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Gender, Sex, and the Domestication of the Empire in Art of the
Augustan Age
Ramsby, Teresa R.
Severy, Beth.
Arethusa, Volume 40, Number 1, Winter 2007, pp. 43-71 (Article)
Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press
DOI: 10.1353/are.2007.0005
For additional information about this article
Access provided by North Carolina State University (21 Apr 2013 15:28 GMT)
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/are/summary/v040/40.1ramsby.html
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43
Arethusa 40 (2007) 43–71 © 2007 Th Jh Hpki Uiit P
Gender, Sex, and the domeStication of
the empire in art of the auGuStan aGe1
Teresa r. ramsby and beTH severy-Hoven
Lik pt lctig th th cul hi carmen, augu-
tu hp th r cultul lcp with pticul phi
“tu” t il lu. I lgilti th htic, augutu p-
t th pc tilit r tig up th itgit th
r il, h pi pticul ttti t lctig w i thi
tic ctxt wi th. Thi pg w t t
tu t pt, wh, ntli bl Kp put it,“ w w w u thi ctl” (1992.161). augu-
t tit hlp t ct w i uch pt, which
u thi w cul l pticipti i th cit’ ucc. Th
hiticl wk th pi, whth litic (Li) pic (vigil),
tu l wh ith pticipt i th augut ii th
ci ccptc k withi cit wh tt th i-
tu cquc iuptig g l.2 oth tit utiliz thi
1 Th uth wih t thk mth mlu h i i th cplti pulicti
thi lu, wll th u wh l ct ught uit
t thi pjct. T r wih t thk bth s-H h titi
t t aIa pl it pulih wk, h til icti t
thi lu, h willig t h pli i t thi pp. I tu, bth
s-H wih t thk T r h willig t cllt thi
ggig pjct, wll Ji r igitig th aIa pl which thi
pulicti i.
all tlti th uth.
2 e.g., i vigil: di ( Aen. 4.296–392) at (7.341–459), i Li: Tpi
(1.11.6–7) Tulli (1.48.6–7).
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44 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
tic cu il ltihip w’ l i th w th
ii r’ ipil ul. I pulic ut pit ig,
th cqu w qutl gu uit il , t
w. Thi pp xpl th igiig tict pi.a icu t lgth i Kiti mil’ ctiuti t thi
lu, pt augutu’ p t th i ih
th tiuil w w t pt lw i t tig l-hi
r lit. ag th w th itl lw 19–18 b.c.e.
9 c.e. tht pliz th ui ultu w
lgitit chil. Wh augutu th t r ppit
pc i th r il, h w ttti t w igict
pticipt i th t: thi g hi w ptl pil th hlth th tt. Thu i thi pi, w’ l w cig
t c cti ut l iil pliticiz. o
ti, th cultul citi hichicl ltihip th r
huhl lp it pticull augut tilg ctl
(s 2003). Th ucc igicc thi ilil lgug c
cl i 2 b.c.e. wh augutu hlp ticult hi uuul piti i th
tt ccptig th titl Pater Patriae, “Fth th Fthl.”
Withi uch ci-pliticl ttig, it hul cci upi
tht augut-pi tit w th icgph th huhl i
igiig th pi. I pticul, th l w w wit lg
i augutu’ r: th alt Pc, i augutu’ Fu, th
jwl th t pwul, th th pi. W’
i th ptti r’ t ptich
tphi r’ cqut. Ig w ccil xp th
ucc th r ipil pjct, ctl tic it-
til pc iil i l-hi, clicizig tl tht
th pt lk lik th iliz pt. but w w t th l u-
it th r il. Ig chil l l
w l u t ii wl ul r; ll wh cquic
ll t r ii cul ipl icpt it th -
il. Th t pt thi pp lk t iul ptti th r
pi th augut pi hw th k u w’ -
i, ilil ig, th lgug ctl th huhl.
I th ltt pt thi pp, w will hw hw oi, lit
r l, fct thi ipil ii i hi p t th cultul
iliu. oi pt l i i ptu uiti
pc with cpllig iiliti t th ig tht p
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 45
th pi. I th c, oi icll pt hil
pater/poeta/imperator gu wh h t th t ucig w.
I lt pg, hw, oi igi cqu w i w
tht k hi w pict i-à-i th p l xitut hi piti ( php tht ) withi th w wl .
at ll, i w th ccptulizti r il lu
th iticti tw citiz ujct— igict pt th t-
iti t ipil ul u augutu, aw rigg phiz i
hi cclui t thi lu. I th r ptich, hw patres
cul th ?
Ig ptig th pi t iiz / ilil
uit uuig ctl, culi gu r uthit t pp i th augut pi withut pct. such ig w up
pulic , pticull ut Pp C,
t Hllitic titic pti, will icu lw. n i
thi th l igiig th pi r iti t c
t th t i thi pi. oth iclu th u cic llgi
uch th gl, th , ight (niclt 1991.29–47),
th tti ctl th c, uch th utl
Hlgiu ctuct i th augut Cpu mtiu. Ctpi
hw gt itt i uig ppig th wl, puttig
wl p ipl i th Pticu vipi (niclt 1991.99–109).
Fill, titi tht fw ictl tiuphl ig ctiu t
fuih, uch li pil wp chctitic pcic
t (Fi 2000.46) xti pigphic lit cqu
ppl plc (Kutt 1995.79–80).
Th iul cul, hw, tht pl th ctl pliti-
ciz l , th il, thi l i th r wl ticu-
lt cti i ut th pi icult t i th th
ut citicl iptc t th Pax Augusta. I lzig thi cul,
w will lkig t g i th w tht t i J sctt
(1986.1067, 1069):
G i ctituti lt cil ltihip
pci ic tw th x,
g i pi w igiig ltihip
pw . . . It ight tt t , g i pi-
l withi which which pw i
ticult. G i t th l l, ut it t
7/28/2019 Gender, Sex, And the Domestication of the Empire in Art of the Augustan Age
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46 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
h pitt cut w lig th
igicti pw i th Wt, i Ju-Chiti
wll Ilic titi . . . F ccpt pw,
thugh th uil g, t lw litllut g itl.
Thu w will lkig th w i which tit xp pw
ltihip th th th tw w—pcicll th
tw r it ipil ujct— lgizig th ltihip
t th ttu ic tw w.
I t , w ut h hw th r
ut th ltihip tw w. a quick u iicult, ic th ctgi l l w cttl chgig
u th l pc cultu, i th augut pi i p-
ticul, w h tig, g lti w highl ctt.
epitph, lgilti, ctp littu iict tht il r
w w t t, ithul wi, ul , cu thi
ili, pctul thi hu’ uthit (Willi 1996.128–
31). o th th h, lit l uc t t g w gll
w with uctlll pptit x, wi, ipppit
pw (ski 1983, Willi 1996.131–34).
