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Gender and institutional aspects of climate-smart agricultural in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal

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Gender and institutional aspects of climate-smart agricultural in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal Patti Kristjanson World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) ‘Does Gender Matter in Climate Change Adaptation’ Session, Tues Aug 11 10 am
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Gender and institutional aspects of climate-smart agricultural in Kenya, Uganda and Senegal Patti Kristjanson World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)

‘Does Gender Matter in Climate Change Adaptation’ Session, Tues Aug 11 10 am  

Patti Kristjanson

CCAFS-­‐ini)ated  intra-­‐household  gender-­‐climate  change  study  in  Kenya  (2  sites),  Uganda  (2  sites),  Senegal,  Bangladesh  (Kovarik),  Colombia  (Twyman)    

Builds  on  ILRI’s  comprehensive,  plot-­‐level  farm  characteriza)on  survey  :  hLps://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/CCAFSbaseline    

Same  ques)ons  of  man  (n=200)  and  woman  (n=200)  in  each  household/site      

One  key  objec)ve:  Understand  the  differences  in  awareness  and  adop*on  of  CSA  prac)ces  by  men  and  women  

The ‘what’  

Patti Kristjanson

The  IFPRI/CIAT/ICRAF/ILRI-­‐developed  intra-­‐household  gender  and  CC-­‐focused  modules  include:    

Preferences  and  use  of  agricultural  and  climate  informa)on  Access  to  credit  Decision-­‐making  Group  membership  Risk  management  Adapta)on  strategies/prac)ces  Climate  smart  prac)ces  Percep)ons  of  climate  change  Impacts  of  climate  change  Values  and  cogni)ve  processes    

 

Research  with:  Q.  Bernier,  C.  Kovarik,  E.  Bryan,  E.  Haglund,  R.  Meinzen-­‐Dick,  C.  Quiros,  C.  Ringler,  M.  Rufino,  S.  Silvestri,  J.  Twyman.  Survey  leaders:  Edidah  Ampaire,  Joash  Mango,  Yacine  Ndourba,  Piet  Van  Asten.    Available  at:  hLps://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline    

Components  

Patti Kristjanson

This  presenta)on  focuses  on  the  following  sites:  Nyando,  western  Kenya;  Wote,  central-­‐Eastern  Kenya;  Rakai,  south-­‐central  Uganda;  Kaffrine,  southern  Peanut  Basin,  Senegal;  (200  women,  200  men),  each  site  ≈  1600  individuals    For  adapta>on  planning,  to  address  the  following  ques)ons:    

Are  individuals  aware  of  different  agricultural  (including  climate-­‐smart)  prac*ces?  And  if  so,  have  they  adopted  them?    

If  respondents  report  having  observed  changes  in  climate,  have  they  made  changes  in  their  agricultural  prac*ces  to  protect  themselves,  their  families,  or  their  communi)es?  If  so,  which  ones?  If  not,  why  not?    Bernier,  Kristjanson,  Meinzen-­‐Dick.  In  process.  Gender  and  ins>tu>onal  factors  influencing  men’s  and  women’s  awareness  and  uptake  of  climate  smart  agricultural  prac>ces  in  Kenya,  Uganda  and  Senegal    

The ‘where’ and ‘why’  

Patti Kristjanson

What practices?  

Longer-­‐term  benefits  –  more  transforma>ve  changes  •  Agroforestry    •  Terraces  and  bunds    •  Water  harves)ng    •  Irriga)on    •  Plan)ng  pits  •  Minimum  )llage  •  Improved  feed  management  •  Grazing  or  rangeland  management  Short-­‐term  benefits  –  more  incremental  changes  •  Crop  Residue  Mulching    •  Compos)ng    •  Livestock  manure  management    •  More  efficient  fer)lizer  use  •  Improved,  high-­‐yielding  varie)es      •  Stress  tolerant  varie)es    •  Destocking  •  Cover  cropping  •  Switch  to  drought  tolerant  livestock  •  Integrated  pest  management  

Patti Kristjanson

Response to CC by men and women: Kenya  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

Soil  and  water  conserva)on    

Change  crop  variety    

Change  plan)ng  date    

Change  crop  type    

Water  harves)ng    

Plan)ng  trees  on  farm    

Women  Nyando  (n=56)  

Men  Nyando  (n=99)  

Women  Wote  (n=96)  

Men  Wote  (n=137)  

Patti Kristjanson

Response to CC by men and women: Uganda  

0   10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80  

Plan)ng  trees  on  farm    

Increase  land  planted  

Change  crop  type    

Change  crop  variety    

Change  plan)ng  dates  

Water  harves)ng    

Soil  and  water  conserva)on  

Food  storage  

Women  Rakai  (n=125)  

Men  Rakai  (n=127)  

Patti Kristjanson

Analysis  addresses  the  ques)ons:  What  helps  explain  awareness  of  the  different  pracSces?  If  aware,  what  influences  adopSon?    Heckman  2-­‐stage  model:    1st  stage:  Probability  of  Awareness  =  fn  (age,  sex,  access  to  info  sources,  land  size,  assets,  spouse  awareness,  mo)va)ons)    2nd  stage:  Adop>on  =  fn  (land  ownership,  decision-­‐making  power,  innova)veness,  group  memberships,  trust,  gender  decision-­‐making,  educa)on,  age,  assets,  credit  access,  farm  &  off-­‐farm  income,  climate  info  access,  climate  shock  experience)      

