirebadi wesebis Seqmna (da es procesi
ukve meramdened Tavidan iwyeba!) migvaCnia, rom es kiTxvebi SesaZloa
gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc indikatorebi kanonmdeblobis Seqmnisa da
srulyofis procesSi.
nawili II: aRmasrulebeli institutebis dizainisa da efeqtianobis
Sesaxeb
Tavi III. konkurenciis organoebis dizaini
sazogadod cnobilia, rom Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
bazris monawileni TavisTavad ar arian daculi antikonkurentuli
qmedebebisagan. antimonopoliur regulirebas, konkurenciisa da
momxmarebelTa dacvas Qqveynebis umravlesobaSi axorcieleben sxva
saxelmwifo uwyebebisagan damoukidebeli makontrolebel/maregulirebeli
organoebi komisiebis, saagentoebis, biuroebis, ufro iSviaTad ki
4
ekonomikuri profilis saministroebis Sesabamisi struqturuli qvedanayofis an
saqveuwyebo struqturebis saxiT.
gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis komisiis modeluri kanonis
mixedviT, kanoni unda iTvaliswinebdes rogorc administraciuli struqturis
Seqmnisa da saqmianobis samarTlebriv CarCos: struqturas, dafinsebis
wyaroebs da Tanamdebobis pirTa sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs, daniSnvisa
da gaTavisuflebis procedurebs, imunitetisa da sxva sakiTxebs.
saerTaSoriso praqtika konkurenciuli regulirebis sferoSi gvTavazobs
mravalferovnebas struqturuli modelebisa, iseve rogorc gansxvavebul
mandats konkurenciis organoebisa. qveynebis umravlesobaSi funqciebis
ganawilebis mixedviT Semdegi modelebi an maTi garkveuli variaciebi
gamoiyeneba:
- orsafexuriani sasamarTlos modeli. am SemTxvevaSi administraciuli
organo ikvlevs danaSaulis niSnebs da sakiTxs aRZravs saerTo
sasamarTloSi misi Semdegomi saapelacio sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis
SesaZleblobiT;
- orsafexuriani instituciuri modeli – administraciuli organo ikvlevs sakiTxs
da Seaqvs sarCeli specializebul sasamarTloSi Semdgomi apelaciis uflebiT
ufro zemdgom, igive profilis sasamarTloSi, an zogadi profilis saaapelacio
sasamarTloSi
- integrirebuli modeli administraciuli organo uflebamosilia rogorc
gamoZiebaze aseve sanqcionirebaze, ise, rom asrulebs sasamarTlos
funqciasac. gadawyvetilebis specializebul an zogad sasamarTloSi
gasaCivrebis uflebiT (unctad. modal law.2010 )
praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba am modelebis variaciebi. yvela
models Tavisi upiratesi da naklovani mxareebi gaaCnia. konkurenciis
politkaze pasuxismgebeli administraciuli organoebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian uflebamosilebebis speqtriTac. kerZod, zogierT qveyanaSi
(peru, kolumbia, axali zelandia) erT uwyebaSi Tavmoyrilia ramdenime
organos funqcia (mag. SemzRudavi biznes praqtikis kontroli,
momxmarebelTa dacva, sareklamo saqmianobis kontroli da korporaciuli
samarTali), rac garkveuli azriT, uzrunvelyofs Tanmimdevruli politikis
gatarebas, gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebiT da naklebi riskiT biznesis
mxridan gavlenis moxdenisa. AaSS federaluri vaWrobis komisia, poloneTis
konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis ofisi momxmarebelTa uflebebis
5
dacvisa da antimonopoliuri regulirebaze uflebamisilebis erT uwyebaSi
Tavmoyris TvalsaCino magaliTia. CineTi da aSS imiTac gamoirCeva, rom
ramdenime dawesebuleba axorcielebs ama Tu im funqcias, an
dublirebas aqvs adgili kanongamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. am
TvalsazrisiT saintereso magaliTia aSS antitrast departamenti da federaluri
vaWrobis komisia. erT mxriv, adgili aqvs garkveul sirTules da dublirebas.
meores mxriv, dublireba ama Tu im sferoSi SesaZloa aRmoCndes ufro
mkacri aRsrulebis garanti da gaarTulos daintreresebul pirTa
zemoqmedeba kanonis aRsrulebis procesze. ama Tu im Tu modeli
arCevans ganapirobebs konkretuli qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi modeli,
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri da sxva faqtorebi. aRsanisnavia, rom
ukanasknel wlebSi SeiniSneba tendenciebi erTiani (kombinirebuli)
modelebis gamoyenebisa.
rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, araerT qveyanaSi konkurenciis
sakiTxebze uflebamosileba miniWebuli aqvs ama Tu im saministros
SemadgenlobaSi arsebul specialur departaments (aseTi modeli iyo
gamoyenebuli saqarTveloSic 1992-1997 wlebSi). miuxedavad
zemoaRniSnulisa farTovdeba konsensunsi konkurenciis sakiTxebze
pasuxismgebeli damoukidebeli organoebis sasargeblod. uwyebrivi
damoukideblobis sakiTxi gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
rekomendaciebSic da modelur kanonebSic (naxevrad an srulad
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo uwyeba sasamarTlo da administraciuli
uflebamosilebebiT, maT Soris gamoZiebis/gamokvlevebis, sanqciis
gamoyenebis uflebiT. cxadia am ukanaskneli gadawyvetilebebis
gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobebiT).
axali uwyebebis umravlesoba gardamaval qveynebSi cdilobs
moipovos rac SeiZleba meti administraciuli damoukidebloba, romelsac
safuZvlad uZevs sami principi; gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisufleba,
biujeti da sakadro damoukidebloba.
gansxvavebuli sakanonmdeblo midgomebi – institucionaluri konfiguracia
ცხრილი 3
qveyana
orsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema
5
avstralia komisia momxmarebelTa da konkurenciis sakiTxebze
pasuxismgebelia darRvevebis gamokvlevaze da
uflebamosilia sakiTxi aRZras federalur sasamarTloSi
darRvevaSi SemCnel pirTa mimarT
gadawyvetilebas iRebs federaluri sasamarTlo
iamaika keTilsindisieri konkurenciis komisia ikvlevs sakiTxs da
Semdeg gadascems uzenaes sasamarTlos, romelsac
gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba jarimis dakisrebis Taobaze
orsafexuriani institucionaluri modeli
samxreT afrika sami organo funqciobs: konkurenciis komisia, sasamarTle
konkurenciis sakiTxebze, saapelacio sasamarTlo
konkurenciis sakiTxebze
konkurenciis komisia uflebamosilia kanonsawinaaRmdego
qcevebis da qmedebebis gamoZiebasa da gamokvlevaze.
sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos nebismier sakiTxi
kanoniT akrZalul qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT da miiRos
Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba, maT Soris gadasinjos komisiis
gadawyvetilebebi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SesaZloa gasaCivrdes
konkurenciis sakiTxebis saapelacio sasamarTloSi
orsafexuriani institucionaluri modeli
Cile erovnuli ekonomikuri prokuratura ixilavs darRvevebs
konkurenciis sferoSi da aRZravs sakiTxs Tavisufali
konkurenciis dacvis sasamarTloSi (an sxva sasamarTloSi),
romelic warmoadgens damukidebel konkurenciis
sakiTxebze specializebul sasamarTlos da axorcielebs
uflebamosilebas umaRlesi sasamarTlos zedamxedvelobiT
integrirebuli modeli
evrokavSiri ixilavs da iRebs samarTlebriv gadawyvetilebebs
Serwymebze da sxva antikonkurenciuli efeqtis mqone
praqtikaze, romelic exeba wevr qveynebs Soris vaWrobas
5
CineTi kanoni iTvaliswinebs, rom saxelmwifo sabWo qmnis
antimon. Komisias, romelic Tavis mxriv pasuxismgebelia
antimonopoliuri politikis organizebaze,
xelmZRvanelobaze. igive sabWo amtkicebs
Semadgenlobas da saqmianobis wess. es saagento
pasuxismgebelia kanonis gamoyenebza. saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi analogiuri saagentoebi iqmneba
provinciebsa, avtonomiur regionebsa da centralur
qalaqebSi.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia dasaqmebulTa raodenobac
da misi gansazRvrisadmi midgomac. es ukanaskneli zogierT qveyanaSi
sakanonmdeblo aqtebiTve dgindeba ( alJiri, argentina, bulgareTi, brazilia,
kosta rika, ruseTi, malta, meqsika, panama, peru, portugalia, koreis
respublika da sxva), zogierTi kanoni saerTod ar exeba (Sveicariis,
indoeTis) kadrebis ricxovnobas, avstraliaSi ki es sakiTxi mTavrobis an
Sesabamisi saministros prerogativaa.
gansxvavebulia pasuxismgebel pirTa Tanamdebobaze daniSnvis
procedurebic. Dda sakvalifikacio moTxovnebic. mraval qveyanaSi uwyebis
xelmZRvaneli/ komisiis Tavmjdomare da wevrebi iniSnebian umaRlesi
politikuri instanciis mier (mag. prezidenti, parlamenti an EerToblivad),
zogan mTavrobis xelmZRvanelis mier. qveynebis umravlesobaSi
gadawyvetileba eqvemdebareba gamoqveynebas oficialur gamocemaSi.
zogierT qveyanaSi konkurenciis organos struqtura da saqmianobis wesebi
ganisazRvreba kanoniT, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi detalebi Sesabamisi
kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze struqturis doneze wydeba.
rac Seeexeba sakavalifikacio moTxovnebs: aRiarebulia, rom
efeqtiani aRsrulebisaTvis saWiroa saTanado sakvlifikacio unar Cvevebis
mTeli speqtri. pirvel rigSi ekonomikisa da samarTlis sferos codna,
saxelmwifo marTvis garkveuli gamocdileba, da garkveuli dargobrivi
codna. gundi unda axdendes saTanado saeqsperto codnis
demonstrirebas. zogierTi qveyanaSi es moTxovnebi sakanonmdeblo
aqtebiT dgindeba (mag braziliaSi auclelbelia maRali kvalifikacia da
umwikvlo reputacia, pakistanSi garda codnisa da profesiuli aRiarebisa
5
kandidatebs moeTxovebaT minimum 10 wlis staJi garkveul sferoebSi
muSaobisa da sxva). konkurenciis saagentoebis maxasiaTeblebi OECD
zogierTi qveynisaTvis 2000 wlis mdgomareobiT da analogiuri monacemebi
zogierTi postsocialisturi qveynisaTvis warmodgenilia danarTebSi 5,6.
rig qveynebSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia interesTa konfliqtebis
sakiTxic (indoeTi, germania, ungreTi, italia, meqsika). CvenTvis cnobili
yvela kanoni gamoricxavs sxva Semosavalze / mogebaze
orientirebul/anazRaurebad saqmianobaSi monawileobas, garda kanoniT
gansazRvrulisa. arc erTi qveyana ar krZalavs paralelur samecniero
pedagogiur saqmianobas.
