GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN

INDONESIAN HIGHER EDUCATION’S

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION: CASE OF BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (IPB)

Titik SumartiVice Dean for Academic and Student Affairs, Faculty of Human Ecology – IPB

Vice Head II Assosiasi Pusat Studi Wanita/Gender dan Anak Indonesia (ASWGI)

Conference on Gender Mainstreaming in Higher Education Institutions in ASEAN, Manila, 27-28 November 2017

OUTLINE

Background

Problems

Indonesian Government Policy for Research and Publication

Sex disaggregated data of Indonesian Research and Publications, case of IPB

Closing Noted

BACKGROUND

COMPETITIVENESS 2015-2016 37 (4,5) COMPETITIVENESS 2016-2017 41(4,5)

Pillar/Sub Pillar Rank Score Pillar/Sub Pillar Rank Score

12th Innovation 30 3,9 Innovation 31 4,0

Capacity for Innovation 30 4,7 Capacity for Innovation 32 4,7

Quality of scientific

research institutions

41 4,3 Quality of scientific

research institutions

41 4,4

Company spending on R&D 24 4,2 Company spending on R&D 26 4,4

University-industry

collaboration in R&D

30 4,5 University-industry

collaboration in R&D

28 4,4

Gov’t procurement of advanced

tech products.

13 4,2 Gov’t procurement of advanced

tech products.

12 4,3

Availability of scientists andengineers

34 4,6 Availability of scientists andengineers

38 4,5

PCT patents,

applications/million pop.*

102 0,1 PCT patents,

applications/million pop.*

99 0,1

Switzerland 1(5,76) à1(5,81); Singapor 2(5,68) à2(5,72); Malaysia 18 (5,23) à 25(5,16); Thailand 32 (4,64) à 34(4,64);

Indonesia 37 (4,52) à 41(4,52); Philipines 47 (4,39) à 57(4,36); Vietnam 56 (4,30) à60(4,31);

Source: WEF 2015 & 2016 page28, in Dir R&D, MRT&HE (2016)

PORTRAIT OF COMPETITIVENESS 2015 v 2016

Pola Pertumbuhan PUBLIKASI INTERNASIONAL Terindeks

Scopus (sd Oktober 2016)

Country 2011 2016

Malaysia 46 79

Thailand 26 26

Philippines 13 22

Indonesia 8 25

SCOPUS 25

DOAJ 200

JURNAL Terindeks Scopus

Sumber: Analisis berbagai sumber tahun 2016; dalam Dirjen Risbang Kemenristekdikti (2016)

9.012 (5 Des)

11.893 (5 Des)

22.744 (5 Des)

INDICATORS R&D - PUBLICATIONS

9

The system is thoroughly tested / proven through successful operation

Dev

elo

pm

ent

Res

earc

h

8

The system has been complete and reliable through testing and demonstration

in the actual environment

7

Demonstration of prototype system in the actual environment

3

Proof of concept of functions and / or important characteristics analytically and

experimentally

Bas

ic R

esea

rch

2

Formulation of concept and / or application formulation

1

The basic principles of the technology are researched and reported

6

Demonstration model or prototype system /

subsystem in a relevant environment

Ap

plie

dR

esea

rch

5

Validate components / subsystems in a relevant

environment

4

Validate components / subsystems in a laboratory

environment

9 L

evel

TRL

(Sta

rted

201

7)ONLY + 6% (FROM

15.480 FUNDED) RESULT

OF MIS OF R&CS

>= TRL 7 (DATA 2016)

INDICATORS R&D - TRL

RES

ULT

Researcher

http://forlap.dikti.go.id

RESEARCH FUNDING FROM DRPM

& NON DRPM 30%RESOURCES

SUPPORTING FACILITY

INSTITUTION

RESEARCHStandar procedure 15%

MANAGEMENT

Scientific Forum

Publication on Journal

RESEARCH Speakers 50%OUTPUT

Patents

Textbooks

REVENUE activities contract 5%GENERATING business unit

EVALUATION COMPONENTS CONTIBUTOR 1.447 HE OF TOTAL 3.246

EVALUATION OF R & D PERFORMANCE OF

INDONESIAN UNIVERSITIES

N

o

Eval

uation

Period

(Year)

