GEM4 Summer School OpenCourseWare httpgem4educommonsnet httpwwwgem4org
Experimental Methods notes
Please use the following citation format
Notes from Lang Matthew CT Lim Scott Manalis Taher Saif Peter So and Krystyn van Vliet ldquoGeneral Tutorial session 3 Experimental Methodsrdquo Lecture series GEM4 session at MIT Cambridge MA August 10 2006 httpgem4educommonsnet (accessed MM DD YYYY) License Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike
Note Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation
QreRN- TwRnc ssro Jeampeq t s
euroeamp- amp-g6s zao6 Jlr uae
ftlpgslt - 2x 4gffwil euro terq 4eurorJ _ Rpx id_g_ryEqampamp
-troM onampgt( rZAEr
- E[amp-2esE4 E-oprre AeaazfriAJr6ea)7f _amps ampee_ rcssaas__ftcrsc e$wf _
fr4fPrr6 ta-rerzj gt DenC _f^sppe asr (ZesrOAgretlt rc SxXa 6eL SFCx-rr+e )
aAlt8fz+rradt_4europhcreRzzeuro -Lilz srrttet
f f = K a y ramp+P
wn qmpevw (oseau D-esampaeae$aW-Fraat -cryree ffi mAP
i
eEeJ--+4r- FampfrucR kampysrqu- tat rJcrer urrl
J J shy
- AFt4l ampssu-qamp- rffie^rq - (AaftuueL amp ERoBratamp- rcP + t4euro eurotJgeuroS _
- 2esot-rtrp^^Dua_ amp C
PQzd ltSlt-17t5
ftp mZecsamptratlt g (uaeulta4 Tllc aFr_a$6e
Z
7u p014r
f-ampe S-peramp ampAt$ yMil trerampr r euro _
Up e Afi (aatamp Famp Ttft H(J
ysWdSeuroJ il
eurodWampert8sds feuro fXP- sqc(efffN - wrx
famprb-r fWamp cqo frr ilsffi rs Pampg catdteuro a Le Eo$l xnJTreamprsers4 P Fxury cln qSWJ 8Aeuror
3 r4scamp0AHe06 af Cvwfrttt ftw - DnPqW-5o nrC s1esryLrusrtwr(6) I ampk) sSTu)t-tr6^rj
8 FReuroQusNtl beffglpSU uua agtpwsrr i)
Acrzt t lgAP Ftampxleyet paaampts Heuro o fffSJser NampFamprs =+ sLd6 Pfuefreuroampeuro fampacampdDq ampvft
(rteannc Fans) t+ M uLramp p(euro prqntecleuro rt-Acotuq ) srce
tlAGDeurolrc HteR6 RHeoPleuroTR
PAereurocL6
e Fo446 bcfwt dN Faeeo 6napampr o AeS1e tampLa46 r l
-rMtafraffi S L6ampq6rffi Aj sxfrucrampNeuro (- amp4+J
PIZaBLepfS Er of 7ampprses
3
I
I I
+ I
u lltr ileuroe4t ra rk r6t5dpeurop 15 - r4_euro__zeeses_Drltsptucl4e^n(usa)
ltaBampP=( (iamptel iC+D17(4 (otteuro| FPant Poszr-caarTzAcKEd| aF 248TZS6
-Reuro5OA)rTorrDeuroryW 9E 4tou4 sf ffura4_-Bg-etampamprrle DeuroTeuroqaR
TNq4v03 rx ftHs+-sffineeNddd3 e redsrfff erctye$ 8e fMM
+ ampreuro ^jer Ssfsp ej ampnrud4euro euroFeuro $uT ns
DfSrAnceuro 8gat6amp^J pt+$ cddf- frteampsile$ 6taW- FeampKws trasMp f
Lor4L FtZoPslt fgryg
FikrAmAeuro euro Lryee Tflofeuro _eA_gcrfrffi
q 7yscftxPq P4 Prelt sa (nrr) J