I ctt, th it ilg cit culiit with
ipc, , l-titi, l-ctl, tgth,
cti pulic li (vié 1993.60–61, 137–38). sic thi cipti i
i lit littu, it i cicic tht th tit t
jut ci l, ut lit, l- lwig th
plitici; itctic l uth ctuct g i uch w
t k cl thi ic ct r li. Thi
ilg il pciig ppl pctu th wh h
chi r h, th viri, t th wh il t , icluig
l, chil, l, lw-cl citiz, ig. Th pp-
ig ctgi lgl pp i th xul pl t th cti
pi, ptt ptt; th cul l pt i th
ctitut th r il: th th/ pater hi wi, chil,
, l. Th ig w will lz w up thi
itctig hichicl ltihip i uitig th pi t r
augutu.
Php th t t xpl thi ph augut
ut ipl tht utiliz l picti ppl
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 47
plc t pt th ujct th pi. W kw pct
i th tht Pp, with it ttu ut nationes (Pli NH
36.41, sutiu Nero 46), pul ti cqu Pp. but
xpl kw th augut pi. Witt uci u “lik ll th ppl” t up augutu i th Pti-
cu nti i r,3 “plqu spi th th ppl” i th
Fu augutu,4 “ig ll th ppl cqui augutu”
ipl i hi ul pci (di 56.34.2; c. Tcitu Annals 1.8.4).
Fgt li ll l gu ui th cti
th i lt th a Pci (Kähl 1954), uch l gu
iil tig hi augutu c th bcl
cup (Kutt 1995.69–93). Thu th t h c t pi-c t thi ti (sith 1988.71–72).
such ig i i th Hllitic icg-
ph cit pi l gu, ut r. r. r. sith xpli,
uch icgph i t u pliticl ggphicl picti t
ut icti (1988.50, 70). I th r xpl, th l g-
th gu th wk xpig r iti
th pt. but th hiticl ctxt Gk t i r
hlp, t. Gk ttu t t t r tiuphl pil,
th i-pulic , ipl cqu cit’ t i tpl
pulic uilig wht Cthi ew cll “iul ipil-
i” xpig th icti r gl th p r
pw (2003.50). Wh r ilit itt th Hl-
liz wl, th r i t lp itt i th t ligiu
tict th th ppl, th g it ctig ptti
th ppl uig Gk tl (ew 2003.64–65). Thu i th
ttu li, th ipil ctti Gk Hlliz t
ic th ipct th r’ t pt th it p-
pl thi pi l.
Cl xiti xpl thi tp ttu gup hlp
c u itptti th ig l uc
t th iizig th pi i uch wk. sith (1988) cicigl
gu icgphic ilgicl gu tht th -cll ethne
li th th ptic th sti t aphii puc
3 siu ad Aen. 8.721: simulacra omnium gentium; c. Pli Natural History 36.39.
4 vlliu 2.39.2: “pt Hipi liqu gti, quu tituli u iu pitt.”
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48 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
augut-pi ut r, php th li th
Pticu nti ti li. Th sti i, php, u
t glip it wht uch l ipil gup th cpitl ut
h lk lik.Th ethne li t tw gg clu, ch cit-
ig igl gu i high li ici with th
th pt ethnos (gu 9). Th tit cll ig th t lk
lik w ttu i cl, ili ight i r chitc-
tu (sith 1988.53). Th uiig icipti t thit ppl
th il, gig c th pi th Cllci i thwt
spi, t th bp th blck s, t th Ju (sith 1988.57).
J. m. rl uggt tht th cplt t ut h ig tillutt th icti augutu (1981.326–27, 1986.115), which w
t pt i uch w t phiz th t itt ti
(sith 1988.59; Res Gestae 26–33).
Th gu iiiuliz, ut t iplig thicll
pppit ttiut.5 It, p, p, gtu, hitl, h
tp, ttiut th Gk clicl Hllitic pti
u t xp wht sith chctiz “ g utl ic
chct g ciilizti” (1988.60). F xpl, ethnos .
3 h cull u hitl tpicl iliz Gk w
g, w thick clicl peplos, cl cil xp-
i tc. sith thu iti h ptti ppl
il “uiguul Gk ‘,’ pp t i cp-
ti” (1988.65). Th uiig h t ethnos . 6, i ctt,
h thick, uti, wil hi, wil pt lip, th qu c
with h chi thick ck tht k h “i” (69–70). Th
“hl-i” . 2 h hi t ull uti ut ll lp i ck,
p lippig t t, c i t, ll which
uggt th “gul icgph cqu ‘i’ l gu”
(63; gu 9). Th ct tht h h t ctull u iict t
sith tht “h uit willigl” (63). Fill, ethnos . 1, pt-
ig th Piut, gup Illi, h iliz ut lightl cu-
li c lt clicl ctll hi; h hlt, hil,
5 elwh i r, tit t l picti i th clthig pppi-
t th th pict ppl; Kutt 1995.79.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 49
clk h lt . sith iti h ipl “u-Gc-
r,” ki il l wi (62). Thu i sith’ li,
th , hitl, ptu iliz, clicl l gu
u t iict Hlliz ciiliz ppl, whil ig u, withh c, uti hitl, tic, Hllitic cil xpi
u t chctiz g it. such it llw th tit
t th pt willig pticipt, pcull icpt
it th r wl, uu pi, with g i tw
(71). siil l gu u i pl p iz th
a Pci, icluig wh th “i” icgphic tit
(sith 1988.73). atit th augut pi lp thi
ig th “pcul icpti w cqut” it th pi(sith 1988.73).
sith’ li th iti it i th sti
a Pci li i lgl cpllig. yt th th w ch-
ctizig th ic. Itiguigl, sith hil u th t
“tl” t ci th , p, hitl th t Hll-
iz th ethne gu (1988.68); i th w, th ppl wh
cquic t ull t r ul pt pct wi. I
ctt, th gu tig uu i pict ptill
ull u, with pt thi i xp i th icgph
cpti— l. Th ltihip th iu ethne t th pi
i thu l thugh c t w’ i l withi th
r il, t t l. Th pi whl i pt
tict. Fill, th pctilit ch l i ic tli-
tic c t ti: th t clicizig gu, iu with th
ppl th iliz pt (Kp 1992.165), whil th xpi,
hitl, p th l chctitic th ct
wil Hllitic g. atit th th th pc ti
th pi—it ti, wt cqut, it ll ut till uit
pt, it pt w lit—thugh ig th pt
w th il r.
Th Fu augutu cti iil w l ttu,
ut withut thi lit ititi th iiiul gu. e ,
th l i pticipt i th cti ut g, il-
il ctl, ipili. Th Fu, ict i 2 b.c.e., clt
r’ ilit pliticl pt augutu’ cqut, ipl
ig iti, uch which p iplicit ti tht
xul pw ig ipult ctll (Kllu 1997).
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50 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
Th l thi pc pl i r li pi citicl c-
txt. Fit ll, th Fu augutu w ig t th cl pit
r ilit . Gl lt cpig h, th
tiuph cclu h, ttu w ct i th ptic glwh h tiuphl h (Zk 1988.214, Kllu 1997.166). T
phiz augutu’ ctiuti t r ipili, tituli, plqu
t itiig hi icti, w t up h (vlliu 2.39.2),
quti ttu hi w ct i th il th pc ici
with hi titl Pater Patriae (Res Gestae 35).
