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GE1X01 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Dr. M. SENTHIL KUMARAuthor of Best Selling Book“ENGINEERING GRAPHICS”
Published by D.D.Publications
Email: [email protected]
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
ENGINEERING DRAWING IS THE
UNIVERSAL GRAPHIC LANGUAGE
OF ENGINEERS. IT IS THE
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF A REAL THING. IT IS USED TO
DRAW, DEVELOP, RECORD AND
CONVEY THE IDEAS, FROM ONE
TO OTHER. Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
METHOD OF DIMENSIONING: METHOD - 1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
METHOD OF DIMENSIONING: METHOD - 2
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
To draw a regular Hexagon of side edge = R.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
R
A B
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
R
A B
O
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
R
A B
O
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
R
A B
C
DE
F
O
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
R
A B
C
DE
F
O
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
To draw a regular pentagon - Method IV
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
A B
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
A B
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
1.618 X 30
A B
C
D
ERatio = 1 : 1.618
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
1.618 X 30
A B
C
D
ERatio = 1 : 1.618
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
CONICS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
CONICS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Draw an ellipse when the distance of focus from the directrix is equal to 35mm
and eccentricity is 3/4.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CE
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF E
35
CF = 35mm
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
3
3'
5
5'
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
3
3'
5
5'
E
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
3
3'
5
5'
E
P
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
3
3'
5
5'
E
P
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
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3'
5
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E
PQ
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
90°
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A
B
CF
D1
1'
2
2'
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5
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E
PQ
R
35
Eccentricity = 3/4 = FD/DCCF = 35mm
90°
G
G
1
1
1
1'1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PLANE CURVES
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
CYCLOID: It is the curve obtained when a fixed point on the circumference of a circle rolls on a plane surface, without slip. This cycloidal profile is used in designing gears tooth profiles used in clocks, conveyor linkages, …
INVOLUTE: It is the curve traced by an end of a string when unwound from a circle or a regular polygon. This involute profile is used in designing gear tooth profiles, used in designing the impeller of the centrifugal pumps, …
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
CYCLOID
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
INVOLUTE
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
CYCLOID
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Construct a cycloid given the diameter of the generating
circle radius = 30mm.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
O
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
4'
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9'
11
30
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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9
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1
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CO O O O O O O
1 2 3 5 7 9 10
1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5
P
6 7 8 9 10 11 B
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9
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1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5
P
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Q
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9
10 111
1
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30 1
1
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1
1 1
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1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4 5
P
Q
6 7R 8 9 10 11 B
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9
10 111
1
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30 1
1
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1
1 1
188.4
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CO O O O O O O
1 2 3 5 7 9 10
1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4
P
5
Q
6 7R 8
S
9 10 11 B
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9
10 111
1
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30 1
1
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1
1 1
188.4
O
CO O O O O O O
1 2 3 5 7 9 10
1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 1 2 3 4
P
5
Q
6R 7 8
S T
9 10 11 B
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1
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1
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1'
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
INVOLUTE
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Construct an involute of a circle of radius 30mm. Also draw a tangent to a
point on the involute
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
O
A1'
3'
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9'30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
188.4
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188.4
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
VARIOUS POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE The position of a straight line in space can be described with respect to the two reference planes are as follows
Line parallel to both the HP and VP.
Line parallel to one plane and perpendicular to other.
Line parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.Line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Line parallel to one plane and inclined to other.Line parallel HP and inclined to VP.Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP.
Line contained by one or both the planes.Line in HP.Line in VP.Line both in HP and VP.
Line inclined to both the planes. Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A 60mm long line CD is parallel to VP and inclined at
35° to HP. One end C is 30mm above HP and 15mm
infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line.
AB 60
a’ 30
a 15
35
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y15
30
c
c'
AB 60
a’ 30
a 15
35
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y15
35°
30
60
c'
d'
c
AB 60
a’ 30
a 15
35
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y15
35°
30
60
c'
d'
c
AB 60
a’ 30
a 15
35
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y15
35°
30
60
c'
d'
cd
AB 60
a’ 30
a 15
35
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A line 70mm long has one end is 10mm above HP and
20mm infront of VP.The line is inclined at 35° to the HP and 40° to the VP.Draw the
projection of the line.
