Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University Students In 15 Nations Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 [email protected] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 . Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University Students In 15 Nations Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 [email protected]Website: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~ mas2 Zeev Winstok Center for the Study of Society, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel [email protected]•Presented at the Society For the Study Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013. •This is one of a series reporting results of the International Parenting Study directed by Angele Fauchier ([email protected]), and the Dyadic Types Research Program. Papers on these and related topics can be downloaded from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~ mas2 •The work was partly supported by National Institute of
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Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression
Among University Students In 15 Nations
Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 [email protected]
• Presented at the Society For the Study Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013. • This is one of a series reporting results of the International Parenting Study directed
by Angele Fauchier ([email protected]), and the Dyadic Types Research Program. Papers on these and related topics can be downloaded from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2• The work was partly supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant
Questions To Be Addressed1. What percent of university student couples in 15 nations experienced
violence in their relationships in the previous 12 months?2. Of those who experienced violence, what percent were in each of
three “Dyadic Types” (DTs): Male-Only, Female-Only, Both-Assaulted?
3. What is the relationship between violence in a relationship and depression and does this vary depending on:
A. Whether the partner was the victim or the aggressor, or both victim and aggressor?
B. Whether it is the male or female partner?Results are somewhat surprising4. What is a plausible theory to explain them?5. What are the implications for
A. Theories to explain PV?B. Methodology for research on PV?C. Efforts to prevent and treat PV?
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The International Parenting Study15 Nations, 11,408 university students
Analyses control for variables such as:• Age of student• Socially desirable responding• Parent’s education
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Table 1. International Parenting Study Sample Characteristics for 15 Nations
Region Nation N % Female Mean AgeTotal 11408 69.8% 21.07
Asia TWN Taiwan 443 57.7% 20.19HKG Hong Kong 473 66.6% 22.99
Europe BEL Belgium 889 74.2% 19.76 GRC Greece 973 72.5% 20.89 ITA Italy 260 77.7% 21.82 POL Poland 378 50.9% 21.42 RUS Russia 173 54.0% 19.48 GBR Scotland 1122 67.2% 20.24 SVN Slovenia 189 86.2% 21.93 CHE Switzerland 196 95.3% 23.92 NOR Norway 533 72.5% 22.39 ESP Spain 106 89.3% 21.55Middle East ISR Israel 366 60.9% 23.82N. America CAN Canada 1586 74.7% 23.18 USA United States 3721 68.1% 20.28
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Measures
Partner violence: Short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the
Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy andmutuality. Violence and Victims, 19, 507-520.
Cases will be analyzed by comparing “Dyadic Types” of partner violence
Depression: Major Depression InventoryOlsen, L. R., Jensen, D. V., Noerholm, V., Martiny, K., & Bech, P.
(2003). The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring depressive states. Psychological Medicine, 33, 351-356.
MAJOR DEPRESSION INVENTORY (MDI)Over the last two weeks…
1. Have you felt low in spirits or sad?
2. Have you lost interest in your daily activities?
3. Have you felt lacking in energy and strength?
4. Have you felt less self-confident?
5. Have you had a bad conscience or feelings of guilt?
6. Have you felt that life wasn’t worth living?
7. Have you had difficulty concentrating, e.g., when reading the newspaper or watching TV?
8. Have you felt very restless?
9. Have you felt subdued or slowed down?
10. Have you had trouble sleeping at night?
11.Have you suffered from reduced appetite?
12. Have you suffered from increased appetite?
Alpha: Men = .92, Women = .90, Total = .91
Response categories: 5= All of the time, 4= Most of the time, 3= More than half of the time, 2= Less than half of the time, 1= Some of the time, 0= At no time
Olsen, L. R., D. V. Jensen, V. Noerholm, K. Martiny, and P. Bech. 2003. "The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring depressive states." Psychological Medicine 33:351-356.
IPS Q6
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Data AnalysisAnalysis of covariance
Controlled for:• Education of father• Education of mother (are the results just a reflection of SES?• Misbehavior as a child (are results just a continuation of a long –standing pattern)• Corporal punishment by father As above• Corporal punishment by mother As above• Age of student at time of study (because older persons have lower crime rates• Limited Disclosure scale (do the results just reflect that willingness to disclose one
type of socially undesirable behavior is associated with willingness to disclose other types)• Nation in which data was collected There are important differences between
nations in the prevalence of crime. National differences in crime, include DT are analyzed elsewhere (cite??). The focus of this study is whether there are effects of DT that are in addition to the national context effects.
