GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT OPERATIONAL PLAN

(2013–2020)

2015 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

April 2016

Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADF Asian Development Fund

ARM Armenia

BAN Bangladesh

BHU Bhutan

BRT bus rapid transit

CAM Cambodia

CPS country partnership strategy

CWRD Central and West Asia Department

DMC developing member country

DMF design and monitoring framework

EARD East Asia Department

EGM effective gender mainstreaming

FIJ Fiji

GAP gender action plan

GEN gender equity theme

GEO Georgia

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IND India

INO Indonesia

IT information technology

KAZ Kazakhstan

KGZ Kyrgyz Republic

LAO Lao People’s Democratic Republic

MFF Multitranche Financing Facility

MLD Maldives

MON Mongolia

MYA Myanmar

NEP Nepal

NGE OP

no gender elements Operational Plan

PAK Pakistan

PARD Pacific Department

PCR project completion report

PHI Philippines

PNG Papua New Guinea

PRC People’s Republic of China

REG regional

RMI Marshall Islands

SARD South Asia Department

SDCC Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department

SERD Southeast Asia Department

SGE some gender elements

SOL Solomon Islands

SRI Sri Lanka

TA Technical Assistance

TAJ Tajikistan

TIM Timor-Leste

TON Tonga

TVET UZB

technical and vocational education and training Uzbekistan

VAN Vanuatu

VIE Viet Nam

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

CONTENTS

I. OVERVIEW 1

II. COMPLETED OPERATIONS DELIVERING INTENDED GENDER EQUALITY RESULTS (LEVEL 2) 1

III. OPERATIONS SUPPORTING GENDER MAINSTREAMING AT APPROVAL (LEVEL 3) 3

IV. MIDTERM REVIEWS OF GENDER MAINSTREAMED PROJECTS (LEVEL 3) 13

V. COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES (CPS) 13

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES, AND APPENDICES

FIGURES

Figure 1: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend) ..................................................................... 4 Figure 2: ADF Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend) .......................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Gender Mainstreaming in all ADB Projects by Region .................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Contribution to Overall Gender Mainstreaming by Region .............................................................................. 9 Figure 5: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects, 2013–2015 ........................................................... 11 TABLES

Table 1: Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Intended Gender Results, 2010–2015 ............................................. 1 Table 2: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2015* .......................................................................... 4 Table 3: Asian Development Fund Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2015 ............................................... 6 Table 4: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects Approved in 2015 ................................................... 10 Table 5: Country Partnership Strategies Gender Quality At Entry ............................................................................... 13

BOXES

Box 1: LAO: Basic Education Sector Development Program ......................................................................................... 2 Box 2: NEP: Nepal Governance Support Program (Subprogram I)................................................................................ 2 Box 3: UZB: Amu Zang Irrigation Rehabilitation Project ................................................................................................. 3 Box 4: TAJ: Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training (GEN Theme) ....................................... 5 Box 5: LAO: Vientiane Sustainable Urban Transport Project (EGM Theme) ................................................................. 5 Box 6: MYA: Nationwide Telecommunications Project ................................................................................................. 12 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Reporting Year 2015 PCRs of Completed Sovereign Operations Categorized as GEN and EGM .......... 15 Appendix 2: GEN and EGM Projects Approved in 2015 .............................................................................................. 17 Appendix 3: Analysis of Midterm Review Reports ........................................................................................................ 21

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I. OVERVIEW

1. This report summarizes ADB’s 2015 performance in delivering on key gender targets and indicators set in the corporate results framework (as reported in the annual Development Effectiveness Review Report) and the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Operational Plan 2013–2020 (Gender OP) results framework. It indicates that greater efforts of operations departments have resulted in generally positive performance towards achieving the overall Gender OP outcome of “improved gender equality results of ADB operations.” In 2013–2015, both gender mainstreaming at entry and gender equality results at project completion, met the corporate targets. However, the annual gender mainstreaming in approved sovereign ADB operations has declined from the constant 55% in 2012–2014 to 51% in 2015, and the annual proportion of the gender equity theme projects went down from 8% in 2014 to 6% in 2015, both indicating the challenging sector pipeline. Innovation in gender designs has been somehow limited, with about half of the approvals coming from the subsequent tranches of multitranche financing facilities or additional financing operations. The two country partnership strategies (CPSs) approved in 2015 met gender at-entry criteria, but the new template poses a challenge to explicitly integrating gender strategy into sectors and the country partnership strategy (CPS) results framework.

II. COMPLETED OPERATIONS DELIVERING INTENDED GENDER EQUALITY RESULTS (LEVEL 2)

2. By 2016 (on a 3-year average), ADB aims to achieve that 70% of completed sovereign ADB and the Asian Development Fund (ADF) operations (number of projects) categorized as a gender equity theme (GEN) or effective gender mainstreaming (EGM) fully meets the following criteria: (i) reported results using sex-disaggregated data; (ii) reported successful achievements against the project gender action plan activities (measured as at least 70% of activities are implemented and completed) and targets (measured as at least 75% of gender-related targets are achieved); and (iii) justifications as to why the gender equality results are achieved if an overall PCR rating is partially successful or not successful. Project completion reports (PCRs) approved for the Reporting Year (RY), which starts from July of the previous year to June of the reporting year are used for the base of analysis. Criterion (iii) was added from the RY 2015 analysis.