Plattinum (Mandiri)

Gold (Uta-ma)

Silver (Ma-dya)

Brown (Bina-an)

Total of

Contribu-

tor

1 2007-2009 10 22 71 291 394

2 2010-2012 14 36 79 772 901

3 2013-2015 25 73 160 1.219 1.447

NO HIGHER EDUCATION

GOVERN PRIVATE TOTAL

1 UNDER THE MTRHE 122 3.124 3.246

2 STUDENT 1.962.250 4.156.483 6.118.733

3 LECTURER 68.122 145.798 213.920

Source: Director R&D Strengthening , 2016

PROBLEMS

THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH IN

INDONESIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Source: Director R&D Strengthening , 2016

The Quality and Quantity of

Researcher:

1. Workload non research >

2. Quality of postgraduate

student

Relevance:

Researcher only with

academic perspective

Technology Readiness Level

(TRL) low

infrastructure and facilities:

1. not standard and obsolete

2. appraisal system still

minimal

Funding Mechanism:

Tied to the Government's

financial management slow

budget disbursement and

complicated liability

The problems of R&D in Higher Education:

Gender Perspective

o Access to: Who (men or women) access to policy interventions

and infrastructure availability of R & D

o Partisipation: Who (men or women) participated in the

interventions process? When not, what are the constraints

faced?

o Control: Do men and women alike have power over decision-

making regarding the intervention?

o Benefit: Does the intervention really benefit men and women?

or which ones are profitable for men and which ones will

benefit women?

Indonesian Government Policy

for R & P

1. WRITER OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION (PPII) à LPDP

2. VARIOUS AWARD TO RESEARCH à RISTEKDIKTI

AWARDS OR INCENTIVE

TO RESEARCHERS

REGISTERED JOURNAL OF INDONESIA

WITH SCOPUS INDEX 2015PenerbitN

o

1

Nama Jurnal Ilmiah

International Journal of Electrical Engineering andInformatics

Institut Teknologi B

2 Journal of ICT Research andApplications Institut Teknologi

3 Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Institut Teknologi

Institut Teknologi4

5

Journal of Engineering and Technological

Sciences Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Universitas Gadjah

Universitas Gadjah6

7

Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business

International Journal of Power Electronics and DriveSystems

Institute of Advanc

8 International Journal of Electrical and ComputerEngineering

Institute of Advanc

andung (ITB)

Bandung

(ITB)

Bandung

(ITB)

Bandung

(ITB) Mada

(UGM)

Mada (UGM)

ed Engineering and Science(IAES)

ed Engineering and Science(IAES)

9 Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP)

Universitas Indonesia (UI)10

11

International Journal of

Technology Biodiversitas Universitas Negeri

12 Indonesian Journal of AppliedLinguistics Universitas Pendid

13 Agrivita Universitas Brawij

14 Al-Jami’ah UIN Sunan Kalijag

15 TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics andControl

Universitas Ahmad

16 Biotropia

SEAMEO BIOTROP

17 Critical Care and Shock Indonesian Society

18 Acta Medica Indonesiana

19 Kukila (Bulletin of Indonesianornithology)

Pusat Informasi Li

Sebelas Maret (UNS)

ikan Indonesia

(UPI) aya (UB)

a

Dahlan (UAD)

of Critical Care

Medicine of Internal

Medicine

ngkungan Indonesia (PILI-NGOMovement)

20 Studia Islamica UIN Jakarta

JOU

RN

AL

FAC

ILIT

ATI

ON

PR

OG

RA

M

International-

Journal

Bantuan Internasionalisasi Jurnal Ilmiah

Worksho

pInternasionali

ssi Jurnal

Ilmiah

Langganan basis datae- Jurnal

Sosialisasi, Monitoring,Evaluasi e-Journal

National

Journal

Pelatihan Penggunaan OJS

Akreditasi

Jurnal Ilmiah

Indonesian Society Perbaikan SistemAkreditasi

Pelatihan Pengelolan -

e-Jurnal

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION FACILITATION

International Publication

Incentives published article in international journal

International article writing training

International Conference

Organizing in Indonesia

Attending International Conferences

Abroad

National

Publication

Book

incentives

Book writing counseling

Article writing training

University publication maps

OUTPUT TARGETED OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY: Implemented by each university