The g w w likewie ehine t pl ciic le. T-
itinll kept utie the pomerium, the g w llwe within the ce
un when octin we hine t m the aenge while puu-ing the in hi ptie the Juliu Ce. In ct, diu Juliu
w enhine ne the iinitie within the teple, thee linking the
ptenl eltinhip m n rulu t the ptenl le Ce t
octin. Fthe wtch e thei wn, n, in cncet, the tw g ppe
t juti n nctin ee wlike e the rn ttept. T eince
thi iine nctin rn ilit ene, augutu l ephize
m’ le in enging wng t re’ ipeil inin eicting
hee the tn nce lt Cu n antn t the Pthin. The get
pliticl n ilit lee re’ pt, aene n rulu t
miu n sull, ppee ttue et etween the clun the get
ptic (Znke 1988.211). Finll, thi ilit pce in the het re
l ece the plce whee utue rn en wee litell “e”;
ce t the new u pt thei cing ge ceen (Kellu
1997.166; mciu Sat. 1.6.7, di 55.10.2). In thi nne, the en the
rn pt n utue et hee une the ptenit augutu.
Thi xtl culi, t l ilil, pc t th c-
t th cit pi w th pc w
cull lct l i. alg th upp cu th ptic
ith i th Fu w w l gu. Th th e-
chthi i icu alx Lk i thi cllcti (gu 8).
oiul, cpi th clu th athi acpli
ut, th l gu t itit ptti
ppl plc lik th sti li. nthl, th c
u, w i tiquit, ig uiti, php
cu th iliit ig lik tht i th Pticu nti.
a Lk xpli, vituiu w t ig t th gu i th Fu
augutu wh h hi u ct ut cti i th
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 51
pig hi de Architectura (1.5), ut, tw, ppl g t
cit hi i with th Fu ig:
Wh plc l ttu clk w cllcti i plc clu, with utul cic
thi h, thi xplti t wh k.
Th cit C th Plp tk i with th
Pi git Gc, t th Gk w
thugh gliu ict, th cl w th C-
ti. oc th tw w cptu, th kill, th
cit ct, th l th w it l, ut
i t llw th t thi tl gt thi jwl, tht th w l w t jut i
tiuph ut ltig xpl itu; wigh
w h huiliti, th pp t th
tc thi cit. a th w th chitct
wh ch pulic uilig ig th w
ig t c h l tht th tl puih-
t th ci th Cti wul h w
t ptit.6
Th l gu i augutu’ Fu t ll i-
ig ttiut t k th ptti cqu plc, ,
i ct, th wk uitig th pi u ll. Th
cti th itclui pc hlp k th ipil ctxt;
uiig li hw h iti / i th g
th pi—Jupit a l with chctiticll Gllic
tqu—ut i th ct i hil (gu 8). such ig
i l h cug th iw t cp th l
chitctu-ig ttu t th pictig Pthi ctl
t th iti th bilic aili i th Fu ru.7 I qutig
clicl athi ut, th i u th gliu pt
iliz th augutu’ ti w uthit it
6 F th Lti txt, Lk i thi lu.7 schi 1986.115–24. Th h th l th dci chitctul -
i i th Fu Tj. F ull ig g i th augut tti
th bilic aili, Kp 1991 1992.
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52 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
(Kp 1992.165). Hw, th Fu w ctuct wh Gc h
cqu r; Gk t w r w pil, h it
pcicll t octi’ ict th ath-lig
at (Lk, thi lu). Th t i pt k thcqu ujct th pi i thi ipil pc i iu w.
Th pc th w hlp u k th ilt i-
ticult. at th h th Fu it th Tpl m
Ult, , th i th pitl culptu ii th tpl, vu
t i m. m, thi Fu ut th Fu Juliu C,
with it cl Tpl vu Gtix, i chlgicll ucti
ut php uggti hi (Kllu 1997.173). Gi tiuil pp-
g th htic augutu’ itl lgilti, vu im pt th hlig r’ ct wu l ilig.
vu, ct th Juli cl, m, th rulu th
g C’ u, i th pt g r’ tilit.
Th ul ug th ct , x w, h u c-
tl. augutu’ itl lgilti ulit th xul tu vu
w it h tilit, thig uul t th tt. m th
ag h ught uccul t th th ciil w xtl
tht, uch th Pthi. augutu, lik ul hi, c cl-
t th tw tptuu c i i i th tpl: vu
c i m, ut m i uccul wh vu i i h plc. Th
ui m vu, uc lught i H’ Odyssey bk
8, igi i th Fu augutu tht w uctll lut—
uctll w— lg tht.8
a thi i hw th th echthi i i th
Fu, i ctt t th ititi th l ttu i th u-
t qut th sti li th a Pci, uc
th pw augutu. I th it thi xtl culi t
8 s l Kllu 1996.179 th juxtpiti th txt, tpl, tic gt
u th tlt th tpl. Th icpl tici th ltihip
m vu u oi’ ct citiqu ( Ars Am. 2.561–98, Tr. 2.287–88
295–97). augutu w ctil w th pttil ui ig hi
l-l ig, ig uch t ig oi w t txt.
Th pi twit tw th poeta th princeps thughut oi’ ptic cfct th cptiti pct igig ig t th uiquitu i l
cqut chit thughut th cit.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 53
ilil pc, h i th Pater Patriae. Thugh hi lizig lgilti,
pti il lu, ilit , th pulic h
t. I hi pc, ll w th : iliz ti-
ct, ppl l-hi i tl , th ll iltl willigl th u pi.
ath gup ut pl th lgug il
ctl th huhl i igiig th pi, ut i it w
th sti’ l picti echthi i
th Fu augutu. Th ut tht xplicitl pt il
gup, t k th pc w chil. Th pictu
th pi th il r, t with augutu Pater Patriae
i hi hi , wi, ught, w t th lwlit l.The nuentl ceen tht uun the a Pci in the Cpu
mtiu, eicte in 9 b.c.e., i pinent n uch nte exple. The
elie ecting it peent the pece re th peicte upn n
enuing the helth the rn il. Pnel n the wet en epict the
e he-wl n twin with the m lking n, well aene
n hi n Iulu. on the et en, n llegicl epeenttin the ecun
eth n he n ping it ppite the ictiu r ete upn
pile . Finll, n the lng nth n uth ie, ieze epict
pcein incluing augutu, tte piet, n ee the ipeil
il. Thee ltte cene e nlu in rn t, in tht hiticl
elie el etue wen n chilen; hee, hwee, tit epl the
in cnjunctin with the the elie t illutte the etilit n unt p-
ie augutn ict, pece, n leehip, well the le the
ipeil il in enuing tht thi pece will cntinue (Kleine 1978).
but th c t jut pt th ipil il it
plc i r hit thlg. H il i l tph
pi, augutu i it pater . sl chil plc pitl i
th pci c, uull i cl pxiit t thi pt. s
ught augutu’ ught, ic tp iclu,
i th toga praetexta chilh wig th ptcti bulla u-
lt. Hw, chil th th i th uth hw
i itictil it . o th uth, th lig chil, pullig
agipp’ tg, i i ig gt, icluig cp, tu,
tqu, h lg, cul lck hi. sl chl uggt tht
h pt t, pil Pt-bp chil; hi th, l
with uuul hitl, th w tig hi hi,
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54 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
h h hi h.9 o th th iz, w hl-k, tuic-cl
tl ptig th cul lck tqu chctitic Gul. Th
chil pt ug htg kpt i th ipil huhl plg
tw r clit kig gut i th ipil huhlwh wit pi tilit wh th ight tu t thi ppl.10
Thu th c llu t th pi i pt augutu’ -
il, t t wt.