Tanamdebobaze yofnis vadebi gansxvavdeba qveynidan qveyanaSi.
Mmag: italiaSi 7, ungreTSi 6, somxeTSi, indoneziaSi 5, argentinaSi 4,
braziliaSi 2, SveicariaSi uvadod, meqsikaSi 10 wliT ganisazRvreba. mraval
qveyanaSi gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamdebobaze meore vadiT daniSnvac,
Tumca mxolod erTxel (es ZiriTadad exeba komisiur/kolegiur organoebs).
umravles SemTxvevaSi kanoni gansazRvravs ganTavisuflebis
procedurebsac, rac administraciuli organos stabilurobis da
damoukideblobis mniSvnelovani garantia. mxolod vadis gasvlis Semdeg
an sxva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevbSi, mag. janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba (serbia, samxreT afrika, iaponia), bankrotoba ( malavi,
malta, singapuri, iaponia), garkveul vadaze xangrZlivi Svebuleba -
avstralia, movaleobis arasaTanadod Sesruleba (meqsika) disciplinaruli
gadacdoma (ungreTi) da sxva.
mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia pasuxismgebel
pirTa imunitetic (mag. pakistanSi TviT organo da misi NTanamdebobis
pirebi sruli imunitetiT sargebloben nebismieri sarCelis da samarTlebrivi
devnis winaaRmdeg). Tumca, gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, imunitetma xeli ar
unda SeuSalos sasamarTlo ganxilvebs da sarCelis aRZvras
uflebamosilebis gadametebis an sxva ukanono qmedebebis SemTxvevaSi.
konkurenciis saagentoebis dizainTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi gamoyenebuli
modelebi. 2011 wlis mdgomareobiT evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis
konkurenciuli organoebis maxasiaTeblebi asaxulia danarTSi 7.
(analitikuri cxrili momzadebulia uSualod wevri qveynebis sagentoebis
5
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT). yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da mcire ekonomikis
mqone qveynebis analogiuri struqturebis maxasiaTeblebic.
saqarTvelosaTvis optimaluri parametrebi gaTvaliswinebulia
konkurenciis Sesaxeb Cvens mier momzadebul kanonproeqtis Sesabami
debulebebSi.
Tavi IV. konkurenciis saagentoebis (komisiebis, ofisebis)
efeqtianobis Sesaxeb
Tanmimdevruli antimonopoliuri politika sabazro reformebis erTerT
ZiriTad mimaRtulebad da sazogadoebis ketildReobis aicilebel pirobad
aRiqmeba rogorc ganvitarebuli aseve gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi.
postsocialistur qveynebSi saxalxo meurneobis demonopolizaciisa da
ekonomikis liberalizaciis procesebTan erTad ekonomikuri politikis erTerT
ZiriTad mimarTulebad ganisazRvra antimonopoliuri regulirebis,
konkurenciuli politikisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis samarTlebrivi da
organizaciuli bazis ganviTareba. Sesabamisi organoebis statusisa da
uwyebrivi damoukideblobis, rogorc konkurentuli politikis efeqtianobis
aucilebeli (Tumc arasakmarisi) piroba yovelTvis idga saerTaSoriso
organizaciebisa da eqspertTa yuradRebis centrSi. Akonkurenciisa da
momxmarebelTa dacvaze saxelwifo kontrolis ganmaxorcielebli organoebis
damoukideblobis sasargeblod miuTiTeben antimonopoliuri regulirebisa da
momxmarebelTa dacvis Teoriuli winamZRvrebi da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
principebi, iseve rogorc Sesabamisi kanonebis gamoyenebis sferoebi da
mraval qveynebSi (maT Soris post socialistiuri evropisa da dsT-s qveynebis
umravlesobaSi) aprobirebuli institucionaluri mowyobis modelebi (ix.
danarTi 1, 2). dReisaTvis rogorc aRmosavleTi da centraluri evropis
postsocialistur, aseve yofili ssrk qveynebSi Seqmnilia da funqcioben
iuridiulad (zogan uwyebrivadac) damoukidebeli antimonopoliuri
organoebi gansxvavebuli saxelebiT, Tumca msgavsi funqciebiT. mag:
ruseTSi – federaluri antimonopoliuri samsaxuri (yofili antimonopoliuri
politikisa da mewarmeobis mxardaWeris saministro), ukrainaSi
antimonopoliuri komiteti, uzbekeTSi demonopolizaciisa da konkurenciis
5
ganviTarebis saxlmwifo komiteti, estoneTSi _ konkurenciis saagento (2008
wels Seicvala), litvaSi - konkurenciis sabWo, latviaSi konkurenciis sabWo,
yazaxeTSi bunebrivi monopoliebis, konkurenciis dacvisa da mcire biznesis
mxardaWeris saagento, yirgizeTSi – antimonopoliuri politikis saxelmwifo
komiteti, somxeTSi - ekonomikuri konkurenciis dacvis saxelmwifo komisia
(2001 wlamde funqciobda departamenti ekonomikis saministros
struqturaSi), azerbaijanSi saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri komiteti (2007
wlamde funqciobda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros antimonopoliuri
politikis departamenti), belorusiaSi _ mewarmeobisa da investicebis
saministro, moldaveTSi - ekonomikisa da reformebis saministro,
saqarTveloSi – ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosTan
arsebuli Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis saagento (2004 wlamde
ekonomikis, vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministrosTan arsebuli saxelwifo
antimonopoliuri samsaxuri, romelic 1997-2000 wlebSi warmoadgenda
kanoniT Seqmnil sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirs, 2001 wlidan gardaiqmna
saqveuwyebo dawesebulebad, Semdeg isev sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad,
2004 wels ki saerTod gauqmda da mis nacvlad Seiqmna Tavisufali
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis saagentod. 2010 wlidan saagento formalurad
uwyebrivad damoukidebel saagentod, Tumca misi uflebamosilebebi igive
2005 wlis kanoniT ganisazRvreba). wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos
antimonopoliuri organo asocirdeboda ekonomikis saministrosTan,
romelsac garkveul wlebSi dargobrivi funqciebic gaaCnda (mrewvelobis,
vaWrobis, ekonomikis saministro) da Sesabamisad, aSkara iyo interesTa
SeuTavseboloba, razedac xSirad miuTiTebdnen, rogorc saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi da damoukidebeli eqspertebi, aseve im
periodSi moqmedi antikorufciuli sabWo. Tumca, Sesabamisi dadgenilebis
pasuxad miviReT ara instituciurad gaZlierebuli damoukidebeli samsaxuri,
aramed aseve saministros daqvemdebarebaSi myofi antimonopoliuri
samsaxurisa da fasebis inspeqciis gaerTianeba, miuxedavad maTi
konceptualuri SeuTavseblobisa (zogierTi eqspertis SefasebiT am reformis
ZiriTadi Sedegi iyo fasebis inspeqciis „gadarCena“).
igive SeiZleba iTqvas postsocialistur evropazec, sadac yvela
qveyanaSi garda sloveniisa (konkurenciis dacvis ofisi ekonomikuri
urTierTobebisa da ganviTarebis saministroSi) da makedoniisa
5
(monopoliebis saagento - ekonomikis saministroSi), funqcioben
uwyebrivad damoukidebeli organoebi, kerZod: slovakeTSi -
antimonopoliuri ofisi, poloneTSi _ konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis
ofisi, ungreTSi - ekonomikuri konkurenciis ofisi, bulgareTSi – konkurenciis
dacvis komisia, rumineTSi – konkurenciis sabWo da , CexeTSi –
konkurenciis dacvis ofisi da sxva.
konkurenciis damcavi organoebis gansxvavebuli dizainis
miuxedavad, isini mTeli rigi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCevian.
Camoyalibebulia garkveuli kriteriumebic ras unda pasuxobdes efeqtiani
sajaro maregulirebeli uwyeba konkurenciis sferoSi. maT Sorisaa:
damoukidebloba, angariSvaldebuleba, transparentuloba, mandatis
Sesabamisi dafinanseba da saTanado adamianuri resursebiT ( ganaTlebuli,
saTando profesiuli wvrTna gavlili da arakorumpirebuli) uzrunvelyofa,
gasaCivrebis kargad organizebuli procedurebi da sxva. amasTan,
sakamaTo araa, rom saagentos efeqtianoba damokidebulia, rogorc gare
faqtorebze, aseve TviT saagentoSi mimdinare procesebze da
procedurebze. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: amocanebisa da
prioritetebis sworad dasaxva da resurebebis efeqtiani ganawileba
saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze.
konkurenciis saagentoebis dizainsa da efeqtianobasTan
dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa gaeros konkurenciisa da vaWrobis komisiis
eqspertis, viliam kovasikis (FFTC yofili Tavmjdomaris da wlebis
ganmavlobaSi komisiis wevri, msoflios 20-ze met qveyanas, maT Soris
saqarTvelos, uwevda teqnikur daxmarebas) sxvadasxva wlebSi da
tribunidan gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi konkurenciis saagentos efeqtianobis
maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT. qvemoT warmoadgenilia saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi aRiarebuli midgomebi konkurenciis politikis aRsrulebaze
uflebamosili organoebis efeqtianobis aucilebel porobebTan da
procedurebTan dakavSirebiT.
1. efeqtiani konkurenciis sagento –Sefasebis kriteriumebi
dizaini da institucionaluri simZlavreebi is ZiriTadi faqtorebia romlebic
gavlenas axdenen dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaze. efeqtianobaze gavlenas
axdens agreTve is garemo romelSic saagentos uwevs Tanaarseboba.
saqminaobis Sefasebis erTerTi kriteriumia ramdenad axdens igi am
5
garemoze gavlenas/ramdenad SeuZlia gardaqmnas garemo konkurenciuli
efeqtis TvalsazrisiT. viliam kovaseki saagentos SefasebisaTvis or kiTxvaze
pasuxiT interesdeba: ra Sedegebi hqonda saagentos intervenciebs
kanonis miznebTan mimarTebaSi? da saagentos procesebma Seuwyo Tu
ara xeli resursebis gadanawilebas sakanonmdeblo miznebis realizaciis
sasargeblod? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia wliuri
angariSebis, analitikuri mimoxilvebis, sxvadasxva saxis kiTxvarebze (maT
Soris saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier SemuSavebuli) pasuxebiT da sxva
saxis masalebiT. analizis SedegebiT efeqtianad iTvleba saagento Tu igi
asrulebs mis winaSe dasaxul amocanebs resursebis saTanado/sworad
gamoyenebiT. saqmianobis calkeuli keisebis, kvlevebis, mosmenebis,
sxvadasxva saxis komunikaciebis da advokatirebis mcdelobis Sedegebis
analizi aadvilebs imis gansazRvras ra iqneba ukeTesi momavlisaTvis.
