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of 89
GeometricDimensioning&Tolerancing
(GD&T)Level1TrainingManual
2 HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006
INDEX
Chapter
1. CourseIntroduction..IntroductionHexagonqualityassurancedocumentationAgendaCourseobjectives
2. IntroductiontoGeometricalProductSpecificationsIntroductiontoGPSRequirementsofGPS
3. DatumsDatumsReferenceframesAxisPlaneTarget
4. FormTolerancesCircularity(Roundness)StraightnessFlatnessCylindricity
5. LocationTolerancesLocationRegardlessofFeaturesizeMaximumMaterialCondition(MaximumMaterialReference)Concentricity/CoaxialitySymmetry
6. OrientationTolerances.ParallelismPerpendicularityAngularity
7. ProfileTolerances.ProfileofalineProfileofasurface
8. RunoutTolerances..RunoutCircularRunoutTotalRunout
9. Appendix..FurtherMMCoptionsBasicSymbolsHexagoncontacts
3 HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006
CourseIntroduction
INTHISCHAPTER
11
Introduction Hexagonqualityassurance
documentation Agenda Courseobjectives
4 HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006
IntroductiontoGD&TTrainingCourse
WelcometoHexagonMetrology
Hexagonmetrologywelcomesyoutodaytotheirmetrologyfacilityandhopesthatyourvisitwillbeenjoyable,interestingandinformative.DuringtheintroductionsessionwerespectivelyrequestthatyoutakenoteofanyhealthandsafetyrequirementsandthatyoucompletetheHexagonMetrologyqualityassurancedocumentation.
Theinformationprovidedwillcontributetofuturedevelopmentofbothexistingandnewtrainingcourses.
IntroductionOverview
Welcome
IntroductiontoHexagonMetrology
Health&Safety
Coursesubsistencearrangements
CourseContentandTimes
Traineeregistrationandbackground
Trainingmanualcontents
Workbookprincipals
Evaluation
Certification
Furthercourses
5 HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006
CourseAgendaPleaseseethefollowingoverviewofthecourseagendaforboththe
Day1 Introduction/Courseaims&Objectives GD&TTheory
o IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS)o OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)o Standardso Datum Systemso UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&To Formo Locationo Orientationo Runouto Profileo MaximumMaterialCondition
Pleasenote:CoursecontentandorderissubjecttochangeatthediscretionoftheTrainingInstructor
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CourseObjectives
ToachieveaBasicunderstandingofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)inthefollowingareas:
IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS) OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T) Standards Datum Systems UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&T MaximumMaterialCondition
TrainingManualandworkbookEachtraineewillbeprovidedwithatrainingmanualandworkbookcoveringdifferentaspectsofthelevel1courseonly
Whatthistrainingmanualis!The training manual is provided as a reminder to each student of the importantrequirements that lead to the successful understanding of GD & T principles andappropriatemeasurementstrategies.
Whatthistrainingmanualisnot!Itisnotanotherversionofatechnicalmanual.orstandard
Whatistheworkbook?Theworkbook provides evidenceof competenceachieved byeach trainee duringthetrainingcourse.Itwillincludeexercisestocheckthatlearninghastakenplace
EvaluationAsweallknowevaluationisveryimportant.Theworkbookwillprovideamethodofevaluatingeachtraineescompetenceandgivethetraineeevidencetotakebackforthemselves and their employer of their achievements during the course.Based onthe results obtained and evaluated by your training instructor, a certificate will beissued. The assessment of competence can only be judged at the time of thecourse. This does not mean that the trainee can be classed as an expert, it isimportant for the trainees to implement the techniques they have learned on theirreturntotheirrespectivecompany.
CourseevaluationHexagonmetrologytakesprideintheservicesitprovidesandcontinuestostrivetoimprovethisqualityservice.Itisimportantforustogetfeedbackaboutourservices.Aspartofthisprocess,wewillkindlyrequestthatoncompletionofyourcourseyoucompleteatrainingevaluationform.
Duringeachsessionof thecourse thestudentswillbeencouragedtoparticipateinboththetheoreticalandpracticalelements.