Th itit th Gllic tl i c c th
bcl Cup augutu i which Gllic chil gi thi
th t t augutu u th upii cui-cl duu
(gu 10). o pticul , gig up t th clth th i
hi, t qut qut th Gllic tl th a Pci.Th cup th w lt utl li which it w i p-
i il t ctul t duu’ Gllic cpig i
which chil th l w h t augutu hl
ig i hi cut (Kutt 1995.94–123). Th c i cp til
l gu, ut th pc chil l tht ti ut
ili lig i ig pt. augutu’ il i pit,
hi pw th th ig thi chil t hi: th l
uccul il i tht r. Thi c i t c hiticl
ilil ig th u th th cup, wh th
tit pt augutu’ wl ul i llg: t augutu ci
vict vu, whil m l i gup l gu p-
iig cqu pic (gu 11).
T tu t th a Pci, th i w chil
th c li pt augutu’ ltihip t r tht
pateramilias t hi amilia, th i itlp i th iw
tht th amilia h xt. Th i htg ( gut)
th a Pci tt with uch th igit th augut -
il—pi tht th cpt with augutu. Th i i th
cw pt, ccig t Jh Pllii (1987.27), “t uquli
pc tw r i, ut r pcicti i
9 r 1990.455–59, si 1967, Pllii 1987. r uggt tht th chil’ th
i di, wi th Ptic kig Pl, tht h i i r
w util h hu w . s Tlli 1982.60 .72 ct
iw.
10 s r 1990.455 . 38 lit chl wh iti th
Juli i “Tj g” tti.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 55
ppl th rizti utu i ppl . . . chi-
ti kig: th i chil pp uit, t qul.”
Th w th ipil il utiull puc hi, , t,
th pi itl puc ihit r ppit, pticipt i thr pi. Th iclui th ig chil th ttlizig
g tht augutu pptuiti t th ii uti lik.
yt th cu th chil th augut huhl th t
duu with ilit g11 ic th i tht ilit igilc
hit ight th i augutu’ il, whil th i
th ut th jct r ptcti, t gt thi
w iititi. a Ii Fi xpli (2000.52):
such ititutiliz pphic ct i thi pi
t pt ti th gig ct t thi
ti tht lik, th ctt, il cuit
h t r with th iupti ilcti
il li i th i wl cquc
ppiti t r pw.
Th w r puc chil i tph pc uc; i tht tph, i w chil
ptcti. a tht pi th pt: th tht i
it i th c pti i w thi hu-
, wh kl t h; th ccitt pi i tht, i
tht cic, th t tilit thi ili. Th l uc-
tiig il i th pi i tht r.
Th tit th G augut pt i itict til th
ti th a Pci bcl Cup, ut i xplicitt (gu 12). Th c, pl lt augut l Tii
cti (Kli 1992.69–71), i ii it tw git tht pt th
i g ipili. Th upp cu ipl th ctl
il augutu ulig ppu wl-wi pi. Th princeps
r it i i, cupl ciig Tiiu pl G-
icu i th cp llgicl iiiti: ptti th
kw wl, oiku, cw augutu, whil ocu nptu
11 s s 1984 Pllii 1986 th iticti duu.
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56 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
picti th uitul th, with cucpi tw i,
lk (Kli 1992.70–71).
I ctt, th lw cu th g, th tit l th
ilit t i th pic ti up which thi ul t:i ili hw uig th cquc t whil
r li i tph th. Tw pl Illi cupl
pt. o th iw’ ight, uxili tp pull lg th hi
hl-u klig with tqu tig w wh
l t kp h clthig lippig h hul. a cig chil
h piti i th w th g w cut i
tiquit (Kli 1992.71). o th th i, pp l i-
u, lg-hi l t it t th t thtropaeum
. Thii with hi h u hi hi ck lk tl t hi
cpt, hpll xpig hi i t ptct hi il. Th l
it jct, tig h h tw h h i th icgphic gtu
uig. Th g th g uitkl. o th ti,
th ili iitgt i th pc th whlig ucc
th huhl augutu, which itl pi t lt gti.
ritc t th il r i util.
o uth til th g, hw, lik th a Pci pc-
i c, iict tht willig uti pctl icpt
it th il. Fu pticipt i iig th ttll tph. Th
tit cll tw r li with iticti hlt
tplt. but th th tw hw i-u, i th icg-
ph l cpti, uull iti l wh
h ji th r c (Kli 1992.71). Th lw git thu
illutt it l i th pi picil ig
lluig t ilil l; uti ji th il c ux-
ili li, tht i, th il, , i th it, th
l. augutu pi th wl wht h t r—
hl ttu i th il—i l it ccpt hi ptit.
C li th ch t sit-ré pt i thi
g xplicitl picil uic. Thi ch w pt i
ct i ciili ct i Glli ni u augutu tht ll
tu c cpti u t tphi (silg-Pic 1986.312).
mt th ut hw jut l gu, th ipt which will
icu lw, ut th ch t sit-ré ipl l l
cupl. ech tw pl th t i th ch, cig th cit,
tu ctl t i w fkig tph.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 57
o th th , pl pictig th Gllic Gic ti t th
tht, th w, i lg , lk w w
th i-u i tu u t th tph cll hi ck.
o th uth , th lg-hi w with iphu , whc h h i t, t with l i tu ig
gt wh u hi hi ck. Th gu pl
pt th alpi ti ctl cqu augutu. Th pl
ctiu th th il iplct l culti t th
th pi tht w w th a Pci c i th cpitl
th G augut.
siil ig pp th Tpu alpiu, utl
tph ict i 6b.c.e.
th t ppl r i h augutu’ icti th alpi ti (Pli NH 3.4.20, st 6.1.3).
ect t L Tui lg th i Juli augut th tw Itl
Gul (Figé 1949, silg-Pic 1986.312–13), th ut
icipti litig th t- alpi ti uu augu-
tu. o ith i thi, tit xp iil tit thugh
li pl pictig l l cpti klig u t
t tuk tph. Th tuggl git th ti hi thi
ck; th w’ p lip t l t th h hckl
c th t thi i. Th t i lt az
icgph pl pt i ig th l gu -
i (silg-Pic 1986.313), i tht az w th quittil
ptti l i cil ch (rg 2003.84). I
iti, Gk tit th t th az ig t,
uull ilt t t th h l Gk wi (Ch 1997.74,
77–78). Fill, thi uit l xp thi ulilit thi
pt’ iilit t ptct th; w w g th pil w,
th ig uggt tht th will t th plu thi t
l i th il r.