2. saagentos dizainis elementebi – optimaluri dizanis ZiriTadi
elementebia: a) samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebuli elementebi, b)
statusi ufro farTo samTavrobo struqturaSi da agreTve biznesisa da
momxmarebelTa warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobebSi g) Sida procesebis
organizacia. garda am elementebisa aucilebelia arsebobdes cxadi
saapelacio normebi da procesebi xorcieldebodes arakorumpirebul,
kvalificiur garemoSi da transparentulobis moTxovnebis dacviT (garda im
SemTxvevbisa rodesac saqme exeba konfidencialur informacias).
damoukidebloba - samarTlebrivi da institucionaluri CarCo unda
uzrunvelyofdes saagentos damoukideblobas mis saqmianobaSi da am
damoukideblobis dabalansebas angariSvaldebulebiT. samarTlebrivad
garantirebuli unda iyos rogorc politikuri, aseve organizaciuli da finansuri
damoukidebloba, raTa minimumamde davides an gamoiricxos saagentos
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi Carevis riski. imavdroulad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli damoukideblobisa da angariSvaldebulebis balansis
uzrunvelmyofi iseTi normebi da procedurebi, rogoricaa:
a) sawesdebo damoukideblobiT aRWurva, anu gaTavisufleba amaTu im
saxelmwifo uwyebis yoveldRiuri kontrolisagan
b) Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis naTlad gansazRvruli kriteriumebi
g) xelisuflebis aRmasulebeli da sakanonmdeblo Stos monawileoba
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis procedurebSi
5
d) pasuxismgebeli pirebis (mag. aRmasrulebeli direqtori, an komisiis
wevrebi modelis gaTvaliswinebiT) daniSnva gansazRvruli fiqsirebuli vadiT,
romelic ar unda emTxveodes saarCevno cikls da Tanamdebobidan vadaze
adre gaTavisuflebis akrZalva garda gansakuTrebuli kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, amasTan mniSvnelovania, rom
kolegialuri organos SemTxvevaSi calkeuli wevrebis vadebi ar unda
emTxveodes erTmaneTs da saarcevno ciklebs (miRebuli pratqikaa,
rodesac ama Tu im komisiis pirveli Semadgenlobis wevrebi iniSnebian
gansxavebuli vadebiT 1,2,3,4,5 wliani – xolo Semdegi, axali wevrebi 5 wliT/
an sxva vadiT)
e) saagentos uzrunvelyofa adeqvaturi resursebiT unda gamoricxavdes
masze sabiuJeto meqanizmebiT zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobas
v) saagentoebis gaTavisufleba sajaro samsaxurebSi dawesebuli saxelfaso
SezRudvebisagan (gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi sadac sajaro seqtoris
dafinanseba mwiria), maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis mozidva SenarCunebis
mizniT
z) saagentos gadawyvetilebebis ar unda eqvemdebarebodes Secvlas
aRmasruleblis mxridan, garda kanoniT aRwerili da gasaCivrebis SedegebiT
gaTvalswinebuli SemTxvevebisa).
uwyebrivi damoukidebloba: dReisaTvis arsebuli konkurenciis
saagentoebis umravlesoba sxva samTavrobo struqturebisagan
damoukidebelia, naxevarze naklebi saministroebs eqvemdebareba (unctad,
guidebook). sxvadasxva wyaroebSi miTiTebulia sxvadasxva cifri
konkurenciuli reJimebis mqone qveynebisa, Tumca maTi raodenoba ukve
120-s aRemateba (1990 wels gaeros monacemebiT mxolod 24 iyo). maTi
umetesoba ukanaskneli ori dekadis warmonaqmnia. mravali maTgani
ganviTarebad da gardamaval qveyanaSia (ix. danarTi).
finansuri damoukidebloba aRiarebulia erTerT mTavar elementad
instituciuri damoukideblobisa. dafinansebis wyaroebze saubrisas
gasaTvalisiwinebelia, rom TviTdafinanseba (TurqeTi) xSirad qmnis
zedmeti intervenciebis risks, iseve rogorc damokidebuleba mTlianad
biujetze – iwvevs politikuri damokidebulebis riskebis zrdas (UNCTAD,2011).
5
angariSvaldebuleba sazogadoebis mimarT – sazogadoeba
(politikosebi, media, biznesi, akademiuri wreebi, momxmareblebi da sxva)
uflebamosilia icodes vin aris pasuxismgebeli gadawyvetilebaze, ras
efuZneboda misi miReba, vin arian dainteresebuli mxareebi, rogor
mimdinareobda sakonsultacio procesebi da sxva. angariSvaldebulebis
uzrunvelyofis gavrcelebuli formebia:
- kanonebis, da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis gamoqveyneba, wesdebis
gamoqveyneba, sadac cxadad iqneba gawerili amocanebi, funqciebi,
uflebamosilebebi, movaleobebi;
- saagentos gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobebi
sasamarTloSi an sxva arapolitikuri dawesebulebSi. Tumca raRac zRvari
aucileblad unda iqnes dawesebuli, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli aRsrulebis
gadavadebis mizniT gamowveuli gasaCivrebebi.
- saagentos valdebuleba wliuri angariSebis gamoqveynebisa finansur
angariSTan erTad, sakanonmdeblo organos an sxvaTa mier misi
Semdgomi ganxilvis mizniT
- wevrebis gaTavisuflebis formaluri wesebis arseboba
- dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamoqveyneba da sxva.
transparentuloba - transparentuloba potenciurad gamoricxavs
mikerZoebuli diskriminaciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, zrdis ndobisa da
legitimurobis xarisxs. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia yvela wesi, politika,
principebi iyos gamoqveynebuli da gansajaroebuli. mniSvnelovani
datvirTva aqvs sajaro mosmenebsa da konsultaciebs. aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, transparentulobis xarisxi SesaZloa Semcirdes Tu saqme
exeba komerciulad mgrZnobiare keisebs da sxva saxis konfidencialur
informacias.
bazris gaaqtiureba da sainvesticio garemos gajansaRebis
aucilebloba moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo garkveulobas. konkurenciis
saagentoebis saqmianoba unda iyos ganWvretadi da emorCilebodes
dadgenil wesebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve precedentebis pativiscemis
aucilebloba (anu gadawyvetilebebi ar unda Seicvalos garda im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac arsebobs dasabuTebuli informacia, rom am
gadawyvetilebam gamoiwvia seriozuli problema an warmoiSva axali
garemoebebi, romlebic ganapirobeben sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis
6
Secvlas ) da Tanmimdevruloba (Seicvalos saagentos midgomebi da
erTidaigive/ an msgavs garemoebebSi miiRos msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi,
rac gamoricxavs samarTlis SerCeviT aRsrulebas).
saTanado statusi da aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba - kanonis
iZulebiTi aRsrulebis efeqtiani pratqikis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia
saTanado statusi da aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba. arsebobs gamoTqma, rom
„makontrolebeli organo ar unda iyos ukbilo“. mas unda hqondes cxadad
gamokveTili, formalurad gansazRvruli aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba (cxadi
mandati), rasakvirvelia unarTan da movaleobebTan erTad, rom
ganaxorcielos misi uflebamosilebebi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, iZulebiT
aRasrulos kanonieri gadawyvetilebebi. konkurenciis saagentoebs unda
hqondeT iseTi uflebebi, romelic saSualebas miscems maT: a) srulad
gamoiZion (maT Soris informaciis moTxovnis, moZiebisa da droulad
miRebis ufleba), da droulad aRkveTon darRvevebi b) moiTxovon
sasamarTlosgan amaTu im qmedebis ganxorcieleba, an jarimis dakisreba
kanondamrRvevebze.
aRsanisnavia, rom statusisa da uflebamosilebebis daubalansebloba
iyo erTerTi ZiriTadi problema (ramac xeli SeuSala im periodisaTvis araerTi
”Tamami” saqmisa da principuli daskvnis saboloo Sedegamde miyvana)
saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri samsaxuris saqmianobaSi (lafaCi, 2003).
kadrebi da finansuri resursebi – kvalifikaciis problema, dabali
sajaro xelfasebi, korufciisa da kerZo seqtoris mxridan ”dapyrobis” riski (es
ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria dargobrivi maregulirebeli komisiebis
SemTxvevaSi) is safrTxeebia rac gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dgas
ganviTarebadi qveynebis saagentoebisaTvis.
dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroa sabiujeto asignebebi da mosakreblebi
SerwymebTan dakavSirebuli Setyobinebebis ganxilvaze. sanqciebis
nawilis datovebam saagentos ganskargulebaSi SesaZloa gamoiwvios
stimulireba sadamsjelo qmedebebisa, meores mxriv mxolod sabiujeto
dafinansebam SesaZloa gaaZlieros saxelisuflebo gavlena.
dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa konkurenciis
saagentoebis biujetebis Sedareba, rogorc absoluturi aseve fardobiTi
maCveneblebSi (mTlian Sida produqtTan, aseve erT sul mosaxleze mSp-
6
Tan mimarTebaSi). dafinansebis maCveneblebis Sedarebisas,
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rom saagentoebis modelebi, iseve rogorc
maTi mandati erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
absoluturad miuRebelia saqarTvelos kanonproeqtiT gaTvalisiwnebuli
safasuris, rogorc gancxadebebis ganxilvis winapirobis daweseba.