Questionsandanswerssessionsfortheaboveelementsandanyotherrequirementswillbeincludedasrequested.
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GeometricalProductSpecification(GPS)
INTHISCHAPTER
22
IntroductiontoGPS RequirementsofGPS
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Atthefirstdesignstagesofcomponentparts,thedesignerimaginestheproducttobeanideal,perfectobject.Allcomponentpartsareassumedtobeofperfectformandsize.
Duringthemanufacturingprocessescomponentpartsvaryinmanydifferentways,formerrorsandchangestothesurfaceparametersbecomeapparentwhenusingdifferentmanufacturingmethods.
Theseerrorsandparameterchangescanhaveagreateffectonthefunctionalityofthecomponent.
Itisthereforecriticalthatthesedefinitionsarestandardisedandunderstood,sothatthevariationthatisinherenttomanufacturingprocessescanbetakenintoaccounttominimisewasteproductsandassemblies.
Tobeableunderstandthegeometricalvariationswithincomponentpartsasetofrequirementshavebeenproduced.
TheseareknownasGeometricalProductSpecifications(GPS),coveringrequirementsonsizesanddimensions,geometricaltolerancesandgeometricalpropertiesofsurface
ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGoodpracticeinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPLTeddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom
Formoflineandsurface Independentofdatum Dependentondatum
GPSModel
Orientation
Location
Circularrunout
Totalrunout
Datum
Roughnessprofile Wavinessprofile Primaryprofile Surfaceimperfections
Size Distance Radius Angle
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TheGPSstandardtechnicalrulesareorganisedintosixchainlinksforanygivencharacteristic
1. Therules,symbolsandhowtounderstandthespecificationsofproductdocumentation
2. Theoreticaldefinitionsoftolerancesandtheirnumericalvalues.3. Geometryofanonideal,realworkpiecedefinedinrelationtotolerance
symbolsonthedrawing.4. Theconformance,nonconformanceofrealworkpiecedeviationsto
specificationtakingintoaccountmeasurementuncertainty5. Generalapproachtomeasurementequipmenttypesandrequirements6. Calibrationstandards,proceduresandrequirementsofthemeasuring
equipmentusedandtherelinktoNationalandinternationalStandards
ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGoodpracticeinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPLTeddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom)
GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isauniversallanguageofsymbols,muchliketheinternationalsystemofroadsignsthatadvisedrivershowtonavigatetheroads.
GD&TsymbolsallowaDesignEngineertopreciselyandlogicallydescribepartfeaturesinawaytheycanbeaccuratelymanufacturedandinspected.TodothisuseismadeofanengineeringdrawingorCADmodeltoprovidetheinformation
AnEngineeringDrawingandCADmodelhasapurposetoshowtherequireddesignfunctionandthereforeallowallpartiesinvolvedtointerpretthedesignrequirements
GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isusedinconjunctionwithstandarddimensioningtodescribethegeometryofproductsandtheirrelationshipbetweenvariousfunctionalpartsorassemblies
TheinterpretationoftheTechnicalDrawingsusingGD&Tisdoneinvariousways.Thedesignerwillmakeuseofvarioussymbolslinkedtodifferentcategories.Eachoptionavailabletothedesignershouldbedefinedbyutilisingsomeofthefollowing
FeatureControlFrames
GeometricCharacteristics(Symbols)
GeometricReferences(Datums)
ToleranceShapes
ToleranceZones(Values)
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FeatureControlFramesandDatumDefinitions
INTHISCHAPTER
33
FeatureControlFrames Datums Axis Plane Target
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Geometrictolerancesarenormallyexpressesbyusingacombinationoffeaturecontrolframesanddatumreferencesymbols.NormallyGD&TsymbolswillonlybepartofthedimensioningshownonthedrawingorCADmodel.Rememberstandardbilateralandunilateraltoleranceswillbeshownalongwithotherparametersaboutthesurfacetexturerequirementsandmaterialspecifications.