Male-Only Female-Only
Both-Assault
Male-Only Female-Only
Both-Assault
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9
41
50
10
49
41
Male Respondents Female Respondents
%
Figure 1. Dyadic Assault Types For Assault, Dating Relationships Of 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations, As Reported By Men and Women
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Prevalence Men 14%Women 18%
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Table 2. Prevalence Of Assault and Dyadic Assault Concordance TypesFor University Students In 15 Nations
Region NationPreval-ence
Dyadic Types For Assault
Male-Only Female-Only BothTotal 17 10 47 44
Asia Taiwan 6 6 53 41Hong Kong 6 14 50 36
Europe Belgium 17 9 46 45 Greece 24 15 32 53 Italy 18 5 61 35 Poland 18 8 36 56 Russia 24 6 48 46 Scotland 20 12 36 52 Slovenia 12 11 47 42 Switzerland 17 0 59 41 Norway 12 9 56 35 Spain 10 8 49 43Middle East Israel 6 17 33 50N. America Canada 13 12 46 43 United States 18 9 51 40
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Table 3. Mean Depressive Symptoms Score Of Male and FemaleUniversity Students In 15 Nations
Region NationMean Depressive Symptoms
Males FemalesTotal 37.7330 38.2160
Asia Taiwan 47.0423 42.6855Hong Kong 49.9487 46.2921
Europe Belgium 28.3843 35.2727 Greece 39.3233 43.8857 Italy 32.4138 41.4851 Poland 22.7184 31.8382 Russia 45.7143 46.5909 Scotland 37.8158 42.6114 Slovenia 45.8065 43.1496 Switzerland 43.7037 35.5152 Norway 37.8947 40.1266 Spain 20.0000 39.0099Middle East Israel 32.3077 37.3874N. America Canada 35.8500 32.6763 United States 37.8228 37.2526
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Table 4. Analysis of Covariance For Relation of Dyad Types Of Partner Assault To Depressive Symptoms
Source Sum of Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 659928.243a 15 43995.216 59.662 .000Intercept 610157.964 1 610157.964 827.433 .000Dyadic Type 105794.154 3 35264.718 47.822 .000Gender 12.124 1 12.124 .016 .898Dyadic Type * Gender 14470.457 3 4823.486 6.541 .000Participant Age 16532.729 1 16532.729 22.420 .000Father’s Education 785.484 1 785.484 1.065 .302Mother’s Education 841.006 1 841.006 1.140 .286Misbehavior when child 4472.005 1 4472.005 6.064 .014Corporal Pun by Father 5994.403 1 5994.403 8.129 .004Corporal Pun by Mother 33169.387 1 33169.387 44.981 .000Limited Disclosure Scale 285212.345 1 285212.345 386.775 .000Nation 13998.742 1 13998.742 18.984 .000
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Figure 2. Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To DepressionOf Each Partner
Women
Men
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Summary Both-Assault Dyadic Type
• The most prevalent Dyadic Type of partner violence• Most closely associated with depression – not surprising
Both most harmful is consistent with other studies, including studies of harmful effects for children
Male-Only and Female-Only Dyadic Types• Also associated with more mental health problems than among
non-violent couples, but less so than the Both Assault DT.
Comparing the sole perpetrator with being the sole victim•Men are higher in depression when they are the sole
perpetrators than when they are the sole victims• Women are higher in depression when they are the sole
victims when they are the sole perpetratorsA Canadian national survey found the same but differences smallWhat might explain these unexpected results?
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Question 4 . What is a plausible theory to explain the results?The difference between men and women in the relation of partner
violence to depression reflects differences in culturally and biologically based gender rolesTwo relevant role differences are Greater saliency and importance of
Status maintenance and enhancement for menSafety for women
An underlying principle is that threat to central aspects of the self are associated with an increased probability of depression• For men, lost of status if their violence becomes known is a
bigger threat than lack of safety when they are victim of violence by their partner
• For women, lack of safety when they are attacked by their partner is bigger threat than loss of status if their violence becomes known.