3. Sida procesebi
miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra, prioritetizacia, resursebis
sworad ganawileba. rogorc wesi, saagentos zogadi miznebi
sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT ganisazRvreba. Tumca personalisaTvis meti
sicxadisaTvis TiToeuli saagento Tavisi wesebiT, procedurebiTa da
sxvadsxva saxis meToduri Tu sarekomendacio masalebiT ufro naTlad
ayalibebs specifikur miznebs da maTi miRwevis RonisZiebebs da erTian
procedurul wesebs, miT umetes Tu gaaCnia regionaluri ofisebi.
prioritetebi - prioritetebis gansazRvris dros gamoiyeneba
gansxvavebuli midgomebi. mag: Serwymebis ganxilva sabazro wilis
principiT, an specifikuri seqtorebis gamorCeva, romelzec moxdeba
koncentrireba. meore midgomaa e.w. danaxarjebi-sargebelis analizi iseTi
kriteriumebiT, rogoricaa a) efeqti samomxmareblo bazarze sadac
ganxorcieldeba intervencia b) samuSaos strategiuli mniSvneloba, g)
mosaldneli Sedegis albaToba d) resursebze mosalodneli danaxarji
saerTaSoriso praqtika adasturebs, rom prioritetebis didi xniT adre
gansazRvra araefeqturia. gansakuTrebiT rTulia strategiebisa da
prioritetebis gansazRvra axali saagentoebisaTvis, romelTac isedac mravali
problema aqvT kadrebis, uflebamisliebebis, biznes garemoSi konkurenciis
kulturis ar arsebobisa da sxva saxiT. am sakiTxebze gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen amerikeli eqspertebi saqarTvelos
antimonopoliuri samsaxurisaTvis momzadebul rCevebSi politikis
ganxorcielebisaTvis.
resursebis ganawileba aseve mniSvnelovania Semdgomi motivaciisa
da ganviTarebisaTvis. ganaTlebuli, kvalificiuri, gawvrTnili Semadgenloba.
maTi stimuli SesaZloa iyos paralelurad kvlevebisa da akademiuri
saqmianobis SeTavseba, profesiuli maRalkvalificiuri treningebi. unarebi da
treningebi proeqtis menejmentSi komunikaciasa advokatirebasa da sxva
6
sakiTxebSi is aucilebeli faqtorebia, romlebic ayalibeben saagentosaTvis
saWiro kadrebis upiratesobas.
4. gamowvevebi
konkurenciis saerTaSoriso qselis – ICN (aerTianebs msoflioSi arsebul
TiTqmis yvela uwyebas da saerTaSoriso organos romelic funqciobs
konkurenciis sferoSi) SefasebiT SedarebiT axali saagentoebi iseTi
gamowvebis winaSe dganan, rogoricaa:
- samarTlebrivi problemebi, rogorc kanonis dizainis da sakiTxebis
speqtris, aseve im sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebis TvalsazrisiT, rac ar
iZleva saTanado aRsrulebis SesaZleblobebs;
- arasakmarisi TanamSromloba da koordinacia xelisuflebis sxva
StoebTan;
- mwiri biujeti;
- kvalificiuri kadrebis deficiti rogorc qveyanaSi, aseve arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi maTi mozidvisa da SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT;
sasamarTloebis moumzadebloba specifiur sakiTTxebSi, konkurenciis
arasaTanado kultura biznes wreebSi da sxva (ICN,2006)
mravali saagento cdilobs cvlilebebis Setanas kanomdeblobaSi da
koordinaciisa da urTierTobebis sakiTxebis daregulirebas SeTanxmebebisa
da memorandumebis gamoyenebiT.
UNCTAD kvlevam reformebis procesSi myofi qveynebis
saagentoebisa kidev erTxel daadastura, rom efeqtianoba moiTxovs
stabilur kadrebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobeze
daniSvnis kriteriumebi winaswar gansazRvrulia, kadrebis xSir cvlas mainc
uaryofiTi efeqti aqvs nebismieri samsaxurisTvis, miT umetes axali
institutebisaTvis. arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom
Camoyalibebuli samsaxurebis saqmianobis Sedegebi ar unda iyos
damokidebuli mxolod misi lideris personalur Tvisebebze.
„warmoidgineT axali instituti, axali kadrebiT da SeadareT ukve
Camoyalibebul samsaxurs Tavisi instituciuri mexsierebiT, sainformacio
resursiT, urTierTobebiT, procedurebiT, ramdenime gamocdili xeliT da sxva
upiratesobebiT. realoba ki isaa, rom damoukidebeli saagento siaxlea
6
mraval qveyanaSi, rac kidev ufro met problemebs qmnis legitimurobisa da
rolis dasamkvidreblad“.
zogierTi eqspertis azriT (Kovacic, 2010) konkurenciis saagentos
arsebobis pirveli 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria:
- sazogadoebis ndoba da damkvidreba arsebul maregulirebel garemoSi
efeqtiani aRsrulebiT, iseve rogorc advokatirebiT, sajaroobiTa da kargi
procesiT
- kargi liderebis mozidva da SenarCuneba da gundis Camoayalibeba
- akontrolos molodinebi da moTxovnebi
- SeinarCunos/moipovos avtonomiis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi,
magram ara izolacia politikiyri procesebidan
-mosamarTleebis darwmuneba kanonis moqmedebis araealTan
dakavSirebiT
- administraciuli procesis adeqvaturobis uzrunvelyofa
- kavSirebis damyareba sxva institutebtan, maT Soris maregulirebel
komisiebTan, momxmarebelTa organozaciebTan, universitetebTan,
mediasTan da sxva
- biznesisa da sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobiereba konkurenciis kanonebSi.
sazogadod cnobilia, rom dapyrobisa da korufciis problemis winaSeE
dgas yvela maregulirebeli organo. Sesabamisad nebismieri regulatoris
Seqmnis, an reorganizebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: uflebamosilebebis
angariSvaldebulebebiT dabalanseba, interesTa konfliqtebis gamoricxva da
saqmianobis transparentulobis uzrunvelyofa. amasTan
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ganviTarebadi da gardamavali qveynebiisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia, angariSvaldebulobis arsebuli meqanizmebis sisuste,
Sedegebisa da indikatorebis deficiti, parlamentis sisuste,
aratransparentuloba (iSviaTad qveyndeba gadawyvetilebebi) da sxva
problemebi. rigi garemoebebis gamo am qveynebSi ufro garTulebeulia
kanonis aRsruleba da samarTlebrivi dacva. mraval qveyanaSi jer kidev didi
araformaluri seqtoris wili, patara bazrebi da maRali barierebi,
arasaTanado simZlavreebi da politikur ekonomikuri problemebi kidev ufro
aqtualurs xdis kargi konkurenciuli kanonebis aucileblobas.
kidev ufro didi problema am qveynebisaTvis arakonkurenciuli
bazrebia. miuxedavad didi saWiroebisa axalgazrda saagentoebi dganan
6
seriozuli institucionaluri, politikuri adamianuri da finansuri SezRudvebis
winaSe, rac arTulebs konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebis iZulebiT aRsrulebas.
aseT viTarebaSi aTvlis wertili unda iyos: saerTaSoriso praqtika da
Sesabamisi:
a) konkurenciis kulturis ganviTareba
b) kanonebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da procedurebis ganaxleba
c) aRsrulebis meqanzmebis ganviTareba.
arc Tu iSviaTad axali saagentoebi – Seqmnilia struqturuli cvlilebebis
gamo da ar warmoadgenen organul produqts arsebul socialur,
ekonomikur da politikur garemoSi. maT ar gaaCniaT saTanado politikuri da
ekonomikuri mxardaWera, Tumca isini, arc Tu iSviaTad, dakompleqtebuli
arian unariani da arasaTanadod dafinansebuli kadrebiT. aseT viTarebaSi
ibadeba kiTxvebi:
- im sazogadoebaSi, sadac konkurenciis idea ewinaaRmdegeba
istoriul an tradiciul Rirebulebebs, ra nabijebi unda gadaidgas, rom
saagenti iyos misaRebi sazogadoebisaTvis?
- Tu kvalifikacia aRsrulebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi rogor unda moiqces
xelisufleba dasawyisisTvis?
- im sazogadoebaSi, romlebic xasiaTdeba dominanti firmebiT (anu
monopolizebuli bazrebiT), saagento Tu efeqtianad muSaobs is
aucileblad gaiCens politikuri opozicias. ra startegiaa ukeTesi?
- instituciuri mSeneblobis roli aRsrulebis procesSi. ra iTvleba
saukeTeso praqtikad kvalifikaciis asamaRlelad?
- Ra principiT unda moxdes pirveli wlebisTvis prioritetebis formulireba
da sxva.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa da qarTuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
migvaCnia, rom qveyanaSi unda Seiqmnas da funqciobdes saTanado
resursebiT (finansuri da sakadro) uzrunvelyofili realurad damoukidebeli
maregulirebeli organo (arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra erqmeva mas),
romlis funqciebic, saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebic, aRmasrulebeli
uflebamosilebac, dizainis elementebic, proceduruli sakiTxebic da
gadawyetilebis gasaCivrebis procedurebic naTlad iqneba gansazRvruli
sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT.
6
sazogadod aRiarebulia, rom gansxvavebuli formulirebebis
miuxedavad maregulirebeli organoebis damoukideblobis ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebad iTvleba organizaciuli avtonomiis iseT atributebi,
rogoricaa - qonebrivi damoukidebloba, rac aucilebelia saTanado profesiuli
unaris gamomuSavebisa da distanciebis SenarCunebisaTvis da
uzrunvelyofs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Tavisuflebas.
arsebobs sayovelTao konsensusi maregulirebeli organoebisaTvis
oficialuri dacviTi meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, esenia:
_ maregulirebeli organosaTvis gansazRvruli uflebamosilebebis gadacema,
romelic gaaTavisuflebs mas saministroebis Carevebisagan;
_ Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis profesiuli kriteriumebis gansazRvra;
_ Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis procesSi aRmasrulebebli da sakanonmdeblo
organoebis monawileoba
_ gansazRvruli vadiT daniSvna, maTi TviTneburi gadayenebis gareSe;
_ vadebis cvalebadoba, raTa isini ar daemTxves saarCevno vadebs cikls,
xolo komisiuri organos Seqmnisas TiToeuli wevris uflebamosilebebis
cvalebadoba;
_ maregulirebeli organoebis gaTavisufleba sajaro samsaxurisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli saxelfaso SezRudvebisagan;
_ da sxva.
es meqanizmebi ganakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im qveynebisaTvis,
romlebsac regulirebis mwiri tradiciebi aqvT (Tumca arsebobs azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom damoukidebloba iluziaa maRalganviTarebuli sabazro
ekonomikis qveynebSic ki ,,sadac sasaxlidan erTi zaric ki yvelafers cvlis”).
aseve udavoa, rom arc erT kanons ar Seswevs unari TavisTavad Secvalos
instituciuri garemo, magram arsebobs araerTi argumenti damoukidebeli
maregulirebeli organoebis Seqmnis sasargeblod, Tundac arasaxarbielo
garemoSi.