Geometrictolerancesaredefinedwithinfeaturecontrolframes.Theseframesarespecificallydesigned.Somearerelativetoadatumreference,somearerelativetothemselves.Thefeaturecontrolframeislikeabasicsentencethatcanbereadfromlefttoright.Examplesoffeaturecontrolframesareshownbelow
FeatureControlframes
GeometricSymbolofControl
(Symbol)
ToleranceZoneandshape
PrimaryDatum
SecondaryDatum
TertiaryDatum
1 2
3
4
OneDatumReference
TwoDatumReferences
ThreeDatumsReferences
NoDatumReference
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Thegeometricsymbolofcontrolisspecifiedonthelefthandside.Thiswillvarydependingontherequirementandfunctionalityrequiredfromthefeatureandcomponentpart
Theshapeandtolerancewithinthefeaturecontrolframedeterminethelimitsofproductionvariability.
DatumexamplesThePrimaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumof3pointcontactonasurfaceorbythegenerationofa3DAxisthroughaminimumof2features.
TheSecondaryDatumcanbedefinedfromaminimumof2points,ofanedgeorthroughanaxisrelativetothePrimarydatum
TheTertiaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumofonepointinrelationtothePrimaryandsecondarydatums
TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumdefinitions(Measurementterms:alignmentorcoordinatesystem)
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TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumrelationships
FeatureControlFramesDefinitions
NoDatumReference
SingleDatumReference
MultipleDatumReference
0.035
0.145 AB
0.085 A
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TwoDatumReference
ThreeDatumReference
Tolerancezonesoveraspecifiedlength
CombinedToleranceZone
0.01/100
0.01mmoverany100mmlength
0.05mmoverany190mmlengthOveralltolerance0.2mm,but
0.05/190
0.2
0.145
A B0.200
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TheoreticallyexactdimensionsDimensiondefiningthetheoreticalexactpositionaredefinedinabox.Eachofthesedimensionsshouldhaveafeaturecontrolframeattachedatsomestagetodefineatoleranceotherwisethesedimensionsshouldbeproducedperfectlytothesesizeswithnovariation.
Datumsymbols
Thedatumsymbolsusedarenormallyspecifiedasbelow.TheuseofaletteristheconventionusedofspecifiedwithintheASMEandISOstandards
Thedatumsymbolscanbepositionedindifferentplacesonadrawingtodefinetherequirementsofthecomponentpart.Eachtimethedatumsymbolsareusedthisshouldtellthemanufacturingandmeasurementdepartmentshowtosetupthepart.Itiscriticalthattheinterpretationofthisiscorrecttoavoidanyerrorsinthesetupofboththemachinetoolandthemeasurementequipmentused.
A B
38 1564
6.2
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DatumAxis
DatumPlaneorextension
Drawingexamplesofbothaxisandplane
A A
FeatureOutline FeatureExtension
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Axisandplanewiththealternativeoptionofspecifyingadatum
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DatumTargets
Datumscanbedefinedformanufacturingpurposesastargets.Oftenusedinthecastingindustry.Theycouldbeusedtocreatethefinaldatumsofthecomponentpart.Thesetargetsarenormallycategorisedasonofthefollowing
Point
Line
Area
PointDatumtargetpointfromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture
LineDatumtargetlinefromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture
C
6
6
90
B1 B1
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AreaDatumtargetareasfromthecorneraredefinedasbelow.Thesecouldbeeithercircularorboxedasshown.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture
ThreedatumtargetareasspecifyingtheprimarydatumA
7
A1 9 4
7
12
2x2 4 A2
12 5
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TwolinesspecifyingthesecondarydatumBandapointspecifyingtheTertiarydatumC
TwodiametersdefiningtheDatumthroughacommonaxis
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Primaryandsecondarydatumsascheckedbyagauge
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FormTolerance
INTHISCHAPTER
44
Circularity(Roundness) Straightness Flatness Cylindricity
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Circularity
CircularityalsoknownasRoundnessinthisexampletheshapeofthediametertobeproducedandmeasuredshouldberoundwithinatolerancezoneof0.040
Thetoleranceisspecifiedbyazoneboundedbytwoconcentriccircles
ThemeasurementofcircularitycanbeachievedbydifferentmethodsnormallybyaspecificroundnessmeasuringmachineorbyutilisingCoordinatemeasuringmachinesoftware
Diametervaryingwithintoleranceofsizeandform
0.040
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CircularityonaTaper
Circularitymeasurementexampletakenusingadialindicator,standandveeblock
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Circularitymeasurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine
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Straightness
Straightnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationawayfromastraightlineoraxiswithinthetolerancezone
Definitionoftolerancezones
Onedirection Twodirections,differentvalues