OUTPUT EXPLANATION

Scientific publications in

national / international

journals

Paper published by scientific journal

Patent The exclusive right granted by the state to the inventor of

his invention

Prototype (laboratory

scale, industrial scale)

The initial physical form of an object (entity) that has

been studied theoretically and validated through a model

test or simulation

Product technology Documents containing efforts or means using existing

resources (means, sciences, methods and others) for the

manufacture of goods / services

Process technology Documents containing descriptions of a series of

interrelated activities that convert inputs into outcomes

SOURCE: DIRECTOR OF R&D, MRTHE, 2016

Sumber: www.simlitabmas.dikti.go.id per 31 Januari 2016 dan www.sciencedirect.com

University Research Mapping Parameters

BUKU AJAR/TEKS

1 42 3

5

86

7

Integrating gender into University Research and Publications

The Fact

Sex disaggregated data of Indonesian research and

publications

case of IPB

Areas of Research Focus

Food -Agriculture

Health - Drugs Transportation

Information and

Communication Technology

Defense and Security

Advanced material

Maritime and Marine

Disasters

Source: Directorate of research and

development strengthening, MRTHE, 2017

Social Humanities, Cultural Arts, Education

Table 1. Percentage of Male and Female

according to Basic Research in Indonesia, 2014

60.37 58.54

39.63 41.46

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

JILID 1 JILID 2

LK PR

Basic Research means that the level of technological readiness

is still low.

Data show that Male do basic research is relatively higher than

Female

Table 2. Percentage of Male and Female

according to Applied Research, 2014 Stage 1

46.55 46.28

65.22

53.45 53.72

34.78

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

BIDANG KETAHANAN PANGAN BIDANG KESEHATAN DAN OBAT-OBATAN BIDANG ENERGI DAN TERBARUKAN

LK PR

Applied Research means that the level of technological readiness is

medium.

Data show that Female do more applied research on food security,

health and medicine relatively than Male. On the contrary Male do

more applied research of energy and renewable energy than Female

Table 3. Percentage of Male and Female

according to Applied Research, 2014 Stage 2

80

65.52 66.67

46.51

20

34.48 33.33

53.49

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

BIDANG PERTAHANAN DAN

KEAMANAN

BIDANG TEKNOLOGI

INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI.

BIDANG KEBAHARIAN DAN

KELAUTAN

BIDANG MATERIAL MAJU

LK PR

Data show that Male do more applied research on defense and

security, information and communication technology, maritime

and marine fields relatively than Female; On the contrary Female

do more applied research of advanced material field than Male

Table 4. Percentage of Male and Female

according to Development Research in Indonesia, 2014

69.23

100.00

72.3182.76

75.00 77.65

30.77

0.00

27.6917.24

25.00 22.35

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

KOMPETITIF

NASIONAL

PUNAS HIBAH KOMPETENSI

2014

PENGEMBANGAN

IPTEK

RAPID MP3EI

LK PR

Development Research means that the level of technological

readiness is high.

Data show that Male do development research relatively higher

than Female

Research area focused on Gender,

Women and Child Studies? no specific field of gender, women, and child study

the study entered into other research areas as cross cutting

issue, especially on social humanities, cultural arts and

education research area

there are approximately 350 research focusing on gender,

women and child studies from women's study center / gender

study center/ gender and child’s center (ASWGI, 2016)

Indonesian Association of women/gender and child studies

has proposed to the ministry of research, technology and

higher education that the field of study to be a separate of

research focuses area

PARAMETER

No Data Total

University

No Data Total Data

1 RIP 282 1 RIP 1176

2 Scopus 79 2 Scopus 4527

3 International Journal 202 3 International Journal 5583

4 Accredited Journal

Nasional

97 4 Accredited Journal

Nasional

752

5 Books 185 5 Books 2004

6 Appropriate Technology 52 6 Appropriate Tchnology 294

7 Intellectual Property

Rights (IPR)

82 7 Intellectual Property

Right

874

8 Prototype 32 8 Prototype 154

Table 5: Order of Total University and Number of Data

Source: Director R&D Strengthening , 2016

NoExcellence

RIPJournal

Books IPR Prototype AT

Scopus Internasional Acreditatio

n

Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank.