T tu t th ch t sit-ré, it wt i l w up
th citi ig lz . atit pict l pi-
cti itctig with t i. o th th , l g-
u ptig ith r Glli ni l i-u
u l cpti. a su silg-Pic xpli (1986.318): “sh
liz th llic tw r thi pic. sh i hw
lig i Gul it r tit; it th ciiliz wl
th Px augut.” I th li th ppit , r it tp
pil Gk pil xt t u Gk l, c tht t th
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58 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
cqut sit-ré itl, Hllitic Gk uti (silg-
Pic 1986.317). H th ujct ppl pt l gu,
ut th tit thl cult th puttig th cpti u
th guic ctl l gu.Th tph ut t th Glli ni i th
ll tw sit-bt l pl cplx ig thi g t
xp ig g hip i th il r. Th i
culptul l w pl ct i 20 19 b.c.e. t clt th
ict t actiu, t th P Gllic ti, pg git
th G, th ctiuig llic Glli ni with r
(silg-Pic 1986.313–14). althugh w gt, th cplx
ut c h th gup li-iz ttu g u ttuk tphi. suiig gu iclu pi klig, u, i-
u l tig l l cupl. o th ltt, h w
Gllic tqu lg , whil h i p i lg, fwig .
silg-Pic (1986.313) xpli tht th “-tig, utt
gu i Gllic t pi--w; th, th pt th
lli Gul ni wh hlp augutu uu th ati
Cti ti (Ii cpt) 28 t 19 b.c.e., pt h
klig, chi cpti.” o th tp th ut, tit plc
tiupht ttu augutu wig ct cui tht pt
th t ilitt ict ig: tw u u l cpti fk
ctl tph.
Th ttu th tig Gul cll cl cuti. Th
l itpt piig th pic Glli n-
i (gu 13). althugh h i, i, t u c t kl, th
tit pt h ihl ull, with h hlig up
h lippig clth. H pthtic pct i phiz h hi, which
hg w il withut t.12 sh pp i p-
tcti. stig hi h, with utttch, wul h
12 Th i itiguig iilit tw th i ptig Glli i th ni
culptu ep, th g th h i th Gul, pict li culp-
tu mtz (mué ’achélgi Gll-ri, mtz). Wight 1985 ti
th whip iigu g th u iu Gllic iti t pt augut
numina g picil tit. althugh th tig l i th ni u-t i t hck, th h pupul citi tw Glli i
gl th ppul h g. Thi ccti cuictig
th cpti Glli with, h ii cti , augut lhip.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 59
th ttu augutu hil. Hi pc pi tht ptcti
t thi ull i, whil l iplig tht h i pil h
ulilit; “Th p cti tht hi g t th ight
ttitu tw th w uthit r” (silg-Pic 1986.309).Th ut pt th tht pi th il
r it th, th wh t ji l.
Thi ulti-ct ig utilizig g il t ui-
t th pi w wil ip. W h xpl tt-
p t i th cpitl th ti, wll i pit
i-pit jwl ilw. Lt w hll icu xpl
th chitctul cti Itli h. such ti c l u
i ati w, gl tl ptt xtl ppul c thr wl uig th l pi. T ci jut xpl:
l- cup pict t jct l, ll Gi,
i pi chi l cpti iti aci Pthi,
tht i, ai Pthi (Kutt 1995.85). atit thu puc
thi ki ig pt it cl i r wi
it uic c th pi.
mee, thee ige in ilie n the bcele
Cup augutu, the Ge augute, the che n tph nuent
Gul, n Itlin tlewe wk gint cetin titic n ielgicl
titin in w tht help unece the le augutu n the gen-
ee lnguge cntl e the huehl eing eple. F the Hel-
lenitic wl, the rn inheite iul titin with “thee le
in uicie” (Fei 2000.14) n genel ephi n e ing
eneie, epecill Gul. The u gup ttue ciine
King attl I Pegn hi cit, athen, delphi, n del ee t
he etue thi ti. Thee piece pl inclue the -clle suicie
Gul, cpitin in which nue le weing tque hl e
ing wn in ne n lie w int hi wn tht with the
the, well the well-knwn nue le ding Gul (Fei 2000.6–10).
We knw Plin ( NH 34.88) tht nthe culptue the e gup
the ltte etue n innt tuching hi e the.
Th wk w kw i augutu’ r; th u cpi
th suici Gul i th ntil muu i r th dig Gul
i th Cpitli muu thught t h cii Juliu
C hi tt th Quiil (Fi 2000.8–10, 21–22, spit-
z achlgic i r 1998.44–45), li Itli t tu
ti Gllic wi ig t ci i (Fi 2000.15).
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60 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
Thi i t th ig pl augut ut. Th augut-
pi ig cu th Gllic il, ut it t i.
Th wh pp r l, ut th ui put t u i th
il r. Pic ppl wh ch ig will tt pct t; th wh l will c r’ l.
Finll, we nee t e cetin augutn-pei ige epie
tht nt utilize the ie wen chilen, ut cn till e e
wing upn gene, exulit, n the il t ticulte rn cntl.
Fele gue wee ueul in epeenting peple plce, ince the pe-
ple wee in genel uinte the gene the gue; the ttu the
pince cul then e expee the tit i the ttu the wn
peente (le tn). atit cul nt el lel n gene in cenewith le gue, when le wee eple t epeent the uject
the epie, tit uinte the in pe, clthing, getue, tht i,
the wee hwn chine, hl t ull nue, kneeling hning ething
e t rn cil. The Pthin epicte n the cui the u
Pi Pt ttue augutu i hwn hning ne the lt tn
e t Tieiu geneic rn cil ppite hi.
m phticll hichicl utl picti
Pthi i r. Ci uggt tht tit u iil p -
ig up t th Pthi hw th -cll Pthi ach
augutu i th Fu ru ( RIC 134/ BMC 428); th ct-
il gu w plc th ut th ch’ th t g-
tu up tw th ctl ttu augutu i hi tiuphl chit. a
t li, clu i th iti th bilic aili w c
it ig l Pthi uig augut-pi tti thi
Fu uilig. rl schi h l ctuct gt
lt iul llui ict ut i which th klig Pthi
uppt ctl ttu augutu (1986.18–57), Pthi
tuig t hw klig denarii 19/18 b.c.e.
( RIC 315/ BMC 58).
Gllic G cpti t t chi lw tphi,
lthugh w hul kp i i th ati cup with u Pthi
ai t . I iti t th ig l icu,
wil ttt xpl c ctp Itli h. Cp
plqu -puc tctt lig tl u t ct th
chitctu pit h i etui Ltiu. dt t th l
th t ctu c.e., uch plqu kw ultipl wkhp
with ti l Gllic pi fkig ttll tph (Kutt
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 61
1995.84, Pic 1957.284–85). W h t lt xpl i which th
u pi i-u (Ttll 1981.67–69). Fill, denarii
13 b.c.e. pict i , u hi ig clk, klig
hlig up vexillum i ig u ( RIC 416/ BMC 128).a t li, r lit , ut wh u ic
i t u wh ifuc uch t w ct, culiit w
qut with t, ipc, l-ctl, l-titi, cti
xul ptti, ptit. Thu ig i , u,
t, chi t tph, ul t ptct thi ili, kl-
ig , t uppt, th iiz i thi uiti.
Thi gti i uc th t uit i augut-pi
xpl. eli picti h cu up th thic th cp-ti iticti, pl ifuc tiuphl
ig (Kutt 1995.79). I augut c, uch t hw
i-u u, i th icgph l. Thi i xul ui-
ti t i tic , ut i r ig ul-
l t th it r vir— t hi gz, t hi xul ptti, t
hi pliticl, ilit, ptl ctl. a ew t i
ctxt (2003.67): “Th pwul li i w z i pptul
uii pt i r upiit.”