Table 1: Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Intended Gender Results, 2010–2015

GEN/EGM PCRs Rated Successful

Reporting Year Total

GEN/EGM No. (a)

ADB Total ADF GEN/EGM

No. (b)

ADF

No. % of (a) No. % of (b)

2011 32 15 47% 28 14 50%

2012 30 17 57% 27 15 56%

2013 20 13 65% 19 12 63%

2014 18 11 61% 18 11 61%

2015 26 21 81% 23 19 83%

Total (2011–2013) 82 45 55% 74 41 55%

Total (2012–2014) 68 41 60% 64 38 59%

Total (2013–2015) 64 45 70% 60 42 70% ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADF = Asian Development Fund, GEN = gender equity theme, EGM = effective gender mainstreaming theme, PCR = project/program completion report

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3. On a 3-year average, ADB’s rate of completed sovereign operations delivering its intended gender equality results increased from 49% in 2010–2012 to 55% in 2011–2013, to 60% in 2012–2014, and to 70% in 2013–2015, achieving for the first time the 70% target set by 2016. The 2013–2015 rate for the Asian Development Fund (ADF) operations was also 70% (Table 1). The list of completed sovereign operations categorized as GEN and EGM in RY 2015 is in Appendix 1.

4. There was a distinct improvement in reporting sex-disaggregated project benefits and gender equality results in PCRs during the 2015 reporting year, which have contributed to the high performance and achievement of the target for the first time. Some of the PCRs demonstrated extra effort to analyze more systemic impact on gender relations as a result of the project, and others provided qualitative evidence of gender equality results or women’s empowerment, reflecting on beneficiary interviews. However, a few projects presented borderline success in achieving numerical gender targets but were complemented by the scale of gender benefits as well as well-documented qualitative results (e.g., Bangladesh Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project).

5. These successful operations helped developing member countries (DMCs) advance gender equality on several fronts including enrolling thousands of girls at school (Box 1), giving women basic health care including maternity care, ensuring their voices are heard in decision making at community level (Box 2), and securing their access to finance and skills with the potential for economic empowerment (Box 3).

A policy-based grant in Nepal successfully mobilized women and disadvantaged ethnic groups to influence public resource utilization at the local level, through a 33% reserved quota system for women on local decision making bodies. As a result of the policy reform, 35% of the capital budget for local projects was earmarked to reflect priorities of women and disadvantaged groups, utilized for over 55,000 basic community infrastructure in 75 districts, such as water, rural access roads, and birthing centers. Gender responsive budgeting and planning was also put into operation in 38% of district development committees. Such policy actions were institutionalized through the adoption of the gender and social inclusion policy by the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development and subsidiary bodies.

The Gender and Ethnic Group Development Plan was thoroughly implemented in an education program in Lao PDR, resulting in increased girls’ share of admission to lower secondary education, from 42% in school year 2004/5 to 46.5% in SY 2011/2 (particularly among ethnic groups), and outpacing the boys in improving primary-to-lower secondary education transition rate. The project included a number of gender-inclusive design features. Toilets were constructed in all schools with provision for separate toilets for girls and boys, with functioning water supplies, as well as additional classroom blocks at all 68 targeted schools. Scholarships were provided to 1,638 poor students with girls making up 51% of scholarship recipients (with ethnic groups accounting for a 79% share). Monitoring visits frequently demonstrated that many disadvantaged girls and boys stood out as high performers in their schools. Female participation was at 41% in school governance groups, providing a stronger basis for female involvement in school improvement, particularly in ethnic communities. The newly developed curriculum, textbooks, and teacher guides incorporated stronger gender sensitivity. Over 8,000 Grades 6 and 7 teachers were trained with nearly half were female. Qualitative evidence suggests that in some cases many girls’ marriages were delayed as a result of their improved access to education.

Box 1: LAO: Basic Education Sector Development Program

Box 2: NEP: Nepal Governance Support Program (Subprogram I)

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6. In most cases where gender success rates were not met, the gender action plan was not implemented fully because the project itself was only partly completed. There were two projects (INO Second Decentralized Health Services Project and LAO Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods through Livestock Development Project) where overall project rating was less than successful but the gender rating was successful. For both cases, not all project outcomes were met, but the gender-related outcomes were met or significant improvement recorded.

III. OPERATIONS SUPPORTING GENDER MAINSTREAMING AT APPROVAL (LEVEL 3)

7. By 2016 (on a 3-year average), ADB aims to achieve 45% of sovereign ADB operations and 55% of ADF operations (counted in approved project numbers) to be categorized as GEN or EGM.

A. Gender Mainstreaming in ADB Operations 8. In 2015, ADB maintained a solid performance in gender mainstreaming projects, exceeding the 45% target for ADB operations. The list of GEN and EGM projects approved in 2015 is in Appendix 2. On an annual basis, 51% of all ADB sovereign operations were gender mainstreamed, a decline from the annual 55% of the past 3 years. On a 3-year average, 54% of all ADB sovereign operations were gender mainstreamed in 2013–2015, slightly higher than 53% in 2011–2013 but a small dip from 55% in 2012–2014 (Table 2 and Figure 1). Both ADB and ADF rates (para 14) of gender mainstreaming appeared to have peaked, while ADB and ADF differences have constantly narrowed to a marginal difference. Gender mainstreaming investments in ADB operations accounted for 43% in 2013–2015. 9. There was a general improvement in the inclusion of baseline for gender targets, while quality of gender analysis significantly varied depending on the resource availability. A number of gender action plans prepared in 2015 repeated similar design features included in the past, with nearly half of gender mainstreamed projects supporting follow-on tranches in the Multitranche Financing Facility (MFF) and additional financing operations.

Despite the prominent role of women in agricultural production, the agricultural sector in Uzbekistan exhibits gender imbalances, particularly in the control over productive resources. The Amu Zang Irrigation Rehabilitation Project benefited thousands of women who were engaged in farm production and productive household-based activities (silkworm breeding and greenhouses), contributing to their economic empowerment. The number of women involved in agriculture significantly increased from 496 in 2006, to 43,212 in 2014, and in silkworm breeding, from 4,703 in 2006 to 7,833 in 2013, resulting in an increase of 20%–30% in household average income. Overall, more than 46,000 women gained the potential for increased income. Women’s participation in 27 project-related training programs increased from the baseline of 0% to 14%, and their representation in 57 project water consumer association, rose to 357 women (27%). Women accounted for 25%–30% of participants in agricultural service centers.

Box 3: UZB: Amu Zang Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

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27% 31%

41%

50%

55% 55% 55% 51%

38%

43%

50%

65%

57% 59% 57%

57%

65%

76%

84% 76%

76% 68% 70%

65%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

GEN EGM SGE NGE GM ADB GM ADF Proj w/ Gender Concerns

Target 40%

Target 45%

Table 2: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2011–2015*

Year

Gender Equity Theme

Effective Gender Mainstreaming

Gender Mainstreaming

Some Gender Elements

Projects Addressing

Gender Concerns Total ADB-Wide

(1) % of total

(2) % of total (1+2) % of total

(3) % of total

(1 + 2 + 3)

% of total

2011 7 7% 45 43% 52 50% 28 27% 80 76% 105

2012 6 6% 49 49% 55 55% 21 21% 76 76% 100

2013 6 6% 48 49% 54 55% 13 13% 67 68% 98

2014 8 8% 49 47% 57 55% 16 15% 73 70% 104

2015 6 6% 43 44% 49 51% 14 14% 63 65% 97

2011–2015 33 7% 234 46% 267 53% 92 18% 359 71% 504

2013–2015 20 7% 140 47% 160 54% 43 14% 203 68% 299

*Note: Computations reflected above included approved projects with additional financing due to cost overruns from 2010 onwards. This adjustment led to slight changes in the benchmarks set in 2012.

Operations/ Projects numbers in %

*Category 1: Gender Equity (GEN); Category 2: Effective Gender Mainstreaming (EGM); Category 3: Some Gender Elements (SGE); Category 4: No Gender Elements (NGE)

Gender Mainstreaming (GM) = GEN+EGM Gender Concerns = GEN+EGM+SGE

Figure 1: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend)

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10. Gender equity theme (GEN): Despite renewed commitment to explore more ‘gender equity as a theme’ (GEN) projects in the Midterm Review of the Strategy 2020, the percentage of ADB sovereign GEN operations have yet to display relevant improvements. The proportion of GEN projects on an annual basis has declined from 8% in 2014 to 6% in 2015 (6 projects out of 97)—still limited and lower than 10% as in the past 5 years. Its average was at 6% by end 2015 which was the same as in the previous year. In 2015, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) had one GEN project (from zero in 2014); while East Asia Department (EARD) had no GEN project (from one in 2014); Pacific Department (PARD) had no GEN project as in at least the last 2 years; South Asia Department (SARD) had four GEN projects (from five in 2014); and Southeast Asia Department (SERD) had one GEN project (from two in 2014);. A notable GEN project example of TAJ: Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training is described in Box 4.

11. Effective gender mainstreaming (EGM): The percentage of all ADB sovereign projects categorized as “effective gender mainstreaming” (EGM) has kept to levels below 50% and has been decreasing since 2013 from 49%, to 47% in 2014 and 44% in 2015, bringing the average to 47%. In 2015, EGM projects gravitated towards water and urban (others) sector projects, which comprised 27% and 22% of the EGM projects, respectively. This was followed by the transport sector (17% of EGM projects), agriculture sector (11% of EGM projects) and by finance and energy (7% and 6% of EGM projects respectively). One of the notable projects with the EGM theme is the Vientiane Sustainable Urban Transport Project (Box 5).

This first urban transport project in the country includes a comprehensive gender action plan which includes: (i) 30% of employees of a newly established Sustainable Urban Transport Management Agency will be women; (ii) the bus rapid transit (BRT) system includes physical and operational designs that meet women’s needs such as priority seating for women and the elderly, adequate lighting, and security cameras in bus stations; (iii) 30% of new jobs generated in the BRT system are filled by women; (iv) ticketing and fare pricing include measures to increase affordability and access, an issue that concerns both women and men; (v) pedestrian-friendly traffic management and traffic calming measures are implemented on the BRT routes; (vi) baseline sex-disaggregated data and gender analytical information are collected for preparatory surveys, feasibility studies, and assessments prior to the start of construction; and (vii) gender indicators are included in the project monitoring and evaluation system, and disaggregated data are reported. A separate TA to develop Gender Strategy for the Ministry of Public Works has contributed to the gender awareness of the project executing agency.

The project will promote private sector participation in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) to make the delivery more responsive to the labor market and industry needs. The project was designed to change the persisting gender segregation of occupations whereby women are concentrated in cooking, sewing, and hairdressing, and men in plumbing, masonry, welding, tractor driving and the like, which have contributed to persisting gender wage gaps. The project adopts a comprehensive framework of actions to support more women into nontraditional (and higher paying) occupations (or traditionally male occupations). It uses a three-pronged approach: (i) massive social marketing to convince the community, especially parents and girls themselves, (ii) delivery of TVET services that includes free tuition and monthly fees, monthly stipends covering even during the probationary period, and rehabilitated and modernized dormitories, and (iii) linkages with employers through extensive engagement and some incentives for employing women in non-traditional occupations. These approaches will be piloted through a "gender equity model program" in selected TVET institutions.

Box 4: TAJ: Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training (GEN Theme)

Box 5: LAO: Vientiane Sustainable Urban Transport Project (EGM Theme)

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12. Some gender elements (SGE): The trend of SGE sovereign projects slightly decreased from 15% in 2014 to 14% in 2015, but notably dipped from pre-Gender OP highs of 30% (average for 2010–2012). This is attributed to the more rigorous application of the SGE thresholds. Unless clear implementation mechanisms (e.g., consultant allocation) for proactive gender-inclusive design features or sufficiently budgeted HIV and other social risk mitigation measures are demonstrated, projects are not considered SGE. 13. No gender elements (NGE): Sovereign projects under this gender category made up 35% of the total ADB sovereign portfolio in 2015, moving farther from the 30% recorded in 2014 and 32% in 2013, and slightly higher than the 2013–2015 average of 32% amidst gender category screening that became more stringent in 2015. This reflects the application of more rigorous SGE thresholds (para 12) as well as ADB’s conscious allocation of resources to those projects where gender is more meaningfully addressed. In the last 3 years, most of the NGE projects were from the energy sector (39.4%) followed by the transport sector (29%) and public sector management (12%). B. Gender Mainstreaming in Asian Development Fund (ADF) Operations

14. The proportion of gender mainstreamed ADF-financed projects was 57% in 2015 on an annual basis, remaining the same as 57% in 2014 and slightly lower than 59% in 2013. The average for 2013–2015 was at 57%, slightly above the 55% target by 2016 (Table 3 and Figure 2). For GEN projects, the average was 10% for 2012–2014 and 2013–2015. The ratio of ADF projects addressing gender concerns (those that are classified under the gender equity theme, effective gender mainstreaming, and some gender elements categories) versus total ADF projects have slightly gone down to 71% in 2013–2015 from 74% in 2012–2014. This downward of “projects addressing gender concerns” has been associated with the rise in the proportion of NGE projects which has gone up from 32% in 2013 to 30% in 2014 and 31% in 2015, and was related to more stringent application of SGE thresholds. Gender mainstreaming investments accounted for 54% of ADF projects in 2013–2015.

Table 3: Asian Development Fund Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2011–2015

Year

Gender Equity Theme

Effective Gender

Mainstreaming

Gender Mainstreaming

Some Gender

Elements

Projects Addressing

Gender Concerns Total ADB-Wide

(1) % of total

(2) % of total

(1+2) % of total

(3) % of total

(1 + 2 + 3)

% of total

2011 7 14% 26 51% 33 65% 11 22% 44 86% 51

2012 6 10% 29 48% 35 57% 13 21% 48 79% 61

2013 5 48% 28 50% 33 59% 6 11% 39 70% 56

2014 7 12% 27 45% 34 57% 10 17% 44 73% 60

2015 5 10% 24 47% 29 57% 6 12% 35 69% 51

2011–2015 30 11% 134 48% 164 59% 46 16% 210 75% 279

2013–2015 17 10% 79 47% 96 57% 22 13% 118 71% 167 *Note: Computations reflected above included approved projects with additional financing due to cost overruns from 2010 onwards. This adjustment led to slight changes in the benchmarks set in 2012.

7

38% 43%

50%

65% 57% 59% 57% 57%

69%

91% 89% 86%

79%

70% 73%

69%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

GEN EGM SGE NGE Gender Mainstreaming Gender Concerns

*Category 1: Gender Equity (GEN); Category 2: Effective Gender Mainstreaming (EGM); Category 3: Some Gender Elements (SGE); Category 4: No Gender Elements (NGE)

Operations/ Projects numbers in %

Figure 2: ADF Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend)

C. Gender Mainstreaming Distribution by Region (Annual Trend) 15. At 46% gender mainstreamed sovereign operations in 2015 (Figure 3), CWRD performed better than its 30% last year. Both EARD and PARD’s percentages of gender mainstreamed projects have been decreasing since 2013, while SARD (from 61% to 50%) and SERD (from 62% to 57%) both decreased compared to 2014 figures. Across all five regions in 2015, the range between the lowest (42%, PARD) and highest (57%, SERD) was not as wide as in 2013 (43% to 73%) and 2014 (30% to 64%). 16. In 2015, CWRD contributed the second highest at 23% (Figure 4) of ADB’s gender mainstreamed operations while EARD, which has been consistently the third highest contributor with 20% in 2013 and 16% in 2014, contributed only 18%. PARD’s share to overall gender mainstreamed sovereign projects was down to 10% in 2015 from 13% and 11% in 2014. SARD, meanwhile, used to contribute the most number if gender mainstreamed operations for 2013 and 2014 but accounted for only 22% in 2015, behind SERD which contributed the most number of gender mainstreamed operations, accounting for 27%.

Gender Mainstreaming = GEN + EGM Gender Concerns = GEN + EGM + SGE

Target 50%

Target 55%

8

Figure 3: Gender Mainstreaming in all ADB Projects by Region

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

CWRD (40%) EARD (64%) PARD (55%) SARD (56%) SERD (57%)

43%

73%

64%

55%

50%

30%

64%

60%

61% 62%

46%

56%

42%

50%

57%

2013 2014 2015Notes: 1.The number of project with gender mainstreaming are inside the bar while the percentage

equivalent appears on top; and 2. The number in parenthesis () pertain to the averages ending 2015. 3. Project counts include projects approved for additional financing due to cost overruns.

10 11 5

10

13 7 11 9 9

11 16 19 10 16 6 7

7 7 7

9

Figure 4: Contribution to Overall Gender Mainstreaming by Region

Note: Project counts include projects approved for additional cost financing due to cost overruns.

CWRD 18%

EARD 20%

PARD 13%

SARD 30%

SERD 19%

2013 10 projects 10 projects

11 projects

7 projects

16 projects

CWRD 12% EARD

16%

PARD 11%

SARD 33%

SERD 28%

2014 16 projects

7 projects

CWRD 23%

EARD 18%

PARD 10%

SARD 22%

SERD 27%

2015

9 projects

6 projects

19 projects

13 projects 11 projects

9 projects

5 projects

11 projects

10

D. Gender Mainstreaming by Sector (3-year Average) 17. The plateauing of gender mainstreaming performance has been accompanied by unvarying patterns of sector distribution of gender mainstreamed operations (Figure 5). Indeed, in the past 3 years, education and health delivered 93% to 100% gender mainstreamed projects; agriculture, water, and other infrastructure (i.e., urban development) delivered within a range from 80% to 92%. On the other hand, the gender mainstreaming share in the transport sector dropped in 2015 from over 50% in 2013–2014, and that in energy sector remained low in all the 3 years hovering between 21 and 26%. Finance and public sector management delivered 40% and 32%, respectively (Table 4). In the sectors with low gender mainstreaming rates (education, finance, and public sector management), concerted efforts are needed to pilot new approaches and program future pipeline in the subsectors that lend themselves more to gender mainstreaming (e.g., expansion of small and medium-sized enterprise finance to micro enterprises, using renewable energy generation to expand women’s job opportunities).

Table 4: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects Approved in 2015

Sector

Projects by

Sector b

Projects with Gender Mainstreaming (2015)

Projects with Gender

Mainstreaming

No. % Latest:

2013–2015

Benchmark:

2010–2012 c

Energy 19 4 21% 23% 26%

Transportation 30 12 40% 51% 46%

Water 20 20 100% 92% 87%

ICT 2 0 0% 0% --

Urban (others) a 17 16 94% 88% 89%

Finance 12 5 42% 40% 42%

Education 7 6 86% 93% 78%

Agriculture 11 9 82% 80% 70%

Health 2 2 100% 100% 93%

Industry and Trade 2 1 50% 89% 25%

Public Sector Management (PSM) 8 3 38% 32% 33%

a Includes multi-sector projects with infrastructure components (e.g., urban sector development and disaster rehabilitation) and

public sector management projects and programs supporting policy reforms in core sectors. b A project may be assigned one or more sectors. c Project counts in 2010–2014 include projects approved for additional financing due to cost overruns. This led to slight adjustments

to the 2010–2012 benchmarks versus those recorded in the Results Framework under the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Operational Plan, 2013–2020.

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86%

92%

100%

21%

22%

26%

42%

33%

42%

40%

54%

58%

100%

86%

89%

94%

83%

82%

79%

80%

100%

100%

100%

50%

100%

100%

38%

25%

37%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Education 2015

2014

2013

Energy 2015

2014

2013

Finance 2015

2014

2013

Urban 2015

2014

2013

Transport 2015

2014

2013

Water 2015

2014

2013

ICT 2015

2014

2013

Agriculture 2015

2014

2013

Health 2015

2014

2013

Industry & Trade 2015

2014

2013

PSM 2015

2014

2013

Number of Projects

Projects with Gender Mainstreaming Rest of ADB Projects

Core Sectors

Other Areas

83%

Figure 5: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects, 2013–2015

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E. Nonsovereign Operations Supporting Gender Mainstreaming 18. While no numerical target has been set for the proportion of projects approved as GEN and EGM in nonsovereign operations, Gender OP’s results framework requires monitoring of the trend to increase from the baseline of two projects per year (2010–2012). 19. In 2015, on an annual basis, two were GEN (9%), four were EGM (17%) and a total of gender mainstreaming was 26% of approved nonsovereign operations.

The $450-million National Telecommunications Project aims to dramatically increase telecommunications coverage and to empower women using communications. A Gender Action Plan (GAP) was developed with Ooredoo, a telecommunications partner, to bring access to mobile technology and the internet to over 5 million women by 2020, and to roll out an application that would benefit female users. One of the activities under the GAP is Connected Women conferences, a technical platform in which women and other stakeholders meet and discuss how ICT can be used to address women’s needs. Three more conferences are planned to focus on priority areas such as increasing health knowledge, using ICT for women’s education and ICT business processes to become entrepreneurs and industry leaders. Ooredoo also lent support to Geek Girls Myanmar, a community of female ICT professionals, students and enthusiasts, which was established to encourage greater engagement and female participation in the ICT industry. Some 60% of university students in computer courses in Myanmar are women but the number dwindles in the field after graduation. Initiatives like Geek Girls Myanmar aims to address this through networking and support for IT students and professionals, regular workshops on programming languages, seminars on digital entrepreneurship, and professional development sessions on public speaking and crafting an online image. With Myanmar having one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the region, Ooredoo helped develop an app called “Maymay” to help women learn more about maternal care and child health. Users of the app receive maternal health advice alerts tailored to the user’s stage of pregnancy. Village women will also be recruited to become entrepreneurs who would sell prepaid airtime cards to rural communities. The project aims to recruit over 3,000 women – a move that would address low female participation in the labor market. In the future, hands-on training on digital entrepreneurship will also be provided to the women.

Box 6: MYA: Nationwide Telecommunications Project

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IV. MIDTERM REVIEWS OF GENDER MAINSTREAMED PROJECTS (LEVEL 3)

20. By 2016, Gender OP aims to achieve 80% of ADB sovereign operations with gender mainstreaming to report on gender action plan implementation status at project midterm review, both in the mission aide-memoire and the back-to-office report. 21. In 2015, of the 19 midterm review (MTR) missions of projects categorized GEN or EGM at approval, 16 reported on the implementation progress of gender action plans (GAPs). This represents 84% of the MTR documents for gender mainstreamed operations, a little dip from 86% in 2014 but still a notable progress from the 77% recorded in 2013 and still higher than the 81% 3-year average for 2013–2015. However, despite the 80% target set, 100% of reporting should be the norm to achieve the project completion target. The three projects that did not report GAP (or gender elements) implementation were in Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, and the Maldives.

22. Notably eight (42% of the total) of the MTR reports indicate that the project had startup or operational problems. Of these, six reported on GAP implementation status while two did not. Of the 11 MTRs revealing that the project was on track, 10 reported on GAP implementation status (Appendix 3).

V. COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES (CPS)

23. By 2016, 70% of CPSs (excluding interim CPSs) are to fully meet the following gender at-entry criteria: (i) adequate gender strategy in the main text; (ii) gender diagnostics in sector assessments; and (iii) gender indicators in sector road maps and CPS result frameworks (on a 2-year basis). 24. In 2015, there were only two CPSs approved: Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. Both (100%) met the criteria compared with 75% in 2014 (Table 5).

Table 5: Country Partnership Strategies Gender Quality At Entry

CPS Total CPS

meeting quality

% Out of Total

2-yr average*

Countries

2011 6 3 50%

Bangladesh*, Cambodia, Lao PDR*, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste*

2012 7 4 57% 53% Indonesia*, Kazakhstan*, Mongolia, PRC, Solomon Islands, Uzbekistan*, Viet Nam*

2013 4 2 50% 53% Thailand, India*, Nepal*, and Kyrgyz Republic

2014 4 3 75% 62% Bhutan*, Azerbaijan, Cambodia*, Fiji*

2015 2 2 100% 87% Pakistan*, Papua New Guinea*

* Pertains to the percentage of CPSs over a period that (i) examine gender issues and include a clear gender strategy in the main text; (ii) analyze gender equality issues in sector road maps; and (iii) include gender indicators in the CPS and sector results framework.

25. While gender assessments are now routinely included in CPSs, sector diagnostics, and road maps, the quality of gender strategies and their meaningful integration into country strategies and overall results frameworks require more work. Gaps continue to exist between the gender assessments and the country gender strategies. Gender analysis rarely guides the

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selection of subsectors and ADB pipeline. For example, Pakistan country gender assessment identifies the dire need for girls’ education, but education sector has not been included in the CPS. Further, to narrow existing gender gaps, more projects that directly tackle persisting gender disparities should be explored for inclusion in the pipeline and sector roadmaps. 26. A concern is emerging with regard to how to explicitly and meaningfully integrate gender into the new CPS procedures and a template. Draft CPSs or CPS initiating papers circulated in 2015 adopt the new template process that no longer accommodates spaces for a separate linked document on gender analysis and strategy, sector roadmaps, and gender indicators in CPS results framework. Discussions are ongoing to develop new gender at-entry guidelines for the new template in a way to comply with the Gender and Development Policy requirements.

Appendix 1: Reporting Year 2015 PCRs of Completed Sovereign Operations Categorized as GEN and EGM

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category PCR Rating Gender Rating

CWRD KGZ 0120/0319/0393-G Investment Climate Improvement Program (Subprogram 1, 2 & 3) NGE/EGM/EGM

(NGE/EGM) S S

CWRD PAK 2485/2644 Punjab Millennium Development Goals Program GEN U NS

CWRD PAK 2385/2386/2547/2548 Punjab Government Efficiency Improvement Program NGE/EGM U NS

CWRD UZB 2069 Amu Zang Irrigation Rehabilitation Project EGM S S

EARD MON 0125-G Education Sector Reform Project GEN HS S

EARD MON 0158 Education for the Poor—Financial Crisis Response Project EGM HS S

EARD MON 0086-G Third Health Sector Development Project GEN S S

PARD SOL 0339-G Economic and Financial Reform Program EGM S S

SARD BAN 2190 Agribusiness Development Project EGM S

S

SARD BAN 2101 Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project GEN S S

SARD BAN 2172 Second Urban Primary Health Care Project SGE (GEN) HS S

SARD MLD 2170 Regional Development Project, Phase II—Environmental Infrastructure and Management

EGM S S

SARD NEP 0118/0206 Governance Support Program (Subprogram I) GEN S S

SARD NEP 0093/0094 Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program EGM S S

SERD CAM 2035 Northwest Irrigation Sector Project EGM PS NS

SERD INO 2285 Sustainable Aquaculture Development for Food Security and Poverty Reduction Project EGM HS S

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category PCR Rating Gender Rating

SERD INO 2348 Nutrition Improvement through Community Empowerment Project GEN LS NS

SERD INO 2074/2075 Second Decentralized Health Services Project GEN PS S

SERD INO 2575 Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri Project II GEN S S

SERD LAO 2259/8229/0055/0056-G Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods through Livestock Development Project GEN LS S

SERD LAO 2306/0069-G Basic Education Sector Development Program GEN HS S

SERD LAO 0016/0205-G Northern and Central Regions Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project GEN S S

SERD PHI 2136/2137 Health Sector Development Program GEN S NS

SERD VIE 2283 Agriculture Science and Technology Project EGM S S

SERD VIE 2298 Upper Secondary and Professional Teacher Development Project GEN S S

SERD VIE 2180/0015-G Preventive Health System Support Project GEN S S

PRC rating: HS = highly successful: LS = less than successful: PS = partly successful: S = successful Gender PCR rating: S = successful: NS = not fully successful

Appendix 2: GEN and EGM Projects Approved in 2015

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category

CWRD ARM 3284 Seismic Safety Improvement Program EGM

CWRD GEO 3282/3283 Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization for Inclusive Growth Program (Subprogram 2) EGM

CWRD GEO 3291/3292 Urban Services Improvement Investment Program - Tranche 5 EGM

CWRD KAZ 3261 SME Development Project T3 (Additional Financing) EGM

CWRD KGZ 432 Second Investment Climate Improvement Program (Subprogram 1) EGM

CWRD PAK 3264 Flood Emergency Reconstruction and Resilience Project EGM

CWRD TAJ 3343 Investment Climate Reforms Program EGM

CWRD TAJ 463 Investment Climate Reforms Program EGM

CWRD TAJ 3309 Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training GEN

CWRD TAJ 452 Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training GEN

CWRD UZB 3271 Housing for Integrated Rural Development Investment Program - Tranche 3 EGM

CWRD UZB 3275 Djizzak Sanitation System Development project EGM

CWRD UZB 3286 Advanced Electricity Metering Phase 4 Project EGM

EARD MON 3287/3288 Agriculture and Rural Development Project - Additional Financing EGM

EARD PRC 3262 Xinjiang Akesu Integrated Urban Development and Environment Improvement Project EGM

EARD PRC 3263 Xinjiang Tacheng Border Cities and Counties Development EGM

EARD PRC 3277 Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project EGM

EARD PRC 3281 Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development EGM

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category

EARD PRC 3294 Shaanxi Mountain Road Safety Demonstration Project EGM

EARD PRC 3296 Henan Sustainable Livestock Farming and Product Safety Demonstration Project EGM

EARD PRC 3312 Gansu Featured Agriculture and Financial Services System Development Project EGM

EARD PRC 3336 Hunan Dongjiang Lake Integrated Environmental Protection and Management Project EGM

PARD FIJ 6004 Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Management Project - Project Design Advance EGM

PARD RMI 438 Ebeye Water Supply and Sanitation Project EGM

PARD TIM 3341/3342 Road Network Upgrading Sector Project (additional financing) EGM

PARD TON 444 Outer Island Renewable Energy Project (additional financing) EGM

PARD VAN 3249 Interisland Shipping Support Project (additional financing) EGM

PSOD BAN 3278 Sustainable Projects - BRAC Bank EGM

PSOD BHU Mountain Hazelnuts Group Limited EGM

PSOD IND 3354 RBL Bank for Supporting Financial Inclusion Project GEN

PSOD IND RBL Bank for Supporting Financial Inclusion Project GEN

PSOD KGZ 3259 Senior Unsecured Loan to Bai Tushum Bank for Broadening Access to Finance EGM

PSOD MYA 3269 Nationwide Telecommunications Project EGM

PSOD SRI 3323/3324 Senior Loan to LOLC Finance/Senior Loan to LOLC Micro Credit EGM

SARD BAN 3256 Third Primary Education Development Project- Additional Financing GEN

SARD BAN 3302 Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project - Additional Financing GEN

SARD BAN 3320 Secondary Education Sector Investment Program - Tranche 2 GEN

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category

SARD IND 3257 Supporting National Urban Health Mission GEN

SARD IND 3265 Orissa Integrated Irrigated Agriculture & Water Management Investment Program - Tranche 2 EGM

SARD IND 3306 Rural Connectivity Investment Program - Tranche 3 EGM

SARD IND 3337 North Eastern Region Capital Cities Development Investment Program (Tranche 3) EGM

SARD NEP 3255 Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Improvement Project - Additional Financing EGM

SARD NEP 3260 Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project EGM

SARD SRI 3348/3349 Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program - Project 3 EGM

SARD SRI 3325/3326 Integrated Road Investment Program-Tranche 3 EGM

SERD CAM 3289 Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project EGM

SERD CAM 3311 Integrated Urban Environmental Management in the Tonle Sap Basin EGM

SERD CAM 3314 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD LAO 3250 Vientiane Sustainable Urban Transport Project EGM

SERD LAO 3279 Health Sector Governance Program GEN

SERD LAO 3280 Health Sector Governance Program GEN

SERD LAO 3315 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD MYA 3316 Mandalay City Urban Services Improvement Project EGM

SERD REG 3314 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD REG 3315 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD REG 3353 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD VIE 3251 Supporting Viet Nam Water Sector, PFR 3 EGM

Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category

SERD VIE 3317 Second Northern Greater Mekong Subregion Transport Network Improvement Project - Additional Financing EGM

SERD VIE 3340 Urban Environment and Climage Change Adaptaion Project EGM

SERD VIE 3353 Second Greater Mekong Subregion Corridor Towns Development Project EGM

SERD VIE 3363/3364 Ha Noi Metro Line Sysem Project (Line 3: Nhon-Hanoi Station Section) Additional Financing EGM

SERD VIE 3373 Water Sector Investment Program PFR4 EGM

Appendix 3: Analysis of Midterm Review Reports

Dept DMC Loan/

Grant No. Project Name Category Overall Progress BTOR MOU

Gender Action Plan

(GAP) Matrix

Remarks 1= reported;

0 = not reported

CWRD ARM 2923 Women’s Entrepreneurship Support Sector Development Program

GEN

All policy actions for the second tranche release have been met. Lack of clarity in environmental and social management system requirements caused initial delay in disbursement.

√ √ x 1

CWRD GEO 3238 Urban Services Improvement Investment Program-Tranche 4

EGM Implementation slowed down. x x x 0

CWRD KAZ 3093 Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Program- Tranche 2

EGM Overall disbursement was at 70%. x √ x 1

CWRD KGZ 2902 Second Vocational Education and Skills Development Project

EGM There was a delay of about 24 months in major activities.

x x x 0

CWRD TAJ 8259

Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 6 (Ayni-Uzbekistan Border Road) Improvement Project

EGM Project was on track. x √ x 1

EARD MON 2766 Higher Education Reform Project GEN Project was rated "Actual Problem". √ √ √ 1

EARD PRC 2898 Heilongjiang Energy Efficient District Heating Project

EGM Project was on track. √ √ x 1

EARD PRC 2962 Hunan Xiangjiang Inland Waterway Transport Development Project

EGM Significant physical progress has been achieved.

x √ x 1

PARD PNG 2686 Microfinance Expansion Project EGM Project was on track. x √ x 1

SARD BAN 2555 Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program (Program Loan)

EGM

Despite the elapsed loan period of 75%, overall cumulative contract awards remained low at 33% of the loan amount. Cumulative disbursement was at 20%.

x √ √ 1

SARD BAN 2695 City Region Development Project EGM Overall progress was at 40.4%, with disbursement of 32.1%, compared to an elapsed loan period of 62.8%.

√ √ √ 1

SARD IND 2684 MFF - Assam Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management Investment Program - Tranche 1

EGM

Project has been catching up on the physical progress. Disbursements remained low at $27M or 54.3% of the reduced loan amount of $49.9M

x √ x 1

SARD IND 2797 Uttarakhand Urban Sector Development Investment Program - Tranche 2

EGM Project achieved moderate progress with overall implementation progress at 24%.

x √ √ 1

Dept DMC Loan/

Grant No. Project Name Category Overall Progress BTOR MOU

Gender Action Plan

(GAP) Matrix

Remarks 1= reported;

0 = not reported

SARD IND 2881 Rural Connectivity Investment Program - Tranche 1

EGM Project was on track with good progress and utilization of loan funds.

√ √ √ 1

SARD MLD 2867 Inclusive Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprise Development Project

EGM Physical and financial progress of the project was on track.

x x x 0

SARD NEP 2656 Kathmandu Sustainable Urban Transport Project

EGM Project was delayed. x √ x 1

SERD VIE 2828 Development of the Northern Chu and Southern Ma Rivers Irrigation System Project

EGM Project was on track. √ √ √ 1

SERD CAM 2672 Water Resources Management Sector Development Program

EGM Physical progress was estimated at 55% compared to an elapsed time of 51% from loan effectivity.

√ √ √ 1

SERD CAM 2839 Provincial Roads Improvement Project EGM

Project suffered a 9-month initial implementation delay with overall progress rate at 35% but still with potential to catch up.

x √ x 1