Seuroeuro ampzM5 fraQ RAt rH41Namp euroWAMPIS 4Qeuro
tulfc4asra$s Le$eurod
otFFqrlcTqx fu tqp-F4ampltg 8eurott_97A ampa- t4ampt Atnc
Zpm oPfzct
POapr sppf-t Frtppqagtt(Csf)+ zttamp6 amp4p -sDd( tua)shy
qqllr urampleuroulQQtrx+ - t
ruJ tlyl^ 2
Tp fr6qL z+fi5tztc- ei+f deuro 3Feuro zt -reuro
copooLuTtoi or tHeuro oaerar uamp7ll euro PJF =gtoet 4elntr1
7
___arta^_
ftsvcrcN4 Lart otr
N gt
otK oreuro(R)_
aP t6(rJ r E) orF $F l--otLsEamp f-fLeraSfuz
-n- ttr tLl(t 6
o ( v
Cop
6uL -He r i4TW-M Pc+ae zrs
AgOrReuroD a4 J)dd e^J +^u6 DeurofrP 4qcr0eZJ+rzN
W-sza6etshy
ffigMdfeun U rnoo paaJT f
_ _9_r3D r aau_uwu-_ -- -t16e euro4 g-s asamp46we rs Peurowail s
- CeuroJS
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M
QreRN- TwRnc ssro Jeampeq t s
euroeamp- amp-g6s zao6 Jlr uae
ftlpgslt - 2x 4gffwil euro terq 4eurorJ _ Rpx id_g_ryEqampamp
-troM onampgt( rZAEr
- E[amp-2esE4 E-oprre AeaazfriAJr6ea)7f _amps ampee_ rcssaas__ftcrsc e$wf _
fr4fPrr6 ta-rerzj gt DenC _f^sppe asr (ZesrOAgretlt rc SxXa 6eL SFCx-rr+e )
aAlt8fz+rradt_4europhcreRzzeuro -Lilz srrttet
f f = K a y ramp+P
wn qmpevw (oseau D-esampaeae$aW-Fraat -cryree ffi mAP
i
eEeJ--+4r- FampfrucR kampysrqu- tat rJcrer urrl
J J shy
- AFt4l ampssu-qamp- rffie^rq - (AaftuueL amp ERoBratamp- rcP + t4euro eurotJgeuroS _
- 2esot-rtrp^^Dua_ amp C
PQzd ltSlt-17t5
ftp mZecsamptratlt g (uaeulta4 Tllc aFr_a$6e
Z
7u p014r
f-ampe S-peramp ampAt$ yMil trerampr r euro _
Up e Afi (aatamp Famp Ttft H(J
ysWdSeuroJ il
eurodWampert8sds feuro fXP- sqc(efffN - wrx
famprb-r fWamp cqo frr ilsffi rs Pampg catdteuro a Le Eo$l xnJTreamprsers4 P Fxury cln qSWJ 8Aeuror
3 r4scamp0AHe06 af Cvwfrttt ftw - DnPqW-5o nrC s1esryLrusrtwr(6) I ampk) sSTu)t-tr6^rj
8 FReuroQusNtl beffglpSU uua agtpwsrr i)
Acrzt t lgAP Ftampxleyet paaampts Heuro o fffSJser NampFamprs =+ sLd6 Pfuefreuroampeuro fampacampdDq ampvft
(rteannc Fans) t+ M uLramp p(euro prqntecleuro rt-Acotuq ) srce
tlAGDeurolrc HteR6 RHeoPleuroTR
PAereurocL6
e Fo446 bcfwt dN Faeeo 6napampr o AeS1e tampLa46 r l
-rMtafraffi S L6ampq6rffi Aj sxfrucrampNeuro (- amp4+J
PIZaBLepfS Er of 7ampprses
3
I
I I
+ I
u lltr ileuroe4t ra rk r6t5dpeurop 15 - r4_euro__zeeses_Drltsptucl4e^n(usa)
ltaBampP=( (iamptel iC+D17(4 (otteuro| FPant Poszr-caarTzAcKEd| aF 248TZS6
-Reuro5OA)rTorrDeuroryW 9E 4tou4 sf ffura4_-Bg-etampamprrle DeuroTeuroqaR
TNq4v03 rx ftHs+-sffineeNddd3 e redsrfff erctye$ 8e fMM
+ ampreuro ^jer Ssfsp ej ampnrud4euro euroFeuro $uT ns