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y10
20
a'
a
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y10
20
35°a'
b'
a
1
70
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b1
10
20
35°a'
b'
a
1
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b
b
1
2
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b
b
1
2
2
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b
b
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b'
b
b
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b'
b
b
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b'
b
bb
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b'
b
bb
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
b'
b'
b
bb
1
2
2
Locus of b
10
20
40°
35°a'
b'
70
a
1
Locus of b'
AB 70
a’ 10
a 20
35
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A pentagonal prism of base side 30mm, axis height 70mm is lying on the ground on one of its base edges such that the axis is parallel to VP and the base is inclined at 30° to HP.
Draw the projections
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
a
bc
d
e
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
a
bc
d
e
1' 2' 3'(5')
(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
1'2'
3'
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
1
2
1
1
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
1
2 3
1
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
a
bc
d
e
1
2 3
45
1
1
1
1 11
11
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
a
bc
d
e
1
2 3
45
1
1
1
1 11
11
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
a
bc
d
e
1
2 3
45
1
1
1
1 11
11
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
30
70
a
bc
d
e
a' b' c'
1' 2' 3'
a'b'
c'
1'2'
3'
a
bc
d
e
1
2 3
45
1
1
1
1 11
11
11
(e') (d')
(5')(4')
(1)
(5)(4)
(3)
(2)
(4')30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A right pentagonal pyramid of base side 20mm and altitude
60mm rests on one of its edges of the base in HP, the base being
lifted up until the highest corner in it is 30mm above HP. Draw the elevation of the pyramid when the
edge on which it rests is made perpendicular to VP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
20
oa
b
c
de
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c'b' (e') (d')
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c' c'b' (e') (d')
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c' c'b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c'
a'
c'b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c'
a'
b'
c'b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
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a' c'
o'a'
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c'b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
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a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'
a1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
c
de
a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'
a
b
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
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a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'
a
b
c1
1
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b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
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20
o'
oa
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a' c'
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b'
c'
a
b
c
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1
1
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
b
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a' c'
o'a'
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c'
a
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1
1
1
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
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o'a'
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c'
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1
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1
1
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
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a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'
oa
b
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d
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1
1
1
1
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
60
20
o'
oa
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a' c'
o'a'
b'
c'
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c
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e
1
1
1
1
1
1
b' (e') (d')
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDSSECTION PLANE: AN IMAGINARY PLANE BY WHICH THE OBJECT IS CUT IS CALLED THE SECTION PLANE. THE LINE TYPE TO REPRESENT THIS SECTION LINE IN THE VIEW IS A THIN CHAIN LINE THICK AT THE ENDS
SECTION: THE SURFACE OF THE OBJECT CUT BY THE SECTION PLANE IS CALLED SECTIONRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
NOTECutting plane inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP will have VT in the elevation and the top view shows the apparent section.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMS USED IN THE SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
SECTIONAL VIEW: THE PROJECTION OF
THE SECTION ALONG WITH THE
REMAINING PORTION OF THE OBJECT IS
CALLED SECTIONAL VIEW.