I igict t th augut g, tit pci th
pi ptig it iiz tict. Th u l
gu t t whl ppl pic; th pl k
u l l pi w cpti chil t ctt
th iptc th ti with th hlth ppit th il
r it th. Thi ig i u i th utl t
th cpitl, i tw th pic, i th pit h Itl.
dwig up th cultul citi th r il, icluig th
icgphicl u chil, th it w’ l, th il
hichi l l, t l, tit x th r
iti th pc ppl th pi i til t.
n i it cicic tht uch ii th pi uig
th augut pi. a it pliticl cu w x l i
th l w augutu hi ctpi ti t l
th pl th lt w l th ciil w. I iti, jut
r t uth pl th cil ctg “l” i
t ctuct r culiit (Willi 1999.142–53), iiz
piph th pi hlp ctuct culi ct. sti
thi iclu th l citiz r whl. Hw, i t, thi
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62 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
culi ct w uull pt augutu, thi ig
th pi hlp gi hp t th upct l th p.
a uul with th citiz w r, ciig thi pit
iw gt quti th w, ut th quti thl uggti. Wh w lk t th l picti i th
Pticu nti th echthi i th Fu augutu,
i th th ut xpi pi pi i
thi cit’ tt tgth? o i th pci ticulti th
pp, uit plc w i r cit? di th w
th cit wl with ig th ipulti tht sctt ticu-
lt, i th ic it? di th pci th ig lik ,
th itc thl thi w gti?ml citiz h h iill cplx p. I
pig ig, uch th l pic, th ight h
igi thl pt th xull cti, it ct th
r pi. Th pwul pc augutu i th c,
hw, ight h h th ppit ct. I r il, th w
l pateramilias. Th ig w h xpl ipil i tw
: th xp r ii ujct ppl augut
ii r. m, lit citiz, uti th ipil -
il h lt thi l l-ti iiiul r
patres ui thi utig pi.
Th pt oi pi uul pptuit t xi l
p, ic hi c p th c hl augutu’ ig. Hi
willig t pt ipil i hi th i iicti th
w p thughut th r ppulc tht th w g qui
w w xpig th cultul t. I oi’ pt,
th cul cqut, lik tht i th ig , i t i
cpl ctl, pticull i th i w: th gt
ticult i th iti fh.13
yet thee ppence inte wen within oi’ pet
hul nt e tken t litell, thee e petic cnietin tht pl
int thee epeenttin, uch infuence the Hellenitic pei. a
di Feick explin, the inte wn’ peence in augutn eleg
i eult elegit ecing the “gente ethetic Cllichu”
13 s ngl 1984, Jh 1985, Ch 1988 oii ilc—ilc pig
l— richli 1992 pgph i th gui t.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 63
(1997.179). Thi ethetic i ene nt eel the utitutin the
penl ntie the epic; it l inclue eplcing the epic agon n
the ttleel with the gnitic ce tht inte the le/pet: eie
n jelu ne et uch cpelling ce (Feick 1997.179).since ilit ipeili pee the pliticl n cultul mise en scène t
re, the rn elegic pe i whee the ce ilence, cquiitin,
n uuptin pl ut within the cntext pite n etic i.
augutu’ epie w nt tine entiel peceul en, n et it
eulting infuence i clle pax. siill, the elegit’ eie utce i the
quiet n ceee pein n eluie wn, et uch ucce equie
nipultin, neue, n ggein. Thu the thee etictin tht
pee augutn ige pie pet en ticulting the qulitie n intenlize, penl domus in which le n ilence th eie.
I iti, th xit withi r lg xpi
th cfict tw titic ptitic ipul.14 W c
xpl wh th pt cillt tw ppciti r’
pw ippitt i th w th pi cicuci liit
th pw th iiiul. sti th tit lp with th
th tic cqut. Th r lgit, oi i pticul, -
tt th cplicti ticti th liit ’ ctl
th -cll willig iiz pticipt. ou u h i
i, ut th th it cp with g t oi’ c tt
hw lit r cul xpic wi g xiti.
I pg l p, oi’ l th uit
r ipili cil t hi u i: h clt th ct
tht c liciu it ll i thughut th
cit ( Ars 1.55–56 59–60):
tt tii tqu it r pull
“hc ht” ut ic “quicqui i uit.”
. . .
qut clu tll, tt ht tu r pull:
t i a ctitit u ui.
14 s r 1977.51–52 111–12 icui ujctiit i lg th g
t which it i u i iu pt; l 127–28 th pl pt c witig
lg i augut r.
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64 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
r will pi u with gil, u will :
“sh h wht th wl ” . . . u r h
gil th t i th k: th vu
i tlih i th cit h a.
I th c iti th Amores, pulih t ppxitl th
ti th Ars Amatoria, th l g tht h c pit ut
ll tp w, l t utt, pl ki t k
( Am. 2.4.39–40):
ci cpit, cpit f pull
t ti i uc gt cl u.
Th pl gil will cptu , will th gl hi;
x i wlc i uk hu.
Th t r cqut i, t put it i ulg t, booty:
th i w tphi t i j. I w u
tht oi w k t tic th titic ig tht pt augut
ul, th hi cipti th ililit utiul w pi
witt tic cutpit t th ttu w tht augutu ught
it th cit t pt cqu ti t th lt echthi
i ct i augutu’ Fu. Hi ti tht r c p-
i uch g l fh uggt ttpt t p
Pgli-qu tti uch tht th iliz ttu ig
w ut th cit ( th pi) c willig xul pt-
i th r . Thi tp cqut wk th w,
hw; oi wit tht th gil cptu hi (39: capiet, capiet )
ipli tht th p will tull c ujct t hi pi
util i tiult w pptuiti cqut.
oi l xpl th pl lig with ilt c
(whth th tit i, jlu, til itt)
tt tht ictiizti i fui ppt. Wh oi gi hi
Amores, h wit tht Cupi, lik cquig gl, tk cpti th
pt’ kill th t hi tic pup.15 I th c p
15 Am. 1.1.5: “qui tii, pu, it hc i ci iui?” (“Wh, g , g
u uch juiicti g?”).
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 65
th cllcti, h xplicitl ji thi ig t tht th tiuphl p-
ci: Cupi i i th chit th pt ht ug
w ch th chit cpti pi—ptti, p-
hp, ll ixpic l u Cupi’ ctl, ut l, php, uwillig pticipt i th xpitti ujcti pt.16 I
thi w, oi ct hil uti lkig i; h i t th ch-
pi withi th chit ut th i cpti wh ut l w l-
gug, w cultu, ug ll th w xpic cit u
th pw cul l.