DfSrAnceuro 8gat6amp^J pt+$ cddf- frteampsile$ 6taW- FeampKws trasMp f
Lor4L FtZoPslt fgryg
FikrAmAeuro euro Lryee Tflofeuro _eA_gcrfrffi
q 7yscftxPq P4 Prelt sa (nrr) J
Seuroeuro ampzM5 fraQ RAt rH41Namp euroWAMPIS 4Qeuro
tulfc4asra$s Le$eurod
otFFqrlcTqx fu tqp-F4ampltg 8eurott_97A ampa- t4ampt Atnc
Zpm oPfzct
POapr sppf-t Frtppqagtt(Csf)+ zttamp6 amp4p -sDd( tua)shy
qqllr urampleuroulQQtrx+ - t
ruJ tlyl^ 2
Tp fr6qL z+fi5tztc- ei+f deuro 3Feuro zt -reuro
copooLuTtoi or tHeuro oaerar uamp7ll euro PJF =gtoet 4elntr1
7
___arta^_
ftsvcrcN4 Lart otr
N gt
otK oreuro(R)_
aP t6(rJ r E) orF $F l--otLsEamp f-fLeraSfuz
-n- ttr tLl(t 6
o ( v
Cop
6uL -He r i4TW-M Pc+ae zrs
AgOrReuroD a4 J)dd e^J +^u6 DeurofrP 4qcr0eZJ+rzN
W-sza6etshy
ffigMdfeun U rnoo paaJT f
_ _9_r3D r aau_uwu-_ -- -t16e euro4 g-s asamp46we rs Peurowail s
- CeuroJS
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M
Z
7u p014r
f-ampe S-peramp ampAt$ yMil trerampr r euro _
Up e Afi (aatamp Famp Ttft H(J
ysWdSeuroJ il
eurodWampert8sds feuro fXP- sqc(efffN - wrx
famprb-r fWamp cqo frr ilsffi rs Pampg catdteuro a Le Eo$l xnJTreamprsers4 P Fxury cln qSWJ 8Aeuror
3 r4scamp0AHe06 af Cvwfrttt ftw - DnPqW-5o nrC s1esryLrusrtwr(6) I ampk) sSTu)t-tr6^rj
8 FReuroQusNtl beffglpSU uua agtpwsrr i)
Acrzt t lgAP Ftampxleyet paaampts Heuro o fffSJser NampFamprs =+ sLd6 Pfuefreuroampeuro fampacampdDq ampvft
(rteannc Fans) t+ M uLramp p(euro prqntecleuro rt-Acotuq ) srce
tlAGDeurolrc HteR6 RHeoPleuroTR
PAereurocL6
e Fo446 bcfwt dN Faeeo 6napampr o AeS1e tampLa46 r l
-rMtafraffi S L6ampq6rffi Aj sxfrucrampNeuro (- amp4+J
PIZaBLepfS Er of 7ampprses
3
I
I I
+ I
u lltr ileuroe4t ra rk r6t5dpeurop 15 - r4_euro__zeeses_Drltsptucl4e^n(usa)
ltaBampP=( (iamptel iC+D17(4 (otteuro| FPant Poszr-caarTzAcKEd| aF 248TZS6
-Reuro5OA)rTorrDeuroryW 9E 4tou4 sf ffura4_-Bg-etampamprrle DeuroTeuroqaR
TNq4v03 rx ftHs+-sffineeNddd3 e redsrfff erctye$ 8e fMM
+ ampreuro ^jer Ssfsp ej ampnrud4euro euroFeuro $uT ns
DfSrAnceuro 8gat6amp^J pt+$ cddf- frteampsile$ 6taW- FeampKws trasMp f
Lor4L FtZoPslt fgryg
FikrAmAeuro euro Lryee Tflofeuro _eA_gcrfrffi
q 7yscftxPq P4 Prelt sa (nrr) J
Seuroeuro ampzM5 fraQ RAt rH41Namp euroWAMPIS 4Qeuro
tulfc4asra$s Le$eurod
otFFqrlcTqx fu tqp-F4ampltg 8eurott_97A ampa- t4ampt Atnc
Zpm oPfzct
POapr sppf-t Frtppqagtt(Csf)+ zttamp6 amp4p -sDd( tua)shy
qqllr urampleuroulQQtrx+ - t
ruJ tlyl^ 2
Tp fr6qL z+fi5tztc- ei+f deuro 3Feuro zt -reuro