Onedirection,tapereddiameter
Onedirection,cylindricalzone
Onedirection,possibleshapesofpart
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Flatness
Flatnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationonasurfacewithinthetolerancezone
Tolerancezoneacrossthreesurfaces
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Flatnessdefinition
Measurementonsurfacetableusing3locationsupportsandadialindicatorandstand
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Cylindricity
Cylindricitycanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationofallpointsonasurfaceofrevolutionequidistantfromacommonaxiswithintheatolerancezonedefinedbytwocylinders
Measurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine
0.025Cylindricity
0.025
0.040
0.040
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LocationTolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
55
Location RegardlessofFeaturesize MaximumMaterial
Condition(MaximumMaterialRequirement)
Concentricity/Coaxiality Symmetry
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TruePositionLocationtolerancesarealsoknownastruepositionaltolerances.Eitherdefinedasacylindricalzoneorparallelepiped(Boxed/rectangular)
Establishingdimensions
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RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)
RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)Thesymbolwasusednexttothetolerance,withinthefeaturecontrolframeinapreviousANSIstandard
Cylindricalzoneexample
S
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Positionaltoleranceonanedgeataspecificangle
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Bidirectionalpositionaltoleranceofholes
Cylindricaltolerancezoneonapatternofholes
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Positionaltoleranceonasurfaceataspecificangle
DrawingexamplerelativetothreeDatums
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PositionofsurfacerelativetoDatumsAandB
RFSCalculation
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Actualcentrepositionrelativetothenominalcentreposition
Actualpositioncalculationexpressedasadiameteroutput
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MaximumMaterialConditionprinciple
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehasthemostamountofmaterialwithintheallowedtolerancezone Internalfeatureisthesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerance
zone Externalfeaturethelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone.TheMMCsymbol canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext
tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)isabasisusedfortheassemblyofdifferentproductsforexampleapinfittingintoaholeoramanifoldfittingontostuds.
MMCprovidesthecombinationofthesmallestholeandthelargestpin,soastofittogetherasanassembly.
OncethishasbeenestablisheditisknownastheVirtualConditiontheworstconditionforthepinandholetoassemble.
Atvirtualconditionthetwofeatureswouldjustfitandchangefromthiscouldresultinaneasierfitbetweenthetwofeatures.VirtualConditionisaboundarythatisgeneratedbytheeffectsofcombiningtheMMCandtheGeometricTolerance.
Internal:MMCConditionvalueminusthegeometrictoleranceExternal:MMCconditionvalueplusthegeometrictolerance
NoteThisisdependentonthefeaturesremainingwithintoleranceofsize.
NoteMMCcanbeappliedtoothersymbolssuchasthefollowingStraightnessCircularityAngularity,Symmetry,Parallelism,Perpendicularity,Concentricity/CoaxialityandPosition
M
M
M
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LeastMaterialConditionprinciple
LeastMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehastheleastamountofmaterialwithintheallowedtolerancezone Internalfeatureisthelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone Externalfeaturethesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone.TheLMCsymbol canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext
tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol
L
L
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MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonanactualfeature
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MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonadatumFeature
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MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonboththeactualanddatumFeatures
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ProjectedToleranceZone wherethepositionaltoleranceisprojectedoutfromthefeaturebyaspecifiedamount(40and60inthisexample)
P
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ConcentricityorCoaxiality
ConcentricityorCoaxialityisdefinedbythesamesymbol.Allsectionalfeaturestakenaredefinedasbeingcommontothedatumaxisfeature.Asasimpleexplanationofthedifferenceconsiderthegeometricelementscircleandcylinder,thesecanbedefinedastwodimensionalandthreedimensionalfeatures.BothConcentricityandCoaxialitycanbethoughtofinthesameterms.