Thi ue the tiuph inicll nipulte the pp the
chic itul t celete the pwe venu n Cupi the thn the
m, venu’ ilent cuntept. Kl Glink (1969), Je mcKewn(1989), n Jhn mille (1995) he ightl hwn tht thi n the elegic
ue the tiuph e petic ttept t efte the tiuphl topos thugh
cic exggetin. Lelie Chn (1988.294, 306) neee cplex-
it t the intepettin, ttiuting e thn ce t the epictin: “The
thee etic we i nt eel witt execie, ut l n expé
the cpetitie, ilent, n etuctie ntue amor , n expé tht cll
int quetin unentl rn ttitue in th the pulic n the pite
phee” n “T eg le kin we i nt jut unn cnceit
ut the ntue the exul ct ecue htilit n el ilence eult
uch n ttitue.” Pehp oi en t efect upn the ntin tht
ilence eget ilence, whethe it niet itel n Illin ttleel
in the e, pehp oi’ pe ipl efect the ilence tht
w ue t exit in il rn lie. In n ce, the pet l cli
t teit tht i thewie ue t etlih augutu n hi ucce
the i the epie (Hickn 1991). The pupe the cnqueing
genel n the le inteect—le i tpe intin.17
Thi i ll t cl i th th p th k
wh th l chti hil tig hi it i t jlu
16 Am. 1.2.19–20: “ g ct: tu u p, Cupi; / pigiu ict tu
iu u” (“ah! I it it, I u ltt t, Cupi; I ttch ut cqu
h t u ctl”) 25–28: “iqu t cuu, ppul clt tiuphu / t-
i t iuct t i . uctu cpti iu cptqu pull: / hc tii
gicu pp tiuphu it” (“a th i u lltt chit, u will i t th
ppul ch ‘Tiuph,’ , with kill, u will i th h u
th. Cptu i will l u: thi pci will u
gict tiuph”).
17 s K 1993 th cti c l, pticull i lit icu.
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66 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
g.18 a ell G hw, th w i which th l i-
tc hil th ilc h h citt (1998.85), h
plu i th ui ihl ppc hi it (86–87).
Th tu hi u ig hi t igi hi l i chi hi tiuphl chit—with uic ckigl cltig hi
ict gil.19 a G iict, tiuph littl t ict
pth pth tw th cqu, it plc uch gt cu
th cquig h; hi cipti h wu lu
it itic, tic ticti (1998.88). oi h ct ctp
iil tht t i ctt t th t, thlgicl cpi
i piu li th p (wh h cp h t atlt, ai-
, C i li 13–18, vu i 31–34), i ctt t thtu iil h pi i li 51–56 (G 1998.88–89). Th
Amores 1.7 cll th tipl tiuph octi i 29, th tiuph
aic pcul i 21 19, (ciig tht th c
iti th Amores w pl pulih t 7 b.c.e.) th ti
Tiiu duu i 11 (Hick 1991.128). Thu th l’ upp
chgi i til upct w hi cp t p tht
licit iticti with hi th th hi icti.
Th l c hi gili t cit iil ct i-
lc hil, iig h tht wth tu wk h it wp.20
G ightl iti th ticilit tht cugt, hwig
tht th ipti h u i th c l iict tht h
ctiu t ctl h (1998.91). but i iti, thi tht hi
it p hi i ki t th w i which h hul
18 s Ch 1988.294: “Th l th Amores i ihtl ilt lik with thr libido dominandi.” s l Kllu 1996.178: “W t t th [p]
pl citici tict l gi th th cgizig th pt th
t ig wh th til th t w ihtl pt
th.”
19 Am. 1.7.35–40: “i uc, gic, ict, li tiuph, / cig c lu tqu
Ii, / ququ tu cuu cittu tu qutu, / clt, ‘i! ti pull i
t.’ / t t u titi cpti cpill, / i it l, ci tt g” (“s
g w, gt ict, gl i u tu tiuph, cicl u cw with lul
th pi g t J, lt th cw i tht llw u c
hut, ‘i! th gil i u !’ u h will g, cpti, h hi
, ll pl, php th ui h chk”).
20 Am. 1.7.63–64: “t tu uit (iut iict l) / ptiu i ultu uguiu i
” (“but u ut’t hitt t t t c with u il—gc iiih
uig”).
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 67
chg hi w hi. Hi wth, h it i li 43–44, i li
uctlll, th i tht it will pp. W i
gi thi p tht ilc l (m vu) coupled ,
jut th i augutu’ Fu withi th tpl m Ult, thtth ct til pt, tht, php, hul t wih
it thwi: th i tic p i th citi. Th l i th
p h ut t hi l th culi ct th r
ipil pjct, h j th ilc iht i tht piti.
m, it i pil t ci thi p fcti
cig iiiul pw u th icig utcc augutu.
Th l’ ilc git hi it t hi utti tht h h
lt ctl hi plc i th wl. H lh ut t th wk wt l th pt wht pw h h lt: t pl, til, th
it ipilit, cti h l ptl gt. Hi xc, ut t
hi ti, pl hi.21 oi’ iplicti tht r l th pit
ph t gt ilc cti i th cci t
t xp th ui r’ tict titi.
I Tristia 4.2, witt ti tw 11 14 c.e., th xil
pt th wt h th blck s igi with gt iu
th tiuphl pci C i clti ict G,
pt i th p w. at th clix th pci, oi
w th ’ ttti t thi gu (Tr. 4.2.43–46):
ciiu ti tu Gi pi
t uci iicti u p t t,
cllqu r p i cui
icul t ill qu tulit , u.
ah! th i G ci lg with h hi ut-
p, u th t h ucqu t h
it, h tu ck utttch t th r x,
ig chi i h t wh c h .22
21 Fick 1997.173: “F it l uth, lg’ wu iguu tph
th tti lit culiit it txt.” s l bt 1993.27–28, 46
mlu 1993.156.
22 I Tristia 3.12.47–48, oi ct iil c, wh G lw h h u
th t h cpt: “tqu, lltix, t, Gi, gi / tit cput piu
uppui uci” (“a u, lliu G, lw u pthtic h u th
t u gt c”).
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68 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
Th ph h hi ck ch th ptti th
it i Amores 1.7 (39: “u titi cpti cpill” 42: “t cllu
li ti h t”; , t 19). I ch c, th w-
’ hi i ihl, h cutc (maesta, tristis), h ck ull—ith t wu l ifict t tht ip. yt
wh th Amores u thi gu i wht iic hi t highlight
th uc cul th l’ hi, oi fct i
h. Gi pt ll th c it th Gic
chiti pit wh g itt xpi ipi w
cuiit g th pctt (Tr. 4.2.27–36). H tu willig
t i (h h tht t th x) pt h icptiilit with
th r i –chig tilit. Ul h cqut i ttl, hwill it t th itt . Wh th l’ gili ci t th pi
ifict up h i Amores 1.7, Gi’ t i t
ittt, ut h iilit t ctiu h ttl.
Gi’ i u th ttu th suici
Gul, pic t itiguig t Juliu C tht h uppl kpt
cp i hi pl g, w t . Th igicc
w pt tgth uggt th pti
git upi : th Gllic pi cit uici t p thi
ilil cil itgit. Gi i oi’ p ipl th
iil t thi, h “iit,” h p hl thig
th th gti tht th tiuphl pci w it t
ct. Th i xitig wk t tht pcil cptu thi c
tu picil ii h cpt’ chit. oi h illitl c-
t iiz jct ipil cquiiti wh licit th th j
hig th gl cqut pth t th xtt tht w w
wht will c h. Th ct tht h t i “-tg” uggt
tht th piilit clc till i tht wht w wit i
thi p i th iitil tg th pc rizti wh h
will t it thig ki t th ttu Glli n-
i: u th ptcti th p ll th pi.23
It i php ll tp u th t th p t u th
hw hi h, ut it lic chct i igict. Gi’
23 o cu, w kw oi cul h gu, G wul i
which r wul til gi ctl, th ig h i
ptit t pphtic eup hit.