aseTive erTsulovnebaa, rom damoukidebloba dabalansebuli unda
iyos angariSvaldebulebiT. savaldebuloa kontrolisa da wonasworobis dacvis
iseTi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, rogoricaa:
mkacri gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
procesis sajarooba da regularuli angariSgeba sazogadoebebisadmi
interesTa konfliqtis aRkveTa
6
organos gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSirebiT efeqturi sapelacio sis-
temis Camoyalbeba
organos biujetis guldasmiT Seswavla Semowmeba Cveulebriv
sakanonmdeblo organos mier
maregulirebeli organos Semowmeba gareSe revizorebisa da sxca
damoukidebeli sakontrolo organoebis mier
arajerovani qcevis SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobis pirebis daTxova
samsaxuridan
migvaჩnia, rom am pirobebis dacva saqarTveloSi bevr rames
gaaumjobesebda da ara mxolod konkurenciis sferoSi.
konkurenciis politika, miznad isaxavs bazris monawileTa Soris
jansaRi konkurenciis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba/waxalisebas da dacvas,
agreTve saxelmwifo politikis sxva sferoebSi konkurenciuli garemos
uzrunvelmyofi (ganviaTarebis xelSemwyobi) procesebis mxardaWeras.
konkurenciis politikis warmateba damokidebulia im socialur ekonomikur da
politikur garemoze, romelSic konkurenciis saagentoebs uwevT arseboba.
zogierT qveynebsa da regionebSi biznesis warmomadgenlebi da
mTavroba aRiarebs konkurenciis rols, miznebs da pativs scems
institutebs. sxva SemTxvevbSi biznes garemo da mTavroba jer kidev
adaptaciis procesSia. calke SemTxvevaa, e.w Barefoot, anu naklebad
sasurveli konkurenciis ofisebi, romlebic ibrZvian aRiarebisa da
damkvidrebisaTvis (saqarTvelo am mxrivac gamonaklisia: garkveul wlebSi
nacvlad damkvidrebisa, sagento agrZelebda fasadur arsebobas).
winamdebare mimoxilva miznad isaxavs ara mxolod sazogadoebis
informirebas msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebuli konkurenciis
kanonebisa da Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli institutebis Sesaxeb, aramed,
sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT optimaluri modelis
gansazRvras saqarTvelosTvis.
6
dominirebis qveda zRvari 40% Tumca sxva faqtorebic gaiTvalisiwineba
gamoyenebuli literatura
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danarTebi
danarTi 1. konkurenciis kanonebi da aRmasrulebeli institutebi danarTi 2 konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis organoebi danarTi 3 kanonmdeblobis miznebi gamokiTxuli qveynebis mixedviTdanarTi 4-5 mniSvnelovani sabazro Zalauflebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi(SerCeva moxda mxolod SeTavazebuli kriteriumebidan, Tumca sxva kriteriumebsac iyeneben)danarTi 6 konkurenciis saagentoebis msaxasiTeblebi SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviTdanarTi 7 dominirebis prezumpcia da usafrTxoebis zRvruli normebi (“safe harbours”)
7
konkurenciis kanonebi da aRmasrulebeli institutebi
danarTi 1
qveyana
K
kanonis saxelwodeba aRmasrulebeli instituti
1 albaneTi konkurenciis Sesaxeb, 1995 konkurenciis organo
2 avstralia 1974, 2009 kanoni savaWro praqtikis Sesaxeb konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa
komisia
3 avstria 1988, 2002, 2005 Kkartel აქტ konkurenciis federaluri organo
4 alJiri ekonomikuri konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (1995, 2003) konkurenciis sabWo
5 argentina konkurenciis Sesaxeb 1980, 1999, 2001 konkurenciis dacvis erovnuli komisia
6 azerbaijani antimonopoliuri regulirebis Sesaxeb (1993) saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri komiteti
7 axali zelandia komerciis Sesaxeb (1986, 2008)
8 aSS antitrastuli kanonmdebloba
Sermanis aqti- 1890, kleitonis aqti 1914,
federaluri vaWrobis komisiis SEsaxeb 1914,
hart-skot-rodinos aqti da 1996
DOJ- iusticiis departamenti
FTC –federaluri vaWrobis komisia
9 bolivia 2006 wlis monacemiT jer kidev saproeqto stadiaze
11 brazilia 1994,2002 F
federaluri kanoni konkurenciis dacvis sistemis Sesaxeb
(1994, 2002)
ekonomikuri uSiSroebis
administraciuli sabWo (
iusticiis saministros ekonomikuri
samarTlis samdivno
ekonomikuri monitoringis samdivno
(SEAE)
12 benini 1994 wlis kanoni, 2001 wlis cvlilebebiT, garda amisa
gamoiyeneba UEMOA gaerTianebis kanonmdbeloba
dasaqmebis mrewvelobisa da
vaWrobis saministro (konkurenciisa
da vaWrobis sammarTvelo)
13 bocvana 2010
manamde “kompaniebis Sesaxeb” da “vaWrobis
Sesaxeb” sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT regulirdeboda
konkurenciis organo
7
calkeuli aspeqtebi
14 bosnia hercegovina konkurenciis sabWo
15 belorusia antimonopoliuri komiteti?
16 burkina faso burkina fasoSi konkurenciis regulirebis Sesaxeb (1994,
2002), garda amisa gamoiyeneba UEMOA gaerTianebis
kanonmdbeloba
konkurenciisa da moxmarebis
erovnuli komisia
17 ბelgia Eekonomikuri konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (1991,
1999, 2002,2006)
konkurenciis sabWo
18 bulgareTi kanoni Kkonkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb 1991, 1998,
2008
konkurenciis komisia
19 barbadosi Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb 2003
20 gaerTianebuli samefo keTilsindisieri vaWrobis Sesaxeb 1973, konkurenciis
Sesaxeb 1980, konkurenciis Sesaxeb 1989,
sawarmoTa Sesaxeb 2002
keTilsindisieri vaWrobis ofisi
konkurenciis komisia
21 Ggermania konkurenciis SezRudvis sawinaaRmdego aqti (1957,
1998, 2005)
federaluri kartel ofisi
22 grenlandia konkurenciis komisia
23 Ggambia gaerTianebis kanonmdbeloba konkurenciis damoukidebeli komisia
24 Ggana 2010 wels momzadebis statiaze iyo
25 Ggaboni gamoiyeneba UEMOA gaerTianebis kanonmdbeloba
26 gvatemala saproeqto stadia
27 dania konkurenciis kanoni (aqti) 1997, 2007 konkurenciis uwyeba
28 dominikebis resp. 2008
29 ეvrokaვSiri kevrogaerTianebis sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebis
konkurenciis wesebi xelSekrulebiTdan
(EU Competition Acquiz) 1957, 2009)
generaluri direqtorati konkurenciis
sakiTxebze
30 estoneTi konkurenciis kanoni (aqti) konkurenciis sabWo?
31 espaneTi konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (1989, 2007) konkurenciis komisia
32 egvipte monopoliebis Tavidan acilebisa da konkurenciis
Sesaxeb 1978, 2005
konkurenciis organo
33 el-salvadori konkurenciis dacvis
superintendance
(samdivno)
34 eTiopia komerciis kodeqsi 1960 weli, savaWro praqtikis
Sesaxeb, 2002 weli
35 ekvadori organuli kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb, proeqti, 2004
7
36 venesuela 1992 Tavisufali konkurenciis mxardaWerisa da dacvis
Sesaxeb
tavisufali konkurenciis dacvisa da
mxardaWeris organo /
37 vietnami konkurenciis kanoni 2004 konkurenciis administrirebis
departamenti
38 zambia konkurenciisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis aqti 1994 konkurenciis komisia
39 zimbabve konkurenciis aqti 1996, 2001 konkurenciis komisia
40 თurqeTi konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti (1994, 2005, 2009) konkurenciis organo
41 indonezia 1999 kanoni monopoliuri praqtikis akrZalvisa da
arakeTilsindisieri biznessis Sesaxeb
biznes konkurenciis
zedamxedvelobis
42 indoeTi monopoliebisa da SemzRudavi savaWro praqtikis
Sesaxeb, 1969, 2002 konkurenciis aqti (2002),
konkurenciis komisia
43 islandia konkurenciis Sesaxeb, 1993
44 irlandia konkurenciis Sesaxeb (1991, 2002, 2006),
Serwymebisa da STanTqmebis kontrolis Sesaxeb
(1978 dan 1996 mde)
konkurenciis organo
45 israeli vaWrobis SezRudvebis Sesaxeb (1988) antitrastuli organo
46 italia bazrebisa da konkurenciis dacvis wesebi (1990, 2005,
2006)
konkurenciis organo
47 iordania konkurenciis Sesaxeb, 2002, 2004 konkurenciis dacvis ofisi
ekonomikisa da vaWrobis
saministros SemadgenlobaSi
48 iamaika keTilsindisieri konkurenciis aqti 1993 federaluri vaWrobis komisia
49 iaponia kerZo monopolizaciis akrZalvisa da keTilsindisieri
vaWrobis mxardaWeris aqti )igive antimonopoliuri aqti
1947,2009
keTilsindisieri vaWrobis komisia
50 kot divuari konkurenciis Sesaxeb 1978,1991,1997 konkurenciis komisia
51 kenia kanoni vaWrobis kontrolis, monopoliebisa da
SemzRudavi biznes praqtikis Sesaxeb
Mkonkurenciis organo
52 kviprosi konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb 1989 konkurenciis dacvis komisia
53 kolumbia konkurenciis mxardaWerisa das SemzRudavi
komerciuli praqtikis Sesaxeb 1992, 2009
vaWrobisa da konkurenciis umaRlesi
sazedcamxedvelo organo
54 kosta rika konkurenciis mxardaWerisa da momxmarebelTa
efeqtiani dacvis Sesaxeb (1992, 1994)
konkurenciis mxardaweris komisia
55 kenia SemzRudavi savaWro praqtikis, monopoliebisa da
vaWrobis kontrolis Sesaxeb (aqti)
monopoliebisa da fasebis komisia
56 koreis resp. monopoliebis regulirebisa da keTilsindisieri vaWrobis
Sesaxeb (1980, 2007)
7
57 lesoto 2010 saproeqto stadia
58 luqsemburgi SemzRudavi komerciuli praqtikis regulirebis Sesaxeb
(1970, 2004, 2008)
konkurenciis sabWo
59 litva konkurenciis Sesaxeb (1999) konkurenciis sabWo
60 latvia 1997 konkurenciis Sesaxeb,,,,, 2002,2009. konkurenciis sabWo
61 lixtenSteini erovnuli ekonomikis ofisi
62 laosi Ddekreti savaWro konkurenciis Sesaxeb komerciis saministro
63 makedonia Kkonkurenciis SezRudvebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, 1991 konkurenciis dacvis komisia
64 malaizia saproeqti statia
65 malta konkurenciis regulirebisa da keTilsindisieri vaWrobis
uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb 1995, 2007
momxmarebelTa da konkurenciis
dacvis ganyofileba
konkurentunarianobisa da
komunikaciebis saministro
66 Mmalavi 1998 konkurenciisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb konkurenciisa da keTilsindisieri
vaWrobis komisia
67 Mmali 1998 komerciis erovnuli direqtorati