copooLuTtoi or tHeuro oaerar uamp7ll euro PJF =gtoet 4elntr1
7
___arta^_
ftsvcrcN4 Lart otr
N gt
otK oreuro(R)_
aP t6(rJ r E) orF $F l--otLsEamp f-fLeraSfuz
-n- ttr tLl(t 6
o ( v
Cop
6uL -He r i4TW-M Pc+ae zrs
AgOrReuroD a4 J)dd e^J +^u6 DeurofrP 4qcr0eZJ+rzN
W-sza6etshy
ffigMdfeun U rnoo paaJT f
_ _9_r3D r aau_uwu-_ -- -t16e euro4 g-s asamp46we rs Peurowail s
- CeuroJS
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M
3
I
I I
+ I
u lltr ileuroe4t ra rk r6t5dpeurop 15 - r4_euro__zeeses_Drltsptucl4e^n(usa)
ltaBampP=( (iamptel iC+D17(4 (otteuro| FPant Poszr-caarTzAcKEd| aF 248TZS6
-Reuro5OA)rTorrDeuroryW 9E 4tou4 sf ffura4_-Bg-etampamprrle DeuroTeuroqaR
TNq4v03 rx ftHs+-sffineeNddd3 e redsrfff erctye$ 8e fMM
+ ampreuro ^jer Ssfsp ej ampnrud4euro euroFeuro $uT ns
DfSrAnceuro 8gat6amp^J pt+$ cddf- frteampsile$ 6taW- FeampKws trasMp f
Lor4L FtZoPslt fgryg
FikrAmAeuro euro Lryee Tflofeuro _eA_gcrfrffi
q 7yscftxPq P4 Prelt sa (nrr) J
Seuroeuro ampzM5 fraQ RAt rH41Namp euroWAMPIS 4Qeuro
tulfc4asra$s Le$eurod
otFFqrlcTqx fu tqp-F4ampltg 8eurott_97A ampa- t4ampt Atnc
Zpm oPfzct
POapr sppf-t Frtppqagtt(Csf)+ zttamp6 amp4p -sDd( tua)shy
qqllr urampleuroulQQtrx+ - t
ruJ tlyl^ 2
Tp fr6qL z+fi5tztc- ei+f deuro 3Feuro zt -reuro
copooLuTtoi or tHeuro oaerar uamp7ll euro PJF =gtoet 4elntr1
7
___arta^_
ftsvcrcN4 Lart otr
N gt
otK oreuro(R)_
aP t6(rJ r E) orF $F l--otLsEamp f-fLeraSfuz
-n- ttr tLl(t 6
o ( v
Cop
6uL -He r i4TW-M Pc+ae zrs
AgOrReuroD a4 J)dd e^J +^u6 DeurofrP 4qcr0eZJ+rzN
W-sza6etshy
ffigMdfeun U rnoo paaJT f
_ _9_r3D r aau_uwu-_ -- -t16e euro4 g-s asamp46we rs Peurowail s
- CeuroJS
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M
7
___arta^_
ftsvcrcN4 Lart otr
N gt
otK oreuro(R)_
aP t6(rJ r E) orF $F l--otLsEamp f-fLeraSfuz
-n- ttr tLl(t 6
o ( v
Cop
6uL -He r i4TW-M Pc+ae zrs
AgOrReuroD a4 J)dd e^J +^u6 DeurofrP 4qcr0eZJ+rzN
W-sza6etshy
ffigMdfeun U rnoo paaJT f
_ _9_r3D r aau_uwu-_ -- -t16e euro4 g-s asamp46we rs Peurowail s
- CeuroJS
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M
f
orrceor 5 Hrcrao P- g_ fEfzefg4 Feurt shyoe-cr te rcuJ)4L
a-euroWfat Weuro geampq_
_-J-E( - -Pucr7e 4ilO -Ftutntcs rasrdDot rLk44ilzr4l_
^rrrot o - ^ Asnar^ ezi (RyJ
D14(k1L2euro-6ry1-44ry1 ud ampeuros rt) seApa6 eWf 6-eamp-aaws ltxren- ampF6sad3
rlqryaF4amprysP EvtampQL6urcg uaLuteuro
--- 4op Z c-eras Deftip4t6 acf6 Pt6tzal6
ryn ueH A prlelat crhatilsc (-Z^-)
Leaar p4euroe4 rcb__ 1M