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 69
piti withi th p i php t ci in fux tw h
w will th will th p.
It i l t cct thi hit tiuphl p t ti-
uphl ptiti t th cicutc i which oi hil thi il t Ti i 9 c.e. rlgt t t utpt th t
pi, oi h xpic th r ifuc th ig
iptc th p. althugh ul th g i wh
gull i th gi wh h li g th Gt (Tr. 3.10, 4.4),
hi itl cu th g-lik pw augutu wh
whi h pptl ict hi th cit wh h c u l
ccli.24
yt iTristia
4.2, u cicutc uch th, oi’piit i t k: th pct thi p tht l tht oi till
th cplxiti ipil i. Thugh oi i t g
th quti thg tht pc th ch pi (li 16), th
l pti th p (li 57–74) phiz hi pti
r hi ppcti th uti lkig i (57: “g utu
qu pu t i,” “thugh xil, I will igi [th t]”;
67–68: “ti / uiu hic uctu pcipiu it,” “thi jt
will h t h xil ”; 69: “pcul Lti,” “w
Ltiu”). W t th th p tht h iti hi ituti
iil t tht th w i th chit th pi i
th p th t tht th jul pctt. Hi cclui t th p
fct hi i cfict (4.2.73–74): “tht [tiuphl] will c,
I will l i , k th pulic cu gt th
pit gic.”25
Php it i tu tht oi wul ch li u C
th t Ti, whil Gi h ck t th w, ut th
iti pit gic git th p pit hi gt uthit
th. Th iticti tw th gu Gi, th ppl
h pt, oi hil uggt hi w iu fcti
th tu pi t wht ct it chi it pw. Pticll
24 Th pg i which oi cll augutu g cp hi t ,
G 1994.xxxii. s G’ ix (augutu), hlpul lit iticti
tw augutu Jupit.
25 “Ill i it, qu lugui p, / cuqu pit pulic i it.” Hik
1998.166: “oi i Ti i gu th h gl, wh liz th
pw which h pcli hil icti.”
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70 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven
pkig, hw, oi h gi i: th w i th chit plc
th domina i th l’ th p h plc th amator. Th
cllp tw th lgic wl th l wl ipili i
l cplt, i thi p, i pt, w wit t th i th g tic lg.26
Tht th l lit i cpl wig pit
cpi tw hil th cqu ppl th pi
uggt tht, i, th titic ig cqut i l
igi th ppg t th r ppulc tht thi
“ig” augut t w cplx w. Lik th ttu t
sit-bt, th ethne th sti t aphii, th nationes
th Pticu i r, th i i th Fu augutu, oi’Gi uul tph t pt th augut i
r th caput orbis ( Am. 1.15.26).
I clig, w th qutti th wk J sctt
tht, thugh ptit piil t th wl, t with th
cit pict, hwig, php t upiigl, tht thig h
chg littl i 2,000 hu hit (1986.1072):
Whth t cucil t Jci hg i
th Fch rluti, t th pit stli’ i
ctllig uthit, th ipltti nzi plic
i G, with th tiuph i I th atllh
Khii, gt ul h lgitiiz iti,
tgth, ctl uthit ulig pw culi
(i, uti, ui, wk ii)
tht c litl i lw (iig w’
pliticl pticipti, utlwig ti, phiitig
wg-ig th, ipig l c)
tht put w i thi plc. Th cti thi ti-
ig k littl i thl; i t itc, th
tt h thig iit til t gi th
ctl w. Th cti c l
pt li th ctucti cli-
26 Luck 1969.46: “oc th i tw th lit w k, c th u
ight l li h itu th titil i th lgic t-, it
chct w lt.”
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Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 71
ti pw. a ti ctl tgth w
gi plic ut w.
such plici w ctil ct th augut gi, thi iizig icu w utiliz pt tit
t xt thi ti ctl t th pic. I th ig w h
u, th pi i igi th i l pt th
il r, l ipt ili w pt it tht
Pater augutu huhl l, xul ut ill t th
pptit th culi cpitl. Th w oi hlp u pci t
l th pi thi ig, ut l it uc iplicti
th iiiul liig u th w, ilil wl .
University o Massachusetts, Amherst
Macalester College
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F i g u r e 8 .
R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o
a t t i c s t o r y , F o r u m o
A u g u s t u s . C o p i e s o
E r e c h t h e i o n m a i d e n s
a n d s h i e l d w i t h h e a d .
C a s a d e i C a v a l i e r i
d i R o d i . P h o t o g r a p h
b y K o p p e r m a n n
u s e d c o u r t e s y o
t h e D e u t s c h e s
A r c h ä o l o g i s c h e s
I n s t i t u t , R o m e ,
n e g a t i v e 6 1 . 1 0 5 9 .
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Figure 9. Ethnos #2, “Ethnos with Bull,” Sebasteion, Aphrodisias. Photograph courtesy o the
Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University.
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F i g u r e 1 0 . S e a
t e d A u g u s t u s r e c e i v i n g G a l l i c c h i l d r e n u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o D r u s u s . B o s c o r e a l e C u
p o A u g u s t u s . S i l v e r . T h e L o u v r e .
P h o t o g r a p h a t e r A . H é r o n d e V i l l e o s s e , L e t r é s o r d e B o s c o r e a l e , F o n d a
t i o n E u g è n e P i o t , M o n u m e n t
s e t M é m o i r e s 5 ( S u p p l e m e n t ) ,
( P a r i s 1 9 0 2 ) , P
l a t e X X X I I I . 1 .
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F i g u r e 1 1 . S e a t e d A u g u
s t u s r u l i n g t h e w o r l d , a n k e d b y V e n u s h o l d i n g V i c t o r y , a
n d M a r s a n d p e r s o n i f e d p r o v i n c e s . B o s c o r e a l e C u p o A u
g u s t u s . S i l v e r .
T h e L o u v r e . P h o t o g r a p h a t e r A . H é r o n d e V i l l e o s s e , L e t r é s o r d e B o s c o r e a l e , F o n d a t i o n E u g è n e P i o t , M o n u m e n t s e t M é m o i r e s 5 ( S u p p l e m e n t ) , ( P a r i s
1 9 0 2 ) , P l a t e X X X I . 1 .
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F i g u r e 1 2 . G e m m a
A u g u s t e a . S a r d o n y x
c a m e o i n m o d e r n m o u n t .
K u n s t h i s t o r i s c h e s
M u s e u m , W i e n . I X . a . 7 9 .
P h o t o g r a p h c o u r t e s y o
t h e m u s e u m , n e g a t i v e
I I . 2 4 7 6 2 .
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Figure 13. Female
inhabitant or
personifcation o
Gallia Narbonensis,
trophy monument,
orum o Saint-
Bertrand. Photograph
© Canyonlights/Susan