Concentricity
Coaxialityofanaxistoamultipledatumaxis
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CoaxialityofaxisD2toaxisD1(cylindricalzonearoundaxis)
ConcentricityofoutsidediametercentretodatumAcentre
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Deviationascalculatedfromandaxistoaxis
Measurementofconcentricityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine
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Measurementofcoaxialityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine
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Symmetry
Symmetryalsoknownthemiddleofforequal/equalaboutthecentre.IntheexamplethetoleranceisappliedtothemedianplanecreatedbythetwoinsidesurfacesoftheslottodatumAcreatedfromthemedianplaneofthetwooutsidesurfaces
Tolerancezoneinonedirectionappliedtothecentre(medianplane)
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ThetoleranceappliedtothecrossholecentrelineistothecentreofdatumaxisA
Holeisoncentretomultipledatumaxesintwodirectionswithdifferenttolerances
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HoleisoncentretomedianplanecreatedfromtwosurfacesandslotisoncentretodatumaxisA
MeasurementofslotoncentreusingDialindicator,stand,veeblocks,surfaceplateandgaugeblockinsertedintotheslot
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OrientationTolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
66
Parallelism Perpendicularity Angularity
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Parallelism
Parallelismcanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whetherappliedtoanaxisorasurface
TolerancezonedefinedbytwoparallelplanesorlinesrelativetodefineddatumfaceA
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TolerancezonedefinedbyacylindricaltolerancezoneelativetothedatumaxisasdefinedbydatumdiameterA
CombiningFlatnessandParallelism
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Effectsofflatnesswhendealingwithparallelism
ParallelismofasurfaceoncentrelinetoamultipledatumdefinedbyAandB(singledirection)
ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(twotolerancesineachdirection)
Datum
Datum
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ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(cylindricaltolerancezone)
ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singledirection)
ParallelismofasurfacetoadiameterdefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurface)
Datum
Datum
Datum
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ParallelismofasurfacetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurface)
ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacrosssurfaceandparallelismofandaxistoanaxisoftwopins(cylindricalzone)
Datum
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Measurementoftheparallelismofadiameterusingadialindicator,standandsurfaceplate
Measurementoftheparallelismofasurfaceusingadialindicator,standandsurfaceplatesupportedoftheaxisofdatumA
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Perpendicularity
Perpendicularitycanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whetherappliedtoanaxisorasurface
Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoasurfaceoredgewherethefeatureistobeat90degreestodatumfaceA
Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtotheaxisdefinedbybothsidesoradiameter
0.200 A
A
A
0.200 A
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Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceintwodirections
Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceinonedirectionsandsurfacetoasurface
Datumaxis
Datumsurface
Datumaxis
Datumsurface
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Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoanaxistoasurfacewithdifferenttolerancesintwodirections.
Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurface(cylindricaltolerancezone)
Datumsurface
Datumsurface
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Drawingexampleofdeviation
PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualsurfacewithaprecisionorcylindricalsquare
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PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualaxistothedatumsurfaceusingadialindicator,standandsurfacetable
AnalternativemethodofmeasuringPerpendicularityisbymeansofalaserorautocollimator.CalibrationofCMMsisoftendonebythelasermethod
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Angularity
Angularityisamethodofcheckingthedeviationofasurfaceoranaxisataspecifiedangle
Angularityspecifiedasasurfacetoasurfaceorasurfacetoanaxis
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Measurementofangularityusingadialindicator,stand,surfaceplateandananglegauge.AnalternativemeasurementmethodistouseaSineBar
Angularityofacentrelinetoanaxis
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Angularityofasurfacetoanaxis
Angularityofasurfacetoasurface
Measurementofangularityusingaprotractororclinometer
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Profile
INTHISCHAPTER
77
Profileofaline Profileofasurface
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Profile
Profiletolerancesfallintotwomaincategories
ProfileofaLine
Profileofasurface
Thesetolerancesarenormallyappliedtoirregularornormaledges,surfacesor,arcs.Thetolerancecanbeappliedeithersideofthenominalprofile(Bilateral)ortooneside(unilateral)only.Theuniformboundarycanbeappliedrelativetotheprofileonlyoralternativelycanbeappliedrelativetothedatumreferencesystemaswellastheprofile.