1 Poverty Alleviation 32 14 7 20 12 21 2 17 4 21 1 20 1 10 1 14

2 Climate Change &

Biodiversity

89 5 286 6 199 9 19 11 32 13 12 14 6 10

3 New and renewable energy 80 7 126 8 157 11 2 17 5 20 27 10 6 6 23 5

4 Food security and

Sovereignty

96 4 108 11 156 12 37 7 38 12 25 11 10 4 62 1

5 health, tropical diseases, nutrition and medicine

96 4 876 1 1212 1 151 1 187 5 135 2 11 3 12 9

6 Disaster management & mitigation

29 15 59 13 43 17 3 16 11 17 6 17 1 10 3 12

7 National integrastion & social harmony

110 2 110 10 401 5 99 2 382 1 70 4 2 13

8 Regional autonomy & Decentralitation

16 20 5 21 28 20 14 13 24 15 3 18

9 Art and cuture/ creative industry 105 3 16 17 52 15 39 6 98 9 43 5 9 5 27 4

10 Infrastructure 44 11 53 14 106 14 11 14 23 16 8 15 2 13

11 Transportation 26 16 25 16 47 16 3 16 6 19 2 19 4 8 2 13

12 Defense & security 11 21 6 19 2 19

Table 6. Total and Ranking of Each Excellence based on

Simlitabmas Data as of 31 January 2016

No ExcellenceRIP

JurnalBuku HKI Prototype TTG

Scopus Internasional Akreditasi

Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank. Total Rank.

13 Information technology &

communication

126 1 788 2 611 2 14 13 88 10 147 1 46 1 34 3

14 Advanced materials 34 13 166 7 540 3 33 9 4 21 33 9 11 3 4 11

15 Maritime 24 18 8 19 38 18 9 18 7 16 1 10 2 13

16 Human development & nation competitiveness

84 6 296 5 220 8 91 3 223 2 36 7 6 6 16 8

17 Mathematics & natural sciences 39 12 700 3 485 4 41 5 127 7 70 4 5 7 2 13

18 Plant sciences 25 17 120 9 181 10 25 10 47 11 15 12 2 9 17 7

19 Veterinary sciences 17 19 102 12 134 13 55 4 28 14 14 13 2 9 22 6

20 Engineering sciences 46 10 509 4 386 6 16 12 144 6 128 3 28 2 55 2

21 Linguistic sciences 16 20 14 18 33 19 6 15 117 8 14 13

22 Economic sciences 69 8 126 8 385 7 55 4 203 3 42 6

23 Education sciences 67 9 27 15 157 11 36 8 198 4 34 8 11 3 2 13

Table 7. Total and Ranking of Each Excellence based on

Simlitabmas Data as of 31 January 2016

Table 8. Percentage of Male and Female by

Publication Score in Indonesia, 2017

2.56 3.85 0.00 0.00

22.73

0.00

57.69

80.77

0.00

72.73

77.27

0

33.33

10.26

37.18

27.27

0.00

77.27

6.41 5.13

62.82

0 0.00

22.73

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SCOPUS H-Index GOOGLE H-SCORE SINTA SCORE SCOPUS H-Index GOOGLE H-SCORE SINTA SCORE

Laki-laki Perempuan

Rendah Sedang Tinggi Sanggat Tinggi

Scopus H-index: Google H-index: Sinta Score: Data based on

Low: <5 Low: <10 Low: <15 100 Authors with

Medium: 5-15 Medium: 10-25 Medium: 15-40 the highest score:

High: 16-25 High: 26-40 High: 41-55 Female relatively

Very High:>25 Very High:>40 Very High:>55 lower than Male

Rangking Institution

1 Bandung Institute of Technology

2 Gadjah Mada University

3 University of Indonesia

4 Bogor Agricultural University

5 Brawijaya University

6 Sepuluh November Institute of Technology

7 Airlangga University

8 Hasanuddin University

9 Diponegoro University

10 Padjadjaran University

Indonesian Higher Education Index (HEI) Rangking 2016

Source: Directorate General of

Institutional Afairs for Science,

Technology and Higher Education —

MRTHE 2016 in Nur et.all (2017)