68 Mmavrikia 1980 keTilsindisieri vaWrobis aqti, 2007 keTilsindisieri vaWrobis komisia
konkurenciis tribunali
69 Mmaroko 1999 konkurenciis komisia
saapelacio tribunali
70 meqsika federaluri kanoni ekonomikuri 1993konkurenciis
Sesaxeb
konkurenciis federaluri komisia
71 monRoleTi arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb 1993,
2002
araketilsindisieri konkurenciis
maregulirebeli organo
72 moldova 1992.2000 monopoliuri saqmianobis SezRudvisa da
konkurenciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
konkurenciis dacvis erovnuli
saagento
73 moa 1994,2002
montenegro konkurenciis dacvis administracia
74 niderlandebi konkurenciis Sesaxeb (1997, 2009) konkurenciis uwyeba
75 nikaragua konkurenciis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb (2006)
76 norvegia konkurenciis kanoni (2004, 2008) konkurenciis organo
77 namibia 2003 konkurenciis aqti (manamdec iyo calkeuli
maregulirebeli normebis saxiT)
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis
saministro
78 pakistani monopoliebisa da SemzRudavi savaWro pratqikis
Sesaxeb 1970,2007,2010
konkurenciis komisia
79 panama konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (1996, 2008) konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa
dacvis uwyeba
7
80 paragvai saproeqto stadia
81 papua axali gvinea momxmareblisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb, 2002 momxmarebelTa da konkurenciis
dacvis damoukidebeli komisia
82 peru dekreti Tavisufal konkurenciaze moqmedi
SemzRudavi praqtikis kontrolisa da monopoliebis
winaaRmdeg (1990)
konkurenciis komisia
83 poloneTi konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb
(2000, 2007)
konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa
dacvis ofisi
84 portugalia 2003 wlis 11 ivnisisa da 18 ianvris kanonebi, 2008 konkurenciis uwyeba
85 ruseTi sasaqonlo bazrebze konkurenciisa da monopoliuri
saqmianobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb
federaluri antimonopoliuri
samsaxuri
86 rumineTi Kkonkurenciis Sesaxeb 1996,2003 konkurenciis sabWo
konkurenciis ofisi
87 სafrangeთi Dfasebis liberalizaciisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb (1977,
1986, 2008)
konkurenciis sabWo
konkurenciisa da momxmarebelTa
dacvis saqmeTa da TaRliTObis
kontrolis generaluri direqcia
88 saberZneTi monopoliebisa da oligopoliebis kontrolisa da Tavisufali
konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (1977, 1995, 2000)
89 salvadori Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb 2006, 2007
90 samxreT korea- keTilsindisieri vaWrobis komisia
serbia da montenegro 1996 federaluri antimonopoliuri kanoni serbiaSi: konkurenciis dacvis
komisia
montenegroSi: konurenciis dacvis
administracia
seiSeli Tavisufali konkurenciis komisia
siria konkurenciis komisia
91 singapuri konkurenciis aqti (Tavi 50b), 2006 kanoni konkurenciis komisia
92 slovakeTi ekonomikuri konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (2001),
jgufuri gamonaklisebis Sesaxeb konkurenciis
SemzRudavi SeTanxmebebis akrZalvebidan
gamonaklisebis Sesaxeb (2001, 2002, 2009)
antimonopoliuri ofisi
93 somxeTi Eekonomikuri konkurenciis dacvis Sesaxeb (2000)
94 saqarTvelo 1992-saxelmwifo sabWos dekreti Caanacvla
1996 wlis kanonma “monopoliuri saqmianobisa da
konkurenciis Sesaxeb”, romelic gauqmda 2005 wels
Tavisufali vaWrobisa da
konkurenciis saagento
7
da miRebul iqna “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis
Sesaxeb”
2012 weli - kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb –saproeqto
stadia
95 slovenia 1991, 1999,2004 konkurenciis SezRudvebis Tavidan
acilebis Sesaxeb
konkurenciis dacvis ofisi
96 samxreT afrika konkurenciis kanoni (1955, 1979, 1998, 2000) konkurenciis komisia
97 სvezilendi 2008 konkurenciis komisia
98 სenegali 1965, 1994, fasebis konkurenciisa da ekonomikuri
davebis Sesaxeb
gamoiyeneba UEMOA gaerTianebis kanonmdebloba
konkurenciis erovnuli komisia
siera leone antikonkurenciuli praqtikis aRsakveTad gamoiyeneba
kotonis SeTanxmebis 45-e muxli.
99 trinidadi da tobago keTilsindisieri vaWrobis Sesaxeb (2006) konkurenciisa da vaWrobis komisia
10
0
taivani 1991 Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb Tavisufali vaWrobis komisia
10
1
tailandi Ffasebis kontrolisa da antimonopoliuri regulirebis
Sesaxeb, 1979
konkurenciis komisia komerciis
saministroSi
10
2
ტogo saproeqto stadia
10
3
tunisi 1991 (1999,2000,2002
)konkurenciis kanoni
konkurenciis sabwo
vaWrobis generaluri direqtorati
10
4
tanzania 1994, 2002 Tavisufali vaWrobis aqti keTilsindisieri konkurenciis komisia
10
5
tajikeTi monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (1993, 2005)
antimonopoliuri politikis
departamenti – ekonomikis
ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis
saministroSi
10
6
Uukraina 1991, 1996, 2001 monopoliuri saqmianobis
SezRudvisa da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis
prevenciis Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri komiteti
10
7
ungreTi arakeTilsindisieri da SemzRudavi sabazro praqtikis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb (20021990, 1996, 2010)
konkurenciis
uwyeba/saagento/organo Tu
ekonomikuri konkurenciis ofisi
10
8
uzbekeTi 1992, 1996 antimonopoliuri kanoni demonopolizaciis, konkurenciisa da
mewarmeobis mxardaWeris
saxelmwifo komiteti
7
10
9
filipinebi konstituciia 1987,
sajaromo kodeqsis (1930) muxli 186 aRwers dasjad
antikonkurenciul qmdebebs, xolosaproeqti statia
mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqtebia: respublikis
aqti 3247 monopoliebisa da vaWrobis SemzRudavi
gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb; fasebis aqti, intelqtualuri
sakuTrebis Sesaxeb da sxva aqtebi.
vaWrobis regulirebisa da
momxmarebelTa dacvis biuro
(vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis
saministroSi)
11
0
fineTi konkurenciis SezRudvis Sesaxeb (1992, 2009) konkurenciis organo
11
1
fiji komerciis Sesaxeb 1998 konkurenciis komisia
11
2
yirgizeTi konkurenciis Sesaxeb antimonopoliuri politikis saxelmwifo
departamenti
11
3
yazaxeTi- 1998 arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb konkurenciis dacvis komiteti
11
4
Sri lanka Tavisufali vaWrobis komisiiis Sesaxeb 2003 momxmarebelTa sakiTxebis ofisi
11
5
SvedeTi konkurenciis aqti 1993, 2008 konkurenciis uwyeba
11
6
Sveicaria federaluro kanoni kartelebisa da konkurenciis sxva
SezRudvebis Sesaxeb (1985, 1995, 2004)
konkurenciis komisia
SeniSvna: 1999 wlis ianvarSi
Seiqmna biuro, romelic
uflebamosilia keTilsindisieri
savaWro pratqikis sakiTxebze.
11
7
CexeTi komerciuli konkurenciis dacvis aqti 1991, 2009 konkurenciis dacvis ofisi
11
8
Cile antimonopoliuri kanoni 1973, 1980, 2005 konkurenciis komisia
11
9
CineTi antimonopoliuri kanoni (1993, 2008)
12
0
centraluri afrikis
respublika
gamoiyeneba UEMOA gaerTianebis kanonmdbeloba
12
1
hondurasi 2006 konkurenciis dacvisa da
mxardaWeris komisia
xorvatia konkurenciis saagento
COMESA Sesabamisi xelSekruleba KaRmosavleT da samxreT afrikis
qveynebis saerto bazris
7
konkurenciis komisia
UEMOA Sesabamisi xelSekruleba
CARICOM Sesabamisi xelSekruleba karibis qveynebis gaerTianebis
konkurenciis komisia
MERCOSUR Sesabamisi xelSekruleba
wyaroebi: ICN, UNCTAD da CUTS-CIER masalebiModal law on competition(2010). Chapter I, Anex I - Names of Competition Laws (www.unctad.org) Annex 1. Evolution of competition law in the world. Competition Regimes in the world – A civil Society Report xxviii (2006). India. (www.cuts.org) UNCTAD handbook on competition legislation, annex I, pp 79-81.da Sesabamisi saagentoebis vebgverdebi
SeniSvna: msoflios konkurenciul angariSSi (2006) ganxilulia kidev ramdnime qveyana, maT Soris: senegali – 1994 wlis kanoni fasebis, konkurenciisa da ekonomikuri davebis Sesaxeb, islandiis konkurenciis aqti( 1993), albaneTis konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanoni (1995) serbia da montenegro federaluri antimonopoliuri kanoni, makedoniis kanoni konkurenciis SezRudvis Sesaxeb (1999), barbudas arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisagan dacvis bili (2001) , iordaniis konkurenciis kanoni (2002), papua axali gvineas billi damoukidebeli momxmareblisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb (2002), namibiis konkurenciis aqti (2003), barbadosis keTilsindisieri konkurenciis aqti (2003), elsalvadoris kanoni Tavisufali konkurenciis Sesaxeb (2004), egviptis konkurenciisa da monopoliebis prevenciis Sesaxeb kanoni (2005), angola - kotonis SeTanxmebis 45-e muxli (bili sabazro konkurenciisa da mzadebis Sesaxeb), benini, sadac konkurencia regulirdeba aRmosavleT afrikis ekonomikuri da monetaruli kavSiris regulaciebiT (WAEMU)danarTSi miTiTebulia dRes moqmedi kanonebi kanonebis miRebisa da maTSi cvlilebebis TariRebi. amasTan gasaTvalsiwnebelia, rom rig qveynebs gacilebiT adrec hqondaT garkveuli maregulirebeli aqtebi konkurenciis sferoSi. MmagaliTad: axali zelandiis pirveli aqti monopoliebis prevenciis Sesaxeb 1908 wliT TariRdeba, norvegiis fasebis regulirebis aqti, romelic Seicavs konkurenciis debulebebsac – 1920 welsaa miRebuli, argentinis pirveli sakanonmdbelo aqti 1923 wliT, xolo estoneTis pirveli kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb (“arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis winaaRmdeg”) 1931 wliT TariRdeba, iseve rogorc –CexeTis kanoni kartelebisa da kerZo monopoliebis winaaRmdeg da daniis kanoni fasebis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom 1980 wlamde mxolod 30 qveyanas hqonda konkurenciis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, 2000 wels es ricxvi ukve 84-s aRwevda, dReisaTvis - 120 –s aRemateba. .