Toleranceofformonly
Toleranceofformandlocation
BilateralTolerance
Nominalprofile
TotalToleranceNominalprofile
TotalTolerance
UniLateral(InternalorExternal)
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Profileofalinetoleranceontheformonlyasindicated
Profileofasurfacetoleranceontheformofthesphericalradius
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RunoutTolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
88
Runout CircularRunout TotalRunout
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RunoutRunoutisappliedtocontrolanycircularfeaturesurfacesrotatedthrough360degrees.Thiscouldapplytoadiameterorasurfaceatanypositionacrossthatsurfaceofrevolution
Circularrunoutisappliedthesurfacearoundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthetoleranceareanyeffectsofconcentricityandcircularity.Axialrunoutisappliedtothesurfaceadjacenttotheaxisaroundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthetolerancearetheeffectsofflatnessandPerpendicularityatthepositionwheretheresultsareobtained
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CircularRunoutexample
AxialRunoutexample
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RunouttoleranceappliedtobothdatumAandBunabletogenerateanaxisfromdatumB
RunoutofsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameterA
RunoutoftaperedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameterA
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RunoutofcurvedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB
RunoutofoutsidediameterrotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB
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RunoutofthesurfacerotatedaroundthecommonaxisdatumdiametersA,wheredatumAisdefinedbylocatingthecomponentpartbetweencentres
MeasuringRunoutusingcentresorveeblockanddialindicators
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MeasuringRunoutofatapereddiameterausingcentresorveeblockanddialindicators
RunoutofadiametertoamultipledatumdefinedthroughtheaxisofdatumdiametersAandBwhereAandBareatasetdistanceasdefinedbytheboxeddimension
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TotalRunout
TotalRunoutcontrolsthesurfacesaroundtheaxisof360degreesrevolution.Thedifferencefromrunoutisthatthistoleranceisappliedacrossthecompletesurfaceasonetolerance.Asacompositetolerancetotalrunoutincludestheeffectsofcircularity,Cylindricity,concentricityCoaxialityPerpendicularity,Parallelism,andFlatness
TotalrunoutappliedtoaPlanesurfacearoundanaxisofrevolution
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Totalrunoutappliedtoacylinderaroundanaxisofrevolution
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TotalcircularRunoutofoutsidediameteralongitslengthtotheaxiscreatedthroughmultipledatumdiametersAandB
TotalRunoutacrossthesurfacetotheaxiscreatedthroughdatumdiameterD
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Appendix
INTHISCHAPTER
99
FurtherMMCoptions BasicSymbols References HexagonContacts
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MMCappliedtoStraightness
MMCappliedtoPerpendicularity
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MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)andLeastMaterialCondition(LMC)
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MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)appliedtotwodiametersfloating
Ifthetwodiametersareattheirmaximumsizethenthecentrepositioncanvaryasshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameter
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Ifthetwodiametersareattheirminimumsizethenthecentrepositioncanvaryasshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameterplusthe0.2toleranceofsize(0.1/sideoneachdiameter)
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BasicSymbols
BasicDimension
DatumReference
FeatureControlFrame
Form SymbolCircularity
Straightness
Flatness
Cylindricity
LocationTruePosition
MaximumMaterialCondition
LeastMaterialCondition
Projectedtolerance
OrientationParallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Concentricity/Coaxiality
Symmetry
ProfileandRunoutProfileofaline
Profileofasurface
Runout
TotalRunout
38 156
6.2
A
L
M
P
ReferencesMoredetailedinformationisavailablefromvariousstandardsthroughouttheworld.Asanexample
ASMEY14.5 BS8888:2004Technical
ProductSpecifications(TPS)
ExamplesofISOstandardsused ISO:1101 ISO2692
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HexagonDetails