TRUE SHAPE OF THE SECTION: THE
SECTIONAL VIEW OBTAINED ON A PLANE
PARALLEL TO THE SECTION PLANE IS
CALLED THE TRUE SHAPE OF THE
SECTION.Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A pentagonal prism axis vertical and base edge 40mm is 80mm high. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP,
inclined at 40° to HP bisecting the axis. Draw the true shape
of the section
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
a
b
c
de
40
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Portion remaining
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
80
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
40°
T
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a
b
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a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
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3
45
1'
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3'
4'
5'
40°
T
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a
b
c
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a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
11
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
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de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
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3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
1
2
1
1
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
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de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
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3
45
1'
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3'
4'
5'
1
23
1
1
1
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
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de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
1
23
4
1
1
1
1
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X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
1
23
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
80
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
1
23
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
c
de
a' e' b' d' c'
40
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
X Y
1
2
3
45
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
1
23
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
Y
X1
1
40°
T
V
a
b
c
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a' e' b' d' c'
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
AN OBJECT CAN BE MADE OUT OF A
SHEET METAL. WHEN ALL THE
SURFACES OF A SOLID ARE OPENED
OUT ON A PLANE, THEN THE PLANAR
PROFILE OBTAINED IS CALLED
“DEVELOPMENT”. EACH AND EVERY
LINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT SHOULD
BE THE TRUE LENGTH OF THE
RESPECTIVE LINE IN THE SURFACE
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
12
78
5 4 6
9 10
3
12
11
When Flat After folding
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS
1.PARALLEL LINE METHOD (STRETCH-OUT METHOD)
2.RADIAL METHOD
3.TRIANGULATION METHOD
4.APPROXIMATE METHOD
METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT
NOTE
While developing the solids, the bases / ends of the solid are generally omitted unless they are specifically asked and only the lateral or side faces are developed.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A pentagonal prism of base side 25mm and height 45mm
is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and 35°
to HP and passing through the axis 25mm above the base.
Draw the development of the lower portion of the solid
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
a
b c
d
e
25
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
45
a
b c
d
e
a' b' e' c' d'
25
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
35°
45
a
b c
d
e
a' b' e' c' d'
25
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
35°
45
a
b c
d
e
a' b' e' c' d'1'
2'
5'
3'4'
25
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
35°
45
a
b c
d
e
a' b' e' c' d'1'
2'
5'
3'4'
D C B A E D
25
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
35°
45
a
b c
d
e
a' b' e' c' d'1'
2'
5'
3'4'
D C B A E D
1
25
T
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and height 55mm rests on
its base on the ground with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 65° to HP and meets the axis at 30mm from the base.
Draw the lateral surface development
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
YX
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
YX
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
DEVELOPMENT SURFACES OF SOLIDS WITH SQUARE CUTOUTS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A square prism of base side 40mm and axis height 60mm is resting on the
ground on its base with all bases edge equally inclined to VP. A square hole of side 30mm is drilled centrally with
the axis perpendicular to VP, bisecting and intersecting the axis of the prism at right angles with all its rectangular faces are equally inclined to HP. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces
of the prismRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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60
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40
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60
X Y
1'
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40
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40
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40
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2
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40
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4
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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4
2
1 1
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40
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4
2
1 1
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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4
2
1 3
1 1
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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60
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1'
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4'
1 3
A B C D A1 3
4
2
1 3
1 1
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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60
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4
2
1 3
1 1
30
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
DEVELOPMENT SURFACES OF SOLIDS WITH CYLINDRICAL
CUTOUTS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A hexagonal prism of base 25mm and axis height 65mm is resting on the
ground on its base with an edge parallel to VP. A circular hole of
diameter 40mm is drilled centrally with the axis perpendicular to VP,
bisecting and intersecting the axis of the prism at right angles. Draw the
development of the lateral surfaces of the prism
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
1
2 3
4
56
o
X Y
1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
65
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56
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o
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1
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1' 2' 3' 4'
o'a'
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h'
o
X Y
Ø40
1
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
1
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o'a'
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1
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Ø40
1
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1
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1
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Ø40
1
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1
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56
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O
1
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Ø40
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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Ø40
1
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1
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
1
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1
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1
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1
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
1
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56
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Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Isometric axes: The three principal axes, which are making 120° with each other are called isometric axes
Isometric lines: The lines parallel to any one of the isometric axes are called isometric lines.
Non-Isometric lines: The lines that are not parallel to any one of the isometric axes are called non-isometric lines.
TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
ISO-LEFT
PLANE
ISO-TOP
PLANE
ISO-RIGHT
PLANE
ISO-LEFT
AXIS
ISO-RIGHT
AXIS
ISO-TOP
AXIS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Isometric planes: the planes containing any two isometric axes or isometric lines are called isometric planes.