დანართი 2
Competition & Consumer Protection Authorities Worldwide
The following jurisdictions have antitrust or consumer protection laws. Follow the selected link to the consumer protection or competition agency’s web site.
8
Country Competition Agency Consumer Protection Agency
Albania Competition Authority Consumer Protection Commission
Algeria Competition Council
Andean Commu-nity
General Secretariat
Argentina National Commission for the Defense of Competition
Undersecretary of Consumer Defense
Armenia State Commission for the Pro-tection of Economic Competi-
tion
Australia Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)
Austria Federal Competition Authority (BWB)
Federal Ministry for Social and Consumer Protection
Azerbaijan State Service for Antimonopoly Policy and Consumer Rights' Protection
Barbados Fair Trading Commission
Belarus The Antimonopoly Committee of the Republic of Belarus
Belgium Belgian Competition Authority Privacy Protection Commission DG Enforcement and Mediation
Benin Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Employment Promotion; Man-agement of Competition and
Internal Trade
Bosnia & Herze-govina
Council of Competition Council for Protection of Con-sumers
Botswana Competition Authority Consumer Protection Unit, De-partment of Trade and Con-
sumer Protection
Brazil Administrative Council for Eco-nomic Defense (CADE)
Office of Consumer Protection and Defense, Ministry of Justice
Secretariat for Economic Law Enforcement (SDE)
Secretariat for Economic Moni-toring (SEAE)
Bulgaria Commission on Protection of Competition (CPC)
8
Commission for Trade and Con-sumer Protection
Burkina Faso National Commission of Com-petition and Consumption
Cameroon National Competition Commis-sion
Canada Competition Bureau Canada
Competition Tribunal
Office of Consumer Affairs
Consumer Measures Committee
Caribbean Com-munity
CARICOM Competition Commission
Chile National Economic Prosecutor National Consumer Service (SERNAC)
Tribunal for the Defense of Free Competition
China State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC)
Anti Monopoly Bureau, Ministry of Commerce
National Development and Re-form Commission (NDRC)
Colombia Superintendence of Industry and Commerce
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
Competition Commission
Costa Rica Commission for the Promotion of Competition
Directorate of Consumer Support
Côte d’Ivoire Competition Commission
Croatia Croatian Competition Agency Consumer Protection Depart-ment, Ministry of Economy,
Labour and Entrepreneurship
Cyprus Commission for the Protection of Competition
Commission for Personnel Data Protection
Czech Republic Office for the Protection of Competition
Ministry of Industry and Trade
8
Denmark Danish Competition and Con-sumer Authority
Danish Consumer Ombudsman
Dominican Re-public
Procompetencia Pro-Consumidor
Egypt Egyptian Competition Authority Egyptian Consumer Protection Agency
El Salvador Superintendence of Competition
Defensoría del Consumidor
Estonia Competition Authority Consumer Protection Board
European Union Competition Directorate (DG-COMP)
Health and Consumer Direc-torate (DG-SANCO)
European Free Trade Area
EFTA Surveillance Authority
Faroe Island Faroese Competition Authority
Fiji Commerce Commission
Finland Finnish Competition Authority Consumer Agency and Ombudsman
France Competition Authority
Directorate-General of Competition, Consumption and the Re-pression of Fraud
Gambia Competition Commission Standards and Consumer Pro-tection Board, Ministry of Trade,
Industry, Regional Integration and Employment
Georgia State Antimonopoly Service
Germany Federal Cartel Office German Ministry for Consumer Protection, Food and Agricul-
ture
Greece Hellenic Competition Commission
General Secretariat of Con-sumer Affairs
Greenland Greenland Competition Authority
Guyana Competition and Consumer Affairs Commission (CCAC)
Honduras Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Competition
Honduras Consumer Protection Agency
Hungary Hungarian Competition Authority
Hungarian Authority for Con-sumer Protection
8
Iceland Competition Authority The Consumer Agency
India Competition Commission of India
Department of Consumer Affairs
Indonesia Commission for the Supervi-sion of Business Competition
(KPPU)
National Consumer Protection Agency (NCPA)
Ireland Competition Authority National Consumer Agency
Israel Israel Antitrust Authority (IAA) Director of Consumer Protection
Italy Italian Antitrust Authority
Ministry for Economic Develop-ment, Directorate-General for
Market Harmonization and Con-sumer Protection (DGAMTC)
Jamaica Fair Trading Commission
Consumer Affairs Comission
Japan Japan Fair Trade Commission
Cabinet Office, Quality-of-Life Policy Bureau
Jersey Channel Islands Competition and Regulatory Authority
Jordan Competition Directorate at the Ministry of Industry and Trade
Kazakhstan Agency for the Protection of Competition
Kenya Competition Authority of Kenya
Kosovo Kosovo Competition Commission
Kyrgyz Republic State Commission for Anti-monopoly Policy
Laos Ministry of Commerce
Latvia Competition Council Consumer Rights Protection Centre
Liechtenstein Office for National Economy (AVW)
Lithuania Competition Council State Consumer Rights Protec-
8
tion Authority
Luxembourg Competition Council
Competition Inspection
Macedonia Commission for Protection of Competition
Malawi Competition and Fair Trading Commission
Mali National Directorate for Com-merce and Competition
(DNCC)
Malaysia Malaysia Competition Commission
Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs
Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority
Mauritius Competition Commission of Mauritius
Consumer Protection Unit, Min-istry of Commerce and Con-
sumer Protection
Mexico Federal Competition Commission
Federal Consumer Protection Commission (Profeco)
Moldova National Agency for the Protec-tion of Competition
Mongolia Authority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection
Montenegro Administration for Protection of Competition
Morocco Competition Council
Namibia Competition Commission
Netherlands Netherlands Competition Authority
Consumer Authority, Ministry of Economic Affairs
New Zealand Commerce Commission
Ministry of Consumer Affairs
Nicaragua Procompetencia
Nigeria Consumer Protection Council
Norway Norwegian Competition Authority
Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman
Pakistan Competition Commission of Pakistan
Panama Authority for Consumer Protection and Competition Defense
8
Papua New Guinea
Independent Consumer and Competition Commission
Paraguay National Integrated Consumer Protection System
Peru National Institute for the Defense of Competition and the Protec-tion of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI)
Philippines Bureau of Trade Regulation and Consumer Protection, Depart-ment of Trade and Industry
Poland Office of Competition and Consumer Protection
Portugal Competition Authority National Commission for Data Protection
Directorate-General for Con-sumers, Ministry of Economy
and Innovation (DGC)
Romania Competition Council National Authority for Consumer Protection
Russia Federal Antimonopoly Service Federal Service on Customers' Rights
Saudi Arabia Council of Competition Protection
Consumer Protection Associa-tion
Senegal National Competition Commis-sion
Serbia Commission for the Protection of Competition (CPC)
Sector for Trade, Consumer Protection and Price Policy,
Ministry of Trade and Services
Seychelles Seychelles Fair Trading Commission
Singapore Competition Commission
Slovak Republic Antimonopoly Office Consumer Protection Depart-ment, Ministry of Economy
Slovenia Competition Protection Office
South Africa Competition Commission National Consumer Commission
Competition Tribunal National Consumer Tribunal
South Korea Fair Trade Commission Korea Consumer Agency (KCA)
8
Spain National Competition Commission
National Institute of Consumers
Sri Lanka Consumer Affairs Authority
Swaziland Swaziland Competition Commission
Sweden Swedish Competition Authority Swedish Consumer Agency
Switzerland Competition Commission Federal Consumer Affairs Bureau
Syria Competition Commission
Taiwan Fair Trade Commission Consumer Protection Commit-tee, Executive Yuan
Tajikistan State Agency on Antimonopoly Policy and Support of En-
trepreneurship, Ministry of Eco-nomics and Trade
Tanzania Fair Competition Commission
Thailand Office of Trade Competition Commission (OTCC)
Consumer Protection Board
Trinidad and To-bago
Fair Trading Commission
Tunisia Competition Council
General Director of Competi-tion and Domestic Trade
Turkey Turkish Competition Authority (Rekabet Kurumu)
Ukraine Antimonopoly Committee State Committee of Ukraine for Technical Regulation and Con-
sumer Policy
United Kingdom Competition Commission
Office of Fair Trading
United States Federal Trade Commission
Department of Justice
Uruguay Commission for Promotion and Defense of Competition
Consumer Defense Area, Direc-torate-General of Commerce, Ministry of Economy and Fi-
nance (ADECO)
Uzbekistan State Committee on Demonopolization and Development of
8
Competition
Venezuela Superintendence for the Pro-motion and Protection of Free
Competition (Pro-Competencia)
Institute for the Defense of Peo-ple's Access to Goods and Ser-
vices
Vietnam Vietnam Competition Authority
Vietnam Competition Council
West African Eco-nomic and Mone-tary Union
Department of Competition
Zambia Zambia Competition Commis-sion
Zimbabwe Ministry of State Enterprises, Anti-Monopolies and Anti-Cor-
ruption
კანონმდებლობის მიზნები გამოკითხული ქვეყნების მიხედვით
დანართი 3
/ქვეყანამიზანი
კონკურენციის პროცეს
ის როგორ
ც მიზანის
და შედეგის ეფექტიანობის უზრუნველყოფა
მომხმარებლის კეტილდღეობის უზრუნველყოფა
ეფექტიანობის ამაღლე
ბა
ეკონომიკური თავისუფლების უზრუნველყოფ
ა
მცირე და
საშუალო
ბიზნესისათვის საქმიანობის
სამოქმედო
სივრცის უზრუნველყოფა
) მხარდაჭერა
პატიოსნ ებისა და
ტანასწორობის პრინციპების
გავრცელება
მომხარებლისათვის
არჩევანის
თავისუფლების უზრუნველყოფ
ა
ბაზტის ინტეგრაციის
მიღწევა
1 ავსტრალია
2 ბrazilia
3 bulgareTi
4 კanada
5 Cile
6 CexeTi
8
7 evrokomisia
8 safrangeTi
9 Gგermania
10 ungreTi
11 indoeTi
12 irlandia
13 Italia
14 israeli
15 Iamaika
16 იაპონია
17 ჯერსი
18 korea
19 latvia
20 meqsika
21 ჰolandia
22 აxali zelandia
23 pakistani
24 rumineti
25 ruseTi
26 singapuri
27 slovakeTi
28 samxreT
afrika
29 ესპანეთი
30 SvedeTi
31 Sveicaria
32 TurqeTi
უკრაინა
8
33 gaerTianebul
i samefo
აშშ
კვლევის მიხედვით, სააგენტოების უმრავლესობა ეფექტიანი კონკურნციის უზრუნველყოფას განიხილავს როგორც დამოუკიდებელ მიზანს (ბრაზილია, ბულგარეთი, ჩილი, ჩეხეთი,საფრანგეთი, გერმანია, , ისრაელი, იაპონია, მექსიკა, რუსეთი, შვეიცარია, თურქეტი, უკრაინა) ) , ნაწილი (აშშ, რუმინეთი, სამხრეთ აფრიკა, შვედეთი, კანადა, ევროკავშირი, უნგრეთი, ირლანდია, იტალია, იამაიკა, ჯერსი, კორეა, ლატვია, ჰოლანდია, ახალი ზელანდია) კონკურენციას განიხილავს როგორც მიზანს და როგორც საშუალებას, ხოლო მესამე კატეგორია (გაერთიანებული სამეფო, სლოვაკეთი, სინგაპური, ავსტრალია) კონკურენციის პროცესს განიხილავს როგორც საშუალებას სხვა მიზნების მისაღწევად. წყარო: Modal law on competition. Available on http://www. unctad.org
mniSvnelovani sabazro Zalauflebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi(SerCeva moxda mxolod SeTavazebuli kriteriumebidan, Tumca sxva
kriteriumebsac iyeneben)
danarTi 4
qveyana firmisada misi konkurentebis sabazro wili
bazarze Sesasvleli da warmoebis gafarToebis barierebi
konkurentebis mdgomareoba da sabazro qceva
myidvelis sabazro Zalaufleba
ავსტრალიაbraziliabulgareTikanadaCileCexeTievrokomisiasafrangeTiGermania ungreTiindoeTiirlandiaitalia israeliiamaika korealatviameqsikaholandia axali zelandia pakistani
9
ruminetiruseTisingapurislovakeTisamxreT afrikaესპანეთიSvedeTiSveicariaTurqeTigaerTianebuli samefoukrainaaSS
garda zemoTCamoTvlili faqtorebisa, sabazro Zalauflebis SeafsebisaTvis qveynebi aanalizeben sxva faqtorebsac, kerZod: bulgareTi – firmis finansur resursebs, sxva subieqtebTan urTierTobebs, damoukideblobas konkurentisagan, momwodeblebisa da myidvelebisagan; indoeTi - finansur resursebs; israeli masStabis ekonomias da qselur efeqtebs; jersi unars warmatebiT gazardos fasebi da gaauaresos xarisxi konkurentebisagan, myidvelebisa da momwodeblebis saTanado reaqciis gareSe; meqsika – unars calmxrivad daadginos fasebi, SezRudos miwodeba da eqsportimportze xelmisawvdomobas; ruseTi - vertikaluri integraciis xarisxs, bazris ganvitarebis xarisxs; aSS – fasebis kontrolisa da konkurentebis gandevnis unars da sxva.
