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Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development...

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Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?
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Page 1: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Gender-trade and development policies

How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Page 2: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Gender: a controversial concept Debate ”Nature vs education-

socialization” From social biology (sex as part of

nature) to: gender as a product of socialization

Gender as a socially/contextualized interpretation of biological sex, as a social construction of sex

Page 3: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Globalization and SAP

Two faces of economic restructuring The export model-to find new niches-

to be exported at any cost Foreign trade and foreign investment-

the new key words in the globalization era

Page 4: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

SAP-measures and women SAP and women-taking from the state-

social care responsibilities-putting them on women

Reduction of fiscal deficits, promotion of export oriented industrial and agriculture production and attraction of direct investment-less jobs and less income

Opening of the economies-no more industry protection or subsidies

Privatization-selling state assets and infrastructure (like energy production communication, etc)

Page 5: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

SAP: consequences Poor and small farmers neglected-

food sovereignty –forgotten Small and middle national

enterprises-sacrificed to international competitiveness (ISI-gains erased)

Middle classes-impoverished and poor groups-specially women-very affected

Reactions: fundamentalism-religious and cultural: anti-westernization

Page 6: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

The ”maquiladora model” and women

The global chain production: at the search of cheap, docile and unorganized labour

Women the majority of the workers in low-skilled, labor-intensive sectors, concentrated in the lower segments of the occupational hierarchies,

Particularly vulnerable to individual and structural discrimination and abuse

Page 7: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Women (or feminisation of cheap labour) as a motor into globalization

Women-are forced to go into the labour market to make ends meet: women and feminisation of export jobs as the reserve army of labour for export competitiveness-underpaid workers in all low wage export industries (industrial and agro-export) in the global South

Page 8: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Globalization and women

Moreover: women workers in the informal sector-used and abused by the global chain production: as easy prey to sub-contractors

Flexibilization-a way to make production more efficient- putting more and more formal work into the informal market

Service sector-more and more informal

Page 9: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Applying a gender perspective to trade policies

Applying a gender perspective to trade policies means overcoming the divide between social and economic policies, giving access to affordable essential services and social security, and enforcing women’s and poor people’s right to food, health, education and livelihoods

Page 10: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Some consequences of trade

Export model in outsourcing products and services-women as workers

Privatisation: resources and services More women in the informal sector women as migrants: 50-95% of all

migrants in the world: import of maids, traffiking-prostitution, bride-post orders, sexual tourism.

Page 11: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Trade liberalisation in agriculture

Livelihoods and food security: favours the development of large-scale

commercial, input-intensive, export-oriented farming

undermine small-scale farming for subsistence or local markets, which has been based on biodiversity, indigenous knowledge systems and exchange of local seeds, mostly done by women

Page 12: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Trade liberalization in agriculture-2

It encourages consolidation of land holdings, monocultures and the introduction of machinery, while women still struggle to gain land rights and access to credit, technology and information.

leads to the depletion of common land and state forests, which were used by women for collection of fuel, fodder, water, oil seeds and fruit, as well as roots and herbs for nutritional and medical purposes.

Page 13: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Also: women as agriculture workers

Women work as unpaid family labour on their husband’s cash crop fields, as hired labourers on large-scale commercial farms and plantations or

recently as small scale contract farmers who produce non-traditional agricultural exports comprising vegetables, fruits and flowers for foreign buyers

Page 14: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Agro-exports-also feminised

In many countries horticulture for export and agro-industries have become new feminised sectors of the economy because of their labour intensity

Page 15: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Gendered consequences

Opening markets and trade liberalisation have redistributive effects and change national economies as gendered processes of production, reproduction and consumption

Page 16: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Is this form of female labour a liberation or another sort of oppression?

Liberal views: labour gives women independence-takes them out of the patriarchal family-empowers them

Critical/leftist views: enterprise owners replace the husband-female workers controlled, exploited, double or triple burden

Page 17: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

From WID to GAD Recognizing the women’s contribution

to the economy and to development-from a liberal perspective (WID-1970s) to an empowering perspective (GAD)

From above: WB-gender action plan Gender Equality as Smart Economics (2006) to EU’s discourses on gender equality in development cooperation

Page 18: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Gender: successfully mainstreamed into development policy?

International organizations: all have adopted gender sensitive guidelines: for ex.EU, WB, FMI, OECD, MDGs

Fragile gains, sometimes without support for implementation-WB evaluation of the gender dimension in WB policies-disappointing -Poverty reduction Strategy papers-very little discussion of gender issues.

Page 19: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Women’s rights organiz. in Paris declaration on Aid 2005

Women’s rights organizations not part of the 2nd High Level Forum and initially had not taken into consideration the potential impacts of this new Declaration. The Declaration was very technical and only focused on aid delivery and management mechanisms, but in practice the Aid Effectiveness agenda became a predominant framework that is guiding most donors’ efforts to improve aid quality.

Page 20: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

From the women’s rights perspective

the Millennium Declaration and the Paris Declaration are regressive frameworks for guiding development aid, compared to the achievements of the UN conferences of the nineties, the Monterrey Consensus and the overall internationally agreed development goals (IADG)3 and above all, a setback with respect to the existing instruments of Human Rights.

Page 21: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Trade and development?

Trade liberalisation and export growth are equated with development benefits

But: no evidence that they are actually pro-poor and that the neoclassical assumption of the ‘trickle-down effect’ of wealth will work out.

Page 22: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

EU-from development aid to trade

The EU is in the process of reducing its aid for human development and its anti-poverty programmes

For ex: India perceived not as a developing but as a threshold country

shifting assistance to economic cooperation and aid for trade

Page 23: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Gender diferential

based on the gender division of labour – in the market as well as in the household –

On women’s and men’s different access to and control over resources such as assets, rights and time, and on cultural ascriptions of gender stereotypes and norms

Page 24: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

UNCTAD-trade and gender

UNCTAD carried out a gender analysis of the different WTO agreements

Conclusions: gender differences continue to exist, women are more often affected by negative impacts of trade liberalisation than men

But: free trade provides new market and job opportunities for women

Page 25: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Final reflections-why gender?

A way to see the social consequences of liberalization and the new neoliberal models concretized by free trade

FTAS: a violent way of modernization where social structures of inequality become even more unequal

Page 26: Gender-trade and development policies How is gender integrated into EU’s trade and development policies?

Women’s lobby on EU’s development policies?

WIDE: a dismantled organization But:nowdays: WIDEplus:

http://wideplusnetwork.wordpress.com/2012/09/21/find-out-more-about-wide-plus/


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