CHARACTERISTIC OF

IPB’S RESEARCHER

Table 9. Percentage of IPB Researcher in 2012-2014

58

43

58

42

64

3638

62

83

18

62

38

5348

5149

22

78

64

36

64

36

57

43

55

45

65

35

62

38

56

44

54

4640

60

68

32

65

35

63

37

53

47

70

30

62

38

60

40

61

39

30

70

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR

FAPERTA FKH FPIK FAPET FAHUTAN FATETA FMIPA FEM FEMA

2012 2013 2014

Data show that for three years (2012-2014) male researchers tend to be

more dominant than female in all faculties, except in the faculty of human

ecology. Also, percentage of male researchers tend to increase compared to

women in three years, except in the faculty of human ecology. There is still

a stereotype that human-related science is more appropriate for women

Table 10. Researcher of Faculty of Human Ecology

– IPB based on Funding Source, 2012-2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR

Desentralisasi IPB Sumber dana Dikti IB SUMBER DANA KMNRT DEPTAN

2012

2013

2013

2014

2015

Data show that male researchers mostly use funding sources from

decentralized IPB, whereas female researchers use more sources from

outside IPB (ministry of technology and higher education, ministry

of agriculture). Women show more competitiveness in obtaining

funds

Table 11. Total Funding for Researcher of Faculty

of Human Ecology – IPB, 2012-2016

-

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,600,000,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

LK

PR

The data shows that there are dynamics in obtaining the amount of

research fund. In 2012, 2013, and 2015 female researchers are more

funded than male researchers, but in 2014 and 2016 the opposite

occurred.

Table 12. Researcher Based on Education

4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2

3038

2835

2836

2838

2737

6659

6963

6961

7059

7160

1 0 1 1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

S1 S2 S3 sarjana profesi

The data show that most researchers have been educated S3

(doctorate). When compared between men and women,

male researchers are more highly educated doctors.

Table 13. Researcher Based on Functional Status

4 4 3 6 4 8 814

713

14 19 1518

1515 14

14

1414

31

40

19 1128

3528

33

27

33

35

29

29 37

33

30

31

28

31

28

169

34 2920

1220

1221

12

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Calon Dosen Asisten Ahli Lektor Lektor Kepala Guru Besar

The data show that most researchers are lector and head lector.

When compared between male and female researchers, male

researcher have more head lector and professor than female

researchers.

Table 14. Researcher Based on Structural Positions

90 10 80 20 8911

8813

8317 100

0

63 38 71 29 9010

5050

90 10 80 20 89

11

7921

80

20100

0

57 43 6338 90

10

63

38

90 10 82 1873

27

81 19

80

20100

0

61 3970

30 83

17

63

38

90 10 80 20 77

23

85 15

0

25100

0

62 38 74

26 74

26

60

40

90 10 81 19 7327

81 19 75 25 100

0

62 38 75 25 7426

7129

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR LK PR

DEKAN DIREKTUR KEP-KAN KEP-PUS KADEPT REKTOR SEKDEPT SEKPUS WADEK WADIR

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The data shows that over the past five years: there are no female

rectors and vice rectors, 10 percent of female deans, and there is an

increasing number of female vice deans and heads of departments

but not yet 30 percent

Closing Notes The ministry of technology and higher education has provided

access to research and publications for universities, but has not

specifically opened gender, women and child studies as a separate

research focus area

The participation of male researchers is more dominant in basic

and development research, while the participation of female

researchers is more dominant in applied research with excellence

areas of food security and agriculture stereotype

Based on publication scores, female researchers have relatively

lower scores than male researchers

Closing Notes Based on the characteristics of the researchers (IPB case) still

shows the existence of gender issues in the development of research and publications in universities:

➢ The participation of male researchers is more through IPB decentralization funding sources, while female demonstrate competitiveness through external funding sources of IPB

➢ Decision makers included in the research policy and publications are still male-dominated

➢ Publications in reputable international journals are one of the requirements to become professors female get benefit being professor less than male

The importance of association roles in gender mainstreaming in higher education, and enabling female researchers in research and publications

Thank You

“Gender is the smart solution for Knowledge Management in Higher Education”