Non-Isometric Planes: These are the planes that are not parallel to any of the isometric planes.
Isometric View: It is the pictorial view showing all the three dimensions of the solid with no reduction in size of the edges.
TERMS USED IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
NOTEWhile drawing the isometric view of an object, only the true lengths should be used.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
ISOMETRIC SCALE
ISOMETRIC LENGTHSTRUE L
ENGTHS
A B
C
A
B
C
D
1 2 3 4
12
34
1
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4
1
2
3
4
TRUE LENGTHS
ISOMETRIC LENGTHS
90°45°
45°
30°
15°
Fig (a)
Fig (b)Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
(a)
48.99
32.6616.33
60
20
40
40
60
20
30°30°30°30°Orthographic
View IsometricProjection
IsometricView
(b) (c)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
e
a b
c
d
TO DRAW A PENTAGON IN ISOMETRIC VIEW
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
1 2
34
e
a b
c
d
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
Isometric onRight Isometric
Plane
Isometric onLeft Isometric
Plane
Isometric onTop Isometric
Plane
1 2
34
e
a b
c
d
1
2
4
30° 30° 30° 30°
2
1
3
1
24
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
Isometric onRight Isometric
Plane
Isometric onLeft Isometric
Plane
Isometric onTop Isometric
Plane
1 2
34
e
a b
c
d
1
2
3
4
30° 30° 30° 30°
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
Isometric onRight Isometric
Plane
Isometric onLeft Isometric
Plane
Isometric onTop Isometric
Plane
1 2
34
e
a b
c
d
1
2
3
4
A30° 30° 30° 30°
B
C
D
E
2
1
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
3
4
AB
CD
E
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
OrthographicView
Isometric onRight Isometric
Plane
Isometric onLeft Isometric
Plane
Isometric onTop Isometric
Plane
1 2
34
e
a b
c
d
1
2
3
4
A30° 30° 30° 30°
B
C
D
E
2
1
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
3
4
AB
CD
E
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TO DRAW THE ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A CIRCLE BY FOUR CENTRE METHOD
2
3
4
4
1
2
3
30°
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)1
30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a
a
b
4
1
2
3
30° ba
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)1
b
30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
b
d
30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
bo
do1
2
30°
1o 1o
2o
2o
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
bo
do1
2
30°
1o 1o
2o
2o
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
bo
do1
2
30°
1o 1o
2o
2o
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
bo
do1
2
30°
1o 1o
2o
2o
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
2
3
4
a d
a
b
c
4
1
2
3
30° b
cd
a
2
3
4
1
30°
(iii)
30°
(i) (ii)
c
1
bo
do1
2
30°
1o 1o
2o
2o
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Draw the isometric view of a rectangular prism of base size 40 X 20mm and height 60mm. Also draw the isometric view of a rectangular pyramid of the same base size and axis
height
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
a
b
da
d
b
2040
Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
20
a
b
c
da
d
c
b
2040
Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
20
a
b
c
da
d
c
b
o1
2040
Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
60
20
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b
c
d
2
a
d
c
b
o
o
1
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60
Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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c
d
1
2
3
4
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d
c
b
o
o
1
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60
Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
40
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c
d
1
2
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4
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c
b
o
o
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Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
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d
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Prism Pyramid
30° 30°
30°30°
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A square prism of base side 30mm, axis 50mm height rests on
its base on the ground with its vertical faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a cutting plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 30° to the HP & bisecting the axis.
Draw the isometric view of the truncated prism
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
130°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
1
2
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
1
2
3
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
4
1
2
3
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
4
1
2
3
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
30
50
30°
d'
g' (f') h' e'
a'(b')
c'
3'
4'(2')
1'
c(g)
d
a
b(f)
(e)
(h)
E
FH
G
4
1
2
3
30°30°
T
V
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
It is a type of pictorial projection of an
object, which is capable of giving more
realistic appearance of the object.