mniSvnelovani sabazro Zalauflebis Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi (SerCeva moxda mxolod SeTavazebuli kriteriumebidan, Tumca sxva სააგენტოები სხვა
kriteriumebsac iyeneben)
danarTi 5
9
qვeyana
Fფir
mis
dam
მis
ი ko
nkure
nte
bis
wili
baza
Mko
nkure
nte
bis
qce
va d
a m
dg
om
are
ob
a
Baza
rze S
Esa
svle
li d
a w
arm
oeb
is g
afa
rToebis
bari
ere
bi
masS
tabis
ekon
om
ia d
a q
selu
ri e
feqte
bi
Mm
yid
velis
sab
azr
o z
ala
ufleb
a
war
mo
ebis
faqt
ore
bis
xel
mis
awv
do
mo
ba
da
vert
ikal
uri
int Zala
uflebis
zang
rZliv
ob
a
Bazr
is s
imw
ife a
n d
inam
iuro
ba
ars
eb
iTi a
qti
veb
isad
mi w
vdom
a
ფir
mis
a d
a m
isi kon
kure
nte
bis
finan
suri
resu
rseb
i
ავსტრალია
ბrazilia
bulgareTi
კanada
Cile
CexeTi
evrokomisia
safrangeTi
Gგermania
ungreTi
indoeTi
irlandia
Italia
israeli
Iamaika
იაპონია
ჯერსი
korea
latvia
meqsika
9
ჰolandia
აxali zelandia
pakistani
rumineti
ruseTi
singapuri
slovakeTi
samxreT afrika
ესპანეთი
SvedeTi
Sveicaria
TurqeTi
gaerTianebuli
samefo
ukraina
aSS
შერჩეული ქვეყნების მიხედვით კონკურენციის სააგენტოების მახასიათებლები
დანართი 6
არგენტინა ავსტრალია კანადა მექსიკასააგენტოს დასახელება
კონკურენციის დაცვის ეროვნული კომისია
კონკურენციისა და მომხმარებლის კომისია
კონკურენციის ტრიბუნალი
კონკურენციის ფედრალური კომისია
გადაწყვეტილების მიმღები სტრუქტურა
5 კომისიონერი;პრეზიდენტი ექვემდებარება
6 სრული კომისიონერი. აგრეთვე რამდენიმე
4 იურისტი წევრი და 8 არაიურისტი წევრი
5 კომისიონერი
9
კომერციის სამდივნოსოტხი წევრიდან 2 იურისტია და 2 ეკონომისტი
არსრულ შტატზე- ასოცირებული კომისიონერი
გადაწყვეტილების მიღების პროცედურები
კომისიონერების დანიშნვა (თუ წარდგენა?) ხდება ეკონომიკის სამინისტროს მიერ
დანიშნვა ხდება გენერალური გუბერნატორის ( მმართველის) მიერ, რომელიც ასრულებს მინისტრთა ჯკაბინეტის მრჩევლის როლს.ასოცირებული კომისიონერების დანიშნვა ხდება მომხმარებელტა საკითხთა მინისტრის მიერ
იურისტი წევრები ინიშნებიან ფედრალურ მოსამართლეთაგან იუსტიციის სამინისტროს სარეკომენდაციო საბჭოს მმართველის მიერ;სხვა წევრები ;არაიურისტი წევრბი კი მრეწველობის სამინისტროს სარეკომენდაციო საბჭოს მმართველის მიერ
დანიშნვა ხდება პრეზიდენტის მიერ
თანამდებობაზე დანიშვნის პირობები
4 წლიანი ვადა. განხლება შსაძლებელია
5 წლიანი ვადა, განახლების პირობით
7 წლის ვადით. განახლება შესაძლებელია
10 წლიანი ვადით; განახლებადი და სტაგგერედ
საკვალიფიკაციო მოთხოვნები
კომისიონერები უნდა იყვნენ აღიარებული ექსპერტები შსაბამის საკითხებზე, მინიმუმ 30 წლის, და მინიმუმ 4 წლიანი პროფესიული გამოცდილების
ცოდნა და გამოცდილება ეკონომიკის, ვაჭრობის, სამართლის საჯარო მმართველობის ან მომხმარებელთა დაცვის სფეროებშისფეროებში. მინიმუმ ერთ სრულ კომისიონერს მაინც უნდა ჰქონდეს ცოდნა და გამოცდილება კონკურენციის საკითხებზე
იურისტი წევრები უნდა იყვნენ მოსამართლეები ფედერალური სასამართლოსი
მექსიკის მოქალაქე გამოცდილებით კონკურენციისსფეროში და საჯარო სამსახურის ან აკადემიური საქმიანობის გამოცდილებით.ასაკი 35-75ა
გათავისუფლების პირობები
გათავისუფლება შესაძლებელია მხოლოდ მკაცრად განსაზრვრულ პირობებში სპეციალური ტრიბუნალის მიერ, რომელსაც თავმჯდომარეობს ხაზინის პროკურორი და ტრიბუნალი
გუბერნატორს შუძლია გატვალისუფლება მენტალური და ფიზიკური პრობლემების, ბანკროტობიის, სხვა ანაზღაურებად საქმიანობაში მონაწილების ან გამოუცხადებლობის გამო
იურისტები - ვიდრე ინარჩუნებენ ფედერალური სასამართლოს მოსამართლის პოზიციას;დანარჩენების გათავისუფლება შეიძლება გარკვეული მიზეზებით
შსაძლებელია მხოლოდ დასაბუთებული გადაცდომის შმთხვევაში
9
შდგება 4 იურისტისგან, რომელთაც აქვთ გამოცდილება 10 პროფესიული წლიანი
დაფინანსების წყაროები
სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტი
სახელწიფო ბიუჯეტი;მოსაკრებლების ნაწილი
სახელწიფო ბიუჯეტი
სახელწიფო ბიუჯეტი
სახელფასო პირობები
საჯარო მოსამსახურის სახელფასო პირობები
საჯარო სამსახურის პირობები
საჯარო სამსახურის პირობები
საჯარო სამსახურის პირობები
dominirebis prezumpcia da usafrTxoebis zRvruli normebi (“safe harbours”)
danarTi 7
qveyana
dominirebis prezumpciuli norma usafrTxoebis zRurblisabazro wili sakam
aToa Tu ara
safuZveli sabazro wili
sakamaToa Tu ara
safuZveli
brazilia 20 ki kanoni 20 ara instruqciabulgareTi
35 ki kanoni 20 ki instruqcia
kanada 80 ki precedentuli samarTali
35 ara instruqcia
CexeTi 40 ara kanonigermania
35 ki kanoni
ungreTi 20 ara instruqciaisraeli 50 ara kanoniiamaika
50 ki instruqcia
korea 50 ki kanoni 10 ara kanonilatvia 40 ki kanoniaxali zelandi
20 ara instruqcia
9
apakistani
33 ki kanoni
rumineTi
40 ki instruqcia
ruseTi 50 ki kanoni 20 ki kanonisamxreT afrika
40 ara kanoni
SvedeTi
40 ki
ukraina 35 ki kanoni 35 ara kanoniaSS 70 %
sabazro barierebis arsebobisa da warmoebis moculobis zrdis Semaferxebeli mtkicebulebebis arsebobastan erTad
ki precedentuli samarTali
sasamarTloebi praqtikulad ar cnoben sabazro Zalauflebas 50%ze qvemoT
ara precedentuli samarTal
wyaro: saerTaSoriso konkurenciuli qselis me-6 konferenciis masalebi. 2007
9
