PRESENTATION ON
GENDER ANALYSIS OF
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
PREPARED BY - GAYATRI RAJBANSHI( PGS14RHS0482) MITALI DALAI.( PGS14RHS0484) RASHMI R.( PGS14RHS0486) MHSC. 1st Yr, 2nd sem. Dpt. Of Textile and Apparel Designing College Of Rural HSc., Dharwad .
INTRODUCTION
• Gender refers to “the array of socially constructed roles and relationships , personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, values, relative power and it influences that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis”.
• In the last decades, a considerable amount of research has been conducted in the area of gender and health, including gender differences in vulnerability and the impact of specific health conditions.
• Health- According to WHO, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Nutrition-It is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs.
• Good Nutrition is an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regular physical activity.
It is a cornerstone of good health.
• Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity.
• Several studies have shown the positive relationship among education of mothers, household autonomy and the nutritional status of their children.
• During the 10th years of age, the energy and nutrient needs of girls and boys are the same.
Yet in some countries , especially in South Asia, men and boys often receive greater quantities of higher quality, nutritious food such as diary products, because they will become the breadwinners.
• Several studies also found evidence of gender bias in food allocation in childhood and correspondingly in health care allocation.
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF WOMEN DURING DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES
Pregnant Women Provide sufficient energy for pregnancy weight gain
(developing baby) Provide all essential nutrients for growth
400ug/day folic acid until week 12
Adequate fibre to prevent constipation 25-35g/day
Increase fluid intake
Increased Energy – extra 200 calories/day during last 3mnths
Increased Iron intake
Essential fatty acid intake
Vitamin A, Vitamin C – increased need, aids in
absorption of iron
Vitamin D – increased need to aid calcium absorption,
10ug/day
Adequate Calcium – healthy diet should provide
sufficient calcium for mother and baby
Lactating women• Eat “an additional meal, more food than usual, and a
varied diet.”Up to 6 months post-partum, a woman needs about 500 kcal
• additional food intake, about 400kcal additional food per day
• Take a high dose (200,000IU) capsule and eat foods rich in vitamin A • Continue iron/folic acid supplementation.
• Consume iodized salt and foods rich in iodine (fish and seafood) .
• Use insecticide-treated bed-nets to reduce malaria infection .
• Seek education on STIs and HIV transmission and prevention .
• Reduce workload and rest to conserve energy .
Infants, Babies and Toddlers Breast-feeding is optimum feeding for first 6mnths .
Advantages for baby – lower risk of infection, protection against allergens, provides correct mix and quantity of nutrients, baby only takes what it needs .
Advantages for mother – No preparation needed, help with weight loss after birth, associated with lower risk of certain cancers; eg. breast, ovarian .
Vitamin A, C & D and calcium all important for infants .
Cow’s milk contains more protein, less fat, lactose and Vit A & C .
Weaning – transition on to a mixed diet, advised
at 6mnths .
Suggested introductory foods; pureed cooked
vegetables and pureed fruit
Pre-School / School Age Children
Children between 1-4yrs have high energy
and nutrient needs. Variable appetite
relating to fluctuations in growth rate .
Important nutrients include; Calcium and Vit. D, Fibre / NSP, Iron and Fluoride .
Should avoid high fat, high salt and high sugar food
from age 5, children should have a healthy balanced diet .
Children’s families exert most influence over their eating and physical activity habits .
Adolescents
Biological, psychosocial and cognitive
changes affect nutritional status.
Rapid growth increases nutrient needs.
Nutrient deficiencies or common health
- compromising eating behaviours.
Need for calcium and Vitamin D to build bone
density; Iron to prevent iron-deficiency
anaemia; Zinc for essential mineral growth
Watch intake of high salt, high sugar and fatty
foods
Early = 21-39 yrs .
Midlife = 40-59 yrs .
Important to develop beneficial nutritional and lifestyle
choices to support physical and mental health and well-
being in old age .
Reduce fat intake to 30% or less; limit saturated fats to
less than 10%; limit cholesterol to 300mg/day .
Five or more portion s of fruit and vegetables daily .
Maintain moderate protein intake .
Vitamin and mineral supplements in excess of RDA not
advised .
Balance food intake and physical activity to maintain
normal weight
Main health issues; obesity, inactivity, high cholesterol,
high blood pressure, prevention of diseases . eg. CVD,
cancer .
Younger adults more unhealthy than older adults .
Old age People Some nutrients are of particular importance in older people; fibre
(constipation), calcium and Vitamin D (fractures), Vitamin B12 and Iron
(anaemia) .
Some specific nutrients may be needed in increased amounts for individuals; eg. Protein and zinc (wound healing) .
Ill health and ageing process impacts on nutrition .
Main age-related body changes; decrease in muscle mass,
slower uptake of vitamin A, decline in immune function,
decreased absorption of certain vitamins and minerals .
Deficiency Diseases in Different Life Stage of Women
Pregnancy1. Anemia-Iron Deficiency2. Constipation- Protein and Fiber deficiency3. Thyroid disease- Iodine Deficiency4. Pregnancy Induced hypertensionLactating Mother And Baby5. Jaundice6. Tuberculosis7. Influenza8. Hepatitis B & C9. BeriberiGirl Child :10. Protein Energy Malnutrition- Marasmus, Kwashiorkor11. Influenza12. PneumoniaAdolescence :13. Aneamia14. Under nutrition ( being too thin or too short )
– Adult women :1. Hypothyroidism2. Diabetes3. Hypertension4. Cardiovascular diseases5. Rheumatoid Arthritis6. Anemia– Old age women :1. Osteoporosis2. Cardiovascular diseases3. Cataracts ( vision problem )4. Arthritis5. Paralysis or Parkinson disease
Food Discrimination• Nutritional demand vary depending on age, sex, health,
status and activity level.
• In the reproductive years of women, especially during pregnancy and lactation women have specific additional nutrient requirement, which determine both their own and their children’s nutritional status.
• These extra needs are not always recognized and women and children suffers the consequences.
Conclusion• Women themselves are often the victims of food discrimination
which comprises the nutritional and health status of female family member.
• And many household and communities, women and girls eat only the food that is left after the males in the family have eaten. This often results in chronic under nutrition.
• In parts of South Asia men and boys consume twice as many calories even though women and girl do much of the heavy work.
• A study in India found that girls are four times more likely to suffer from acute malnutrition than boys are.
CONCLUSION
THANK YOU