When an object is viewed from a fixed
definite position, the representation of
the object on a flat plane (called picture
plane) as it would appear to the eye is
called perspective projection or
drawing
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Auxiliary Ground Plane (AGP): It is a
horizontal plane placed above the
horizon plane. As per the third angle
projection the top view of the object is
obtained on this plane.
Picture Plane (PP): It is the vertical
transparent plane perpendicular to the
ground plane in which the perspective
of the object is obtained.Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Station Point: It is the location of the
eye of the observer while viewing the
object.
Central Plane (CP): It is an imaginary
vertical plane perpendicular to both PP
and GP that contains the station point.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Ground Line (GL): It is the line of
intersection of the PP with the ground
plane.
Horizon Line (HL): It is the line of
intersection of the PP with the horizon
plane.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PERSPECTIVE
Perpendicular Axis (PA): (line of sight
or Axis or vision) It is the line drawn
through the station point perpendicular
to PP. It is contained by the Central
Plane.
Centre of Vision (C): It is the point of
intersection of perpendicular axis with
the picture, which lies on horizon lineRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
METHODS OF DRAWING PERSPECTIVE VIEWS
The following are the two methods to obtain perspective of an object
Visual Ray Method Vanishing Point Method
NOTEThe edges or planes, which are on PP, will retain its shape and size, even in perspective.
NOTE
The faces, which are parallel to PP, will have the similar shape of the face in perspective. But the size of it depends on its position with respect to PP.
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION BY VISUAL RAY METHOD
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A point A is 10mm behind PP and 15mm above GP. The
central plane is 25mm to the left of the point. The station point is 40mm infront of PP and 50mm above GP. Draw the perspective view of the
pointRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
10
a
PP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
10
a
PP
GP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
10
15
a
a'
PP
GP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
10
15
a
a'
PP
GP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
10
15
a
a'
s
PP
GP
CP
40
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
10
15
a
a'
s
s'
PP
GP
CP
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50
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
10
15
a
a'
s
s'
PP
GP
CP
40
50
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
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15
a
a'
s
s'
PP
GP
CP
40
50
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
10
15
a
a'
a
s
s'
PP
GP
CP
1
40
50
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
25
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15
a
a'A
a
s
s'
PP
GP
CP
1
40
50
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
A cube of side 50mm is resting on the ground on one of its faces,
with a vertical face in P.P. and the rest behind it. The central plane is
located 60mm to the left of the center of the cube. The station
point is 50mm infront of PP and 70mm above GP. Draw the perspective view of the solid
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
PP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
GP
PP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')GP
PP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
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a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
AB
E
F
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
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a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
AB
C
E
F
G
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
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a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
AB
CD
E
F
GH
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
AB
CD
E
F
GH
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
50
50
70
60
a (e) b(f)
c(g)
d(h)
a'
(d') b'
(c')
f'
(g')e' (h')
s
s'
AB
CD
E
F
GH
GP
PP
CP
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
PICTORIAL TO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION &
FREE HAND SKETCHING
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Free hand sketching is one of the most
easier and effective techniques to
communicate designs and ideas. The
idea pertaining to a new design can be
expressed on a paper, without loss of
information. Later it can be updated or
modified into suitable scale for actual
work. It is generally done without the
use of any drawing instruments.
FREE HAND SKETCHING
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
There are two types of freehand sketches. They are
1.Orthographic sketches / projections
2. Pictorial sketches / projections
TYPES OF FREEHAND SKETCHES
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Sketch the object lines and complete the details in the views and darken the lines which are visible by thick continuous line type and the hidden ones by thick dashed line type. Draw the center mark lines for all the circles using chain line type.
Mark the dimensions, notes, … in the orthographic views.
DRAWING ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Draw the Front view, Top view & Side view for the component given
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.PublicationsRead Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
THANK YOU
Read Engineering Graphics by Dr.M.S.Kumar ; Published by D.D.Publications
Dr. M. SENTHIL KUMARAuthor of Best Selling Book“ENGINEERING GRAPHICS”
Published by D.D.Publications
Email: [email protected]