For the theory in detail, see Winstok, Z., & Straus, M. A. (2014). Gender Differences in the Link between Intimate Partner Physical Violence and Depression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 91-101. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.01.003
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Q 5 Implications For Theory, Methods, And Practice
TheoryExplanations of the causes or the effects of PV need to take into
account that studies world-wide found that Male-Only: about 25%
Female-Only: about 25%Both-Assault: about 50% of couples
Self-defense explains female violence only 10-20% of the time
MethodDTs need to be identify in all research on partner violenceNecessary and practical to obtain data on both partnersCan be done even when only one partner is the research participant
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Implications (continued)
PracticeBecause about half of all partner violence cases are in the “Both-
Assault” type, including women seeking help from shelters:
• Service providers need to determine which DT applies to a particular client and why•Determining the Dyadic type is second only to determining
safety
Dyadic Types (DTs)
Everyone Agrees On The Need To Take Into Account The Behavior Of Both Partners To Deal With Relationship Issues. But Few Do
DTs are a practical method of doing taking the behavior of both partners into account
Three DTs: * Male Partner Only * Female Partner Only * Both partners engage in the behavior
Practical because • DTs obtained by just cross tabulating the behavior of the male partner by that of the female partner• If the behavior is an interaction in which both participated, such
as violence, data obtained from just one of the partners, has the same validity (or lack of) as when both partners
Is the High Percent of Women Who Assault Self-defense?Studies on who hit first found it was female partner half the cases
9 Studies which asked women whether it was in self-defense: • Median = 19%, range:5 to 47% • None of the studies found that a majority of women acted in self-defense• Almost half of the eleven comparisons found a higher percent of men than
women acting in self-defense
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Dyadic Assault Types For Dating RelationshipsAmong 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations - Any Assault
Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Paper presented at the Society For The Study Of Social Problems Annual Meeting, New York.
10%
47%43%
Q 1. What percent of university student couples in 15 nations experienced violence in their relationships in previous 12 months?
Prevalence Men 14%Women 18%
Q 2 Of those who experienced violence, what percent were in each of three “Dyadic Types” (DTs):
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Male-Only Female-Only Both-Assault0
10
20
30
40
50
60
24 23
54
Are These Percentages Unique To This Student Sample?U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)*
%
* Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.
Predominant Pattern Is
Both-Violent
Male-Only and Female-Only about same %
Same pattern as in current study and in more than 50 studies** which found:
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Ada[ted from Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199-230. doi: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.199
- 48 studies
Dyadic Types Can be Important For Understanding and TreatingAlmost All Types Of Relationship Behaviors
(Results for `14,282 University Student Dating Couples)_
Dyadic Type Gender of
Respondent% Male
Only% Female
Only
% Both Any Assault Female 9 25 67 Severe Assault Female 16 31 53Any Injury-Perpetration Female 21 14 65Severe Injury-Perpetration Female 39 10 51 Any Psych Aggression Female 9 17 74 Severe Psych Aggression Female 13 31 55 Any Sexual Coercion Female 33 10 57 Verbal Sexual Coercion Female 44 9 47 Physical Sexual Coercion Female 43 15 43 Intransigent Female 13 9 78
Percentages are similar when based on reports by male students
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Question 3. What is the relationship between violence in a relationship and depression and does this vary depending on:
A. Whether the partner was the victim or the aggressor, or both victim and aggressor?B. Whether it is the male or female partner?
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SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles
SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles
Male
Female
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SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles
SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles
Male
Female
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Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To DepressionDating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408)
Women
Men
When men assault, either as sole perpetrator or both, male depression higher. Suggests either depression as a cause or male guilt, or bothWomen have highest depression when they are the sole victims of assault or both a victim and a perpetratorGender Difference In link between PV and depression: Increase in depression is greater for men than women , except when men are the sole victims
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Perpetration Only Victimization Only Both (Perpetration and Victimization)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
21.4
11.1
17.220.3
33.535.7
Men Women
PV Types
Dep
ress
ion
14,063 Canadian couples Graham (2012)
lowest level of depression is among male victims of PV and female perpetrators of PV.
Men
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SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile
Male
FemaleSCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile
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SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile
SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile
Female
Male
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Estimated Marginal Means of SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5
Estimated Marginal Means of SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5
Female
Male
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MDItotal Major Depression Index Total Bn5 centile score
MDItotal Major Depression Index Total Bn5 centile score
Female
Male
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Some References On Dyadic TypesLanghinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A
Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199-230. doi: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.199Straus, M. A. (2013). Dyadic Victimization Types: A simple but powerful tool applicable to victimization in
family relationships world-wide. Durham, NH. Can be downloaded from my website.Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only,
Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004
Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp. 98-109). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories.
Other ReferencesStraus, M. A. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the revised conflict tactics scales: A study of
university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(4), 407-432.Straus, M. A. (2009). The National context effect: An Empirical test of the validity of Cross-National
research using unrepresentative samples. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(3), 183-205. doi: 10.1177/1069397109335770
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References On the Conflict Tactics ScalesStraus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316. doi: 10.1177/019251396017003001Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy
and mutuality. Violence and Victims, 19, 507-520. Straus, M. A. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the revised conflict tactics scales: A study of university
student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(4), 407-432.Straus, M. A. (2012). Blaming the messenger for the bad news about partner violence by women: the Methodological,
theoretical, and value basis of the purported invalidity of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(5), 538-556. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2023
Straus, M. A., & Mickey, E. L. (2012). Reliability, validity, and prevalence of partner violence measured by the conflict tactics scales in male-dominant nations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 463-474. doi:
