GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

WORK PARTICIPATION AND MIGRATION

VARSHA JOSHIDIRECTOR CENSUS OPERATIONS DELHI

2

FEMALE WORK PARTICIPATION

• ALL INDIA TREND OVER TIME

1981 1991 20010

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19.67

22.27

25.7

23.06

26.79

30.8

8.31 9.19

11.9

TotalRuralUrban

Male Work Participation Ratio- All India trend overtime

1981 1991 200146

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

52.62

51.61 51.68

53.77

52.5852.11

49.06 48.92

50.6 TotalRuralUrban

(Table B-1)

4

• Female work participation rate is increasing slowly but steadily. It is far lower in urban areas than in rural areas. The increase for rural areas is quite high at 7.6% over 20 years.

• Male work participation rate is decreasing in rural areas and increasing in urban areas while remaining, overall, fairly static.

5

Value of further analysis

• Since there is a wealth of previous Census data available, it is worthwhile to analyse by various factors to pinpoint the areas requiring greater care while netting information for Census 2011

• Factors analysed: o Geography & culture of stateso Urban vs rural areaso Age groupso Educationo Category of work

6

GEOGRAPHICAL TREND

MIZORAM

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

CHHATTISG

ARH

MANIPUR (Excl

. 3 Su

b-divisio

ns)

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

SIKKIM

NAGALAND

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

MEGHALA

YA

ANDHRA PRADESH

RAJAST

HAN

MADHYA PRADES

H

KARNATAKA

TAMIL N

ADU

MAHARASHTR

A

GUJARAT

UTTARANCHAL

HARYANA

JHARKHAND

INDIA

ORISSA

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

GOA

TRIPURA

ASSAM

PUNJAB

BIHAR

DAMAN & DIU

WES

T BEN

GAL

PONDICHERRY

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

UTTAR PRADES

H

KERALA

CHANDIGARHDELH

I

LAKSH

ADWEE

P0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.047.5

43.7

40.039.0 38.7 38.6 38.1

36.535.1 35.1

33.5 33.232.0 31.5 30.8

27.9 27.3 27.2 26.4 25.624.7

22.5 22.421.1 20.7

19.1 18.8 18.6 18.317.2 16.6 16.5

15.414.2

9.4

7.3

7

Geographical trend

• North East and other tribal population states tend to show highest FWP, followed by Southern and then Western states.

• UP, Kerala, Bihar and Punjab are major states having FWP below 20%

• Delhi and Chandigarh have very low FWP which should be studied with reference to urban segments of other states.

8

Worker’s sex ratio

• Number of female workers per 100 male workers

• Direct and useful indicator to compare female and male work participation

9

MANIPUR (Excl

. 3 Su

b-divisio

ns)

MIZORAM

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

CHHATTISG

ARH

NAGALAND

MEGHALA

YA

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

RAJAST

HAN

ANDHRA PRADESH

MADHYA PRADES

H

SIKKIM

UTTARANCHAL

KARNATAKA

TAMIL N

ADU

MAHARASHTR

A

JHARKHAND

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

GUJARAT

HARYANA

INDIA

ORISSA

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

TRIPURA

GOA

ASSAM

BIHAR

PONDICHERRY

KERALA

UTTAR PRADES

H

WES

T BEN

GAL

PUNJAB

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

DAMAN & DIU

CHANDIGARH

LAKSH

ADWEE

PDELH

I0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

7978 77

7573

71

6462 61

59 5957

54 54 5352

50

47 47 46 46

40 39 39 3937

32 32 32 32 31

25

20 20

1615

WORKERS’ SEX RATIO :Female WF per 100 Male WF (Total)

10

CHHATTISG

ARH

MIZORAM

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

NAGALAND

MANIPUR (Excl

. 3 Su

b-divisio

ns)

MAHARASHTR

A

MEGHALA

YA

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

RAJAST

HAN

UTTARANCHAL

ANDHRA PRADESH

MADHYA PRADES

H

TAMIL N

ADU

KARNATAKA

GUJARAT

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

SIKKIM

JHARKHAND

HARYANA

INDIA

ORISSA

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

GOA

PONDICHERRY

TRIPURA

ASSAM

BIHAR

PUNJAB

WES

T BEN

GAL

UTTAR PRADES

H

KERALA

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

DELHI

DAMAN & DIU

LAKSH

ADWEE

P

CHANDIGARH0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8684 84

82 82

7876 75 74 74 73

7169

6766

63 62 62

5856

5049 48

44 43 42

39 3937 36

34

28

17 1715

11

Female Work Force per 100 Male WF (Rural)

11MANIPUR (E

xcl. 3

Sub-divi

sions)

MIZORAM

MEGHALA

YA

TAMIL N

ADU

SIKKIM GOA

DAMAN & DIU

NAGALAND

KARNATAKA

KERALA

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

PONDICHERRY

CHHATTISG

ARH

ANDHRA PRADESH

TRIPURA

MADHYA PRADES

H

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

INDIA

CHANDIGARH

MAHARASHTR

A

WES

T BEN

GAL

ORISSA

HARYANA

LAKSH

ADWEE

P

RAJAST

HAN

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

ASSAM

PUNJAB

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

GUJARAT

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

BIHARDELH

I

UTTARANCHAL

JHARKHAND

UTTAR PRADES

H0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

7270

47

33 3231 31

30 29 29 2827 26 25

23 23 2221 21 21

19 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 1715 15 15 15

14 13 13

Female Work Force per 100 Male WF (Urban)

12

Labour force sex ratio

• Females per 100 males in 15-59 age group who are either main or marginal workers or are non workers willing to work

• Gives compensatory knowledge with respect to factors which may prevent correct declaration of work by respondent

13MANIPUR (E

xcl. 3

Sub-divi

sions)

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

MIZORAM

NAGALAND

MEGHALA

YA

CHHATTISG

ARH

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

ANDHRA PRADESH

TAMIL N

ADU

SIKKIM

RAJAST

HAN

MADHYA PRADES

H

KERALA

UTTARANCHAL

TRIPURA

KARNATAKA

MAHARASHTR

A

JHARKHAND

GOA

ORISSA

INDIA

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

GUJARAT

ASSAM

HARYANA

WES

T BEN

GAL

LAKSH

ADWEE

P

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

PONDICHERRY

BIHAR

PUNJAB

UTTAR PRADES

H

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

CHANDIGARH

DAMAN & DIU

DELHI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

84

7978

76 75 75

6765

62 62 61 6059 59 58

57

5352 52 51 51

50 50 49 48 48 48 4846

39 38

34 34

27

23

19

Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - INDIA

14

CHHATTISG

ARH

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

MANIPUR (Excl

. 3 Su

b-divisio

ns)

MIZORAM

NAGALAND

MEGHALA

YA

MAHARASHTR

A

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

ANDHRA PRADESH

TAMIL N

ADU

UTTARANCHAL

RAJAST

HAN

MADHYA PRADES

H

KARNATAKA

GUJARAT

SIKKIM

JHARKHAND

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

KERALA

INDIAGOA

TRIPURA

HARYANA

ORISSA

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

PONDICHERRY

ASSAM

WES

T BEN

GAL

LAKSH

ADWEE

P

PUNJAB

BIHAR

UTTAR PRADES

H

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

DELHI

DAMAN & DIU

CHANDIGARH0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

87 86 85 84 83

8078

76 76 75 74 7472

6968

6462 61 60 60 59 59 58

5654 54

5150

46 45

4138

36

2118

14

Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - Rural

15MANIPUR (Excl

. 3 Su

b-divisio

ns)

MIZORAM

MEGHALA

YA

KERALA

TRIPURA

LAKSH

ADWEE

P

TAMIL N

ADUGOA

WES

T BEN

GAL

SIKKIM

PONDICHERRY

NAGALAND

DAMAN & DIU

ANDHRA PRADESH

ARUNACHAL PRADES

H

ASSAM

KARNATAKA

HIMACHAL P

RADESH

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

CHHATTISG

ARHINDIA

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR IS

LANDS

CHANDIGARH

ORISSA

MADHYA PRADES

H

PUNJAB

MAHARASHTR

A

HARYANA

UTTARANCHAL

RAJAST

HAN

GUJARAT

JHARKHAND

BIHAR

UTTAR PRADES

H

DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

DELHI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

81

72

5756 56

50

4746 45

43 42 42

3937 36

35 34 3432 31 31

29 29 29 2826

25 24 2422 22 22 21

20 19 19

Female Labour force available for work per 100 male Labour Force - Urban

16

MALE & FEMALE WPR ACROSS AGE GROUPS-INDIA

Tot

al

5-9

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

29

30-

34

35-

39

40-

49

50-

59

60-

69

70-

79

80+

A.N

.S

15-

59

60+

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

52

2

9

39

71

89

95 97 9792

70

49

3539

81

60

26

1

8

25

36

4146 48 47

41

26

139

22

40

21

MWPRFWPR

17

WPR ACROSS AGE GROUPS-INDIA (RURAL)

To-tal

5-9 10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

80+ A.N.

S

15-59

60+0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

52

2

10

45

77

9196 97 97

94

76

54

37 38

83

66

31

2

11

32

4552

56 58 57

49

31

1610

26

49

25

MWPRFWPR

18

WPR ACROSS AGE GROUPS-INDIA (URBAN)

To-tal

5-9 10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

80+ A.N.

S

15-59

60+0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

51

14

26

58

83

9396 96

88

51

34

28

40

75

44

12

1 28

1317

2123 24

20

116 5

1318

9

MWPRFWPR

19

WPR across age groups

• While the peak work participation is in the 35-49 age group both for males and females, there is a steep rise for males through age group 20-35 while the curve is much flatter for females. Thus females of child bearing age appear to be disproportionately left behind in work participation, and to a far greater extent in urban areas compared to rural areas.

20

  FWPR

A+B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q

Total 25.60 19.62 0.08 2.60 0.02 0.32 0.55 0.06 0.09 0.48 1.80

Rural 30.77 26.21 0.08 2.43 0.01 0.21 0.40 0.04 0.04 0.32 1.03

Urban 11.84 2.07 0.06 3.04 0.04 0.60 0.94 0.10 0.22 0.90 3.87

FWPR ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-INDIA

INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES: A – Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry; B – Fishing; C – Mining and Quarrying; D – Manufacturing ; E – Electricity, Gas and Water Supply; F – Construction; G – Wholesale and Retail Trade; H – Hotels and Restaurants; I – Transport, Storage and Communications; J – Financial Intermediation; K – Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities; L – Public Administration and Defence, Compulsory Social Security; M – Education; N – Health and Social Work; O – Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities; P – Private Households with Employed Persons; Q – Extra-Territorial Organisations and Bodies.

21

FWPR ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-INDIA

FWPR A+B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

TotalRuralUrban

22Main workers A & B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

30

41

16

27

5

10

8

9

3

19

3435

41

21

36

4

910

12

2

22

29

18

35

9

18

7

11

78

4

18

39

TotalRuralUrban

Female workers per 100 males over Industrial Categories - INDIA

URBAN AREAS: FWPR ACROSS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS- INDIA

Educational level FWPRTotal 11.88

Illiterate 12.88

Literate 11.30

Literate but below matric/secondary 8.19

Matric/secondary but below graduate 9.75

Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree 46.52

Graduate and above other than technical degree 24.86

Technical degree or diploma equal to degree or post-graduate degree 48.92

(Table B-3)

Total

Illite

rate

Literate

Literate

but below m

atric/s

econdary

Matri

c/seco

ndary but below graduate

Technica

l diploma or c

ertifica

te not e

qual to degre

e

Graduate and above oth

er than te

chnica

l degre

e

Technica

l degre

e or diploma equal to

degree or p

ost-graduate

degree

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

11.88 12.8811.30

8.199.75

46.52

24.86

48.92

FWPR

25

Education and work participation

• Females who have acquired technical qualifications are more likely to be returned as working compared to females having other educational levels

26

Why is FWPR so low in Delhi?

• Economic reasons: similar to other urban areas

• Social reasons: similar to neighbouring states and states contributing most in-migrants

FWPR FOR DELHI

1981 1991 20010

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

6.84 7.369.4

19.67

22.27

25.7

23.06

26.79

30.8

8.319.19

11.9

Delhi TotalIndia TotalIndia RuralIndia Urban

(Table B-1)

28Main workers

A & B C D E F G H I J &K L to Q0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

14

32

67

6 75

65

16

39

Total

FEMALE WORKERS PER 100 MALE WORKERS ACROSS NIC CATEGORIES-DELHI

29

Work Participation across categories A to Q  L to Q J & K I H G F E D (HHI) D(NON) C A+B

Males 733295 323540 362357 74160 894063 279904 41294 106292 916731 14288 57599

Females 288667 51587 17041 4748 44161 19156 2642 18586 57616 817 18481

L to Q

J & K

I

H

G

F

E

D (HHI)

D(NON)

C

A+B

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

MalesFemales

A – Agriculture, Hunting and ForestryB – FishingC – Mining and QuarryingD – Manufacturing

E – Electricity, Gas & Water SupplyF – ConstructionG – Wholesale and Retail TradeH – Hotels and RestaurantsI – Transport, Storage and CommunicationsJ – Financial IntermediationK – Real Estate, Renting and Business ActivitiesL – Public Administration and Defence, Compulsory Social SecurityM – EducationN – Health and Social Work

O – Other Community, Social and Personal Service ActivitiesP – Private Households with Employed PersonsQ – Extra-Territorial Organisations and Bodies.

30

Categories returning unexpectedly low worker sex ratio

• Household manufacturing

• Non- household manufacturing

• Construction

• Retail trade

31

Strategies for Census 2011

• Encourage enumerator to interact with at least one male member and one female member of the household if they are available at home

• The publicity campaign, especially on TV, should emphasise response from female family members even if a male member is present

32

More strategies: for urban areas

• Identify localities where female manual labour and female household manufacturing is expected to be high; Charge Officer must ensure proper netting of information

• Get specific response regarding willingness to work from female non workers

• Make special attempt to get response regarding economic activities not having a formal structure, such as “tupperware ladies”, tuitions, beauty parlours/ boutiques etc

MIGRATION

In-migration to urban areasOut- migration from rural areas

34

DELHI

• IN- MIGRATION IN URBAN AREAS: ARE SINGLE MALES COMING IN MORE THAN FAMILIES?

• IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE IN FWPR AMONG MIGRANTS COMPARED TO TOTALS?

35

Female Migrants from other States of India with reason for Migration

Reason for Migration

Percentage

Work/Employment 4.4

Marriage 36.2

Moved with family 48.7

Other reason 10.7Work/Employment Marriage Moved with family Other reason

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4.4

36.2

48.7

10.7

36

Female migrants over 100 male migrants from different States & U.Ts in NCT of Delhi

Haryan

a

Chandiga

rgh

Mahara

shtra

Kerala

Dadra

& Nag

ar Hav

eli

Andhra Prad

esh

Gujarat

Punjab

Karnata

ka

Tamil N

adu

A & N

Islan

ds

Meghala

ya

Laksh

adweep

Jammu &

Kashmir

Chhatisga

rgh

Madhya

Pradesh

Rajasth

an Goa

Pondicherry

Sikkim

Tripura

Arunach

al Prad

eshAssa

m

Himach

al Prad

esh

Uttranch

al

Uttar Prad

esh

West

Bengal

Manipur

Mizoram

Nagala

ndOris

sa

Daman

& Diu

Jharkhan

dBihar

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

133

113

107 106 105101 101 100

98 98 9794 92 92

89 88 88 8885

82 81 81 81 79 78 77 76 75 7471

6158 58

46

37

Strategy for Delhi

• “Netting the tenants”

• Targeted publicity in urbanised villages and unauthorised colonies of Delhi

• Thorough inclusion of labour huts and similar structures which have come up after 1st phase (HLO)