Methods  

Patti Kristjanson

Extension  agents  –  surprisingly  limited  influence,  especially  on  long-­‐term  prac)ces:  Kaffrine-­‐improved  varie)es,  fert,  manure  mgment,  agroforestry;  Rakai-­‐no  )ll;  Wote-­‐water  harves)ng,  irriga)on    Agri-­‐service  providers  –  Kaffrine:  seeds,  fert,  no  )ll,  manure  mgment    Farmers’  organiza>ons  –  Kaffrine:  terraces    So,  conven)onal  sources  of  agricultural  and  climate-­‐related  informa)on  are  not  yet  significantly  increasing  awareness  of  CSA  prac*ces      

Key findings - Awareness  

Patti Kristjanson

Radio  –  Kaffrine-­‐  irriga)on,  agroforestry,  fert,  manure  mgment;  Wote-­‐irriga)on,  compost;  Nyando-­‐compost    Cellphones  s)ll  not  helping  increase  awareness  of  CSA  prac)ces    If  your  spouse  is  aware,  are  you?  For  most  prac)ces  in  Kaffrine,  yes;  but  this  is  the  case  for  only  a  few  prac)ces  in  the  Kenya  sites  

Key findings – Awareness, cont’d  

Patti Kristjanson

land  tenure  –  surprisingly  not  showing  up  as  important  share  of  off-­‐farm  income  –  nega)ve  influence  on  some  prac)ces    female  credit  access  –  posi)ve  influence  on  uptake  of  fer)lizer:  Nyando;  water  harves)ng,  irriga)on,  manure:  Wote;  impr  seeds,  compost:  Rakai    female  %  assets  –  posi)ve  influence  on  uptake  of  compos)ng,  crop  residues:  Wote;  agroforestry,  water  harves)ng:  Rakai;  water  harves)ng:  Kaffrine            

 

Key findings – Adoption  

Patti Kristjanson

Innova>veness  –  associated  with  water  harves)ng:  Nyando;  terracing:  Wote;  terracing,  irriga)on,  HYV’s,  fer)lizer:  Rakai    Able  to  make  decisions  –  agroforestry:  Rakai;  no  )ll:  Wote    Group  memberships  –  compost:  Nyando;  water  harves)ng,  HYVs:  Rakai;  crop  residues:  Kaffrine  

 

Key findings - Adoption, cont’d  

Patti Kristjanson

Implications - 1  

Awareness  of  CSA  opportuni>es  is  important  but  insufficient  to  date,  so  it  will  be  key  to  support  to  projects  and  programs  that:  •  link  local  radio  and  TV  sta>ons  and  providers  of  agricultural  

knowledge  and  climate  informa>on    •  Work  with  farmer’s  and  other  groups  (e.g.  religious  groups,  

women’s  groups)  and  agri-­‐service  providers  to  beLer  reach  women  •  Support  agricultural  knowledge  

plaWorms  that  bring  together  these  various  groups  and  take  advantage  of  new  ICT-­‐based  opportuni>es  (via  cellphones,  television  (e.g.  Shamba  Shape  Up),  social  media)  

•  Support  innova>ve  farmer-­‐led  learning  and  ag  extension  approaches  

Patti Kristjanson

Implications - 2  

Adop>on  of  improved  prac>ces  remains  low  in  large  part  due  to  ins*tu*onal  challenges  facing  all  food  system  actors,  but  women  farmers  in  par)cular  –  con)nuing  an)-­‐women  biases  in  ag  services  and  informa)on;  lack  of  suppor)ng  infrastructure,  and  collec)ve  ac)on  challenges  in  general  (not  just  gender  norms)    There  has  been  a  lot  more  investment  in  technologies  than  there  has  been  in  ins*tu*ons  (e.g.  land  rights  for  women),  policies,  capacity,  innova)ve  communica)on  approaches,  etc  

Patti Kristjanson

Implications - 3  

Its  )me  for  new  research  approaches  that  reach,  and  learn  together  with,  more  farmers,  especially  women  (e.g.  text-­‐based  targeted  ques)ons,  crowdsourcing,  farmer-­‐led  innova)on  approaches,  etc)    

Patti Kristjanson

Bernier,  Kristjanson,  Meinzen-­‐Dick.  In  process.  Gender  and  ins>tu>onal  factors  influencing  men’s  and  women’s  awareness  and  uptake  of  climate  smart  agricultural  prac>ces  in  Kenya,  Uganda  and  Senegal    Bernier  et  al.  2015.  Ins>tu>ons  and  Gender  in  the  Adop>on  of  Climate  Smart  Agriculture:  Evidence  from  Kenya.  CCAFS  Working  Paper  No.  79.  CGIAR  Research  Program  on  Climate  Change,  Agriculture  and  Food  Security  (CCAFS).  Copenhagen,  Denmark.  Available  online  at:  www.ccafs.cgiar.org      Silvestri  et  al.  2015.  Households  and  food  security:  Lessons  from  food  secure  households  in  East  Africa.    Agriculture  and  Food  Security,  forthcoming.      Douxchamps  et  al.  2015.  Linking  agricultural  adapta>on  strategies,  food  security  and  vulnerability:  Evidence  from  West  Africa.  Regional  Environmental  Change,  forthcoming.      Jost  et  al.  2015.  Understanding  Gender  Dimensions  of  Agriculture  and  Climate  Change  in  Smallholder  Farming  Communi>es.  Climate  and  Development.  Open  access.      Perez  et  al.  2015.  How  resilient  are  farming  households,  communi>es,  men  and  women  to  a  changing  climate  in  Africa?  Global  Environmental  Change.      Wood  et  al.  2014.  Smallholder  farmer  cropping  decisions  related  to  climate  variability  across  mul>ple  regions.  Global  Environmental  Change,  25,  163-­‐172.  Open  access.    

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