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GENDERGENDER© 2003, John B. Pryor, Ph.D.
Illinois State University
Levi Suydam
• In 1843 Levi Suydam, a 23-year-old resident of Salisbury, Connecticut, asked the town's board of selectmen to allow him to vote as a Whig in a hotly contested local election.
• Tories contested Suydam’s gender.
• The selectmen brought in a physician, one Dr. William Barry, to examine Suydam and settle the matter. Presumably, upon encountering a phallus and testicles, the good doctor declared the prospective voter male.
• With Suydam safely in their column, the Whigs won the election by a majority of one.
• Barry later discovered that Levi had vaginal opening and menstruated. He also had many feminine behaviors.
Unusual case of Unusual case of David ReimerDavid Reimer
•Identical twin, genetic male•Penis burned offduring circumcision•Surgically altered to resemble a female•Given female Hormones•Raised as a female
Unhappy childhood,felt different, not accepted by boys or girls
Unusual case of Unusual case of David ReimerDavid Reimer
When told at 14 about hispast, decided to have surgery to return being a male. Late he marriedto a woman who already had children. Ultimately, DavidCommitted suicide.
Gender
Two aspects of gender:
1) Gender Role
2) Gender Identity
Money & Ehrhardt (1972)Money & Ehrhardt (1972)
Five variables that contribute to a person’s gender role and gender identity:
1) Chromosomal Gender
2) Gonadal Gender
3) Hormonal Gender
4) Morphological Gender
5) Assigned GenderJohn Money
FIVE CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES
1) X (Turner’s syndrome)
2) XXX
3) XYY
4) XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome)
5) XXXY
TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC FEMALES
1) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism (PIH)
2) Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS)
-also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia
AdrenogenitalSyndrome
Adrenogenital Syndrome
TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC MALES
1) Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
2) Guevodoces - 5-Alpha Reductase Syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
MONEY’S HYPOTHESIS:
Prenatal hormones predispose people to certain gender-linked behaviors in later life.
Four Groups of Females:
1) Turner’s Syndrome
2) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism
3) Adrenogenital Syndrome
4) Normal Females
Gender as a continuum
TranssexualismTranssexualism
a gender identity disordera gender identity disorder 3-4 more times more common among genetic males3-4 more times more common among genetic males no proven genetic, hormonal, or psychopathological no proven genetic, hormonal, or psychopathological
antecedantsantecedants New research has found that male-to-female New research has found that male-to-female
transsexuals have a smaller BSTc region in their transsexuals have a smaller BSTc region in their hypothalamuses than non-transsexual men. The hypothalamuses than non-transsexual men. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sexual hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior. This region is typically larger in men than behavior. This region is typically larger in men than in women.in women.
SEX CHANGES at Gender Identity Clinics
1) Psychosocial Treatment - Learning the gender role
2) Hormonal Treatment
3) Plastic Surgery
Renee Richards
Transsexuals-post surgery
FemaletoMaleTransexual
Some Male to Female Some Male to Female TransexualsTransexuals
Some cultures do not have Some cultures do not have just a 2 category systemjust a 2 category system
Third Sex among NavajoThird Sex among Navajo
GenderGender Catergories Catergories in Other Culturesin Other Cultures
Native American terms for 3rd Sex
1.Nadle - Navajo
2.Bade' - Crow
3.Winkte - Lakota
4.Ihamana - Zuni
5.Mujerado - Laguna/Acoma
6.Siange - Winnebago
7.A-whock - Arapaho
8.Hemaneh - Cheyennes
GENDER CATEGORIES INOTHER CULTURES
both man and women - both man and women - Native American Native American
Two-Spirit People Two-Spirit People BerdacheBerdache
This Navajo
Berdache
wore clothing
that was distinct
from both that
of men and
women
This Crow This Crow
Berdache Berdache
was namedwas named
‘Finds-themFinds-them
-and-kills--and-kills-
them’. them’. He He
dressed dressed
as a man as a man
one day one day
when he when he went to war with the men of his went to war with the men of his tribe.tribe.
GENDER CATEGORIES INOTHER CULTURES
Hindu cult of the Hindu cult of the HijraHijraMales who amputate their penisesMales who amputate their penisesDress and live as womenDress and live as womenparticipate in fertility ritualsparticipate in fertility ritualsoften make their living as prostitutesoften make their living as prostitutes
IndiaIndia
Hijra dancing at weddingHijra dancing at wedding
Hijra athome
3 Hijra going to temple
DancingDancingAt At FestivalFestival
Blessing infantBlessing infant
Cheryl Chase