92 OLR (1987)34(I) F. GENERAL F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 87:0628 Blackburn, D.A. et al., 1986. Examining a blue-green gem. [Remote sensing from space.] Impact Sci. Soc., 140:229-335; 11 papers. Topics of this selection of papers include remote sensing as a basis for photointerpretation and photogrammetry, and as a tool for investigating seismic casualties; the geochemical study of land- scapes; and the digital processing of satellite images as applied to geology. Other papers examine remote sensing achievements in Israel and Europe and the use of satellite images in managing an island continent. Oxford Res. Unit, The Open Univ., Foxcombe Hall, Berkeley Rd., Boars Hill, Oxford OX1 5HR, UK. (msg) 87:0629 Devaney, A.J., 1986. Reconstructive tomography with diffracting wavefields. Inverse Problems, 2(2): 161-183. A.J. Devaney Associates, PO Box 477, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA. 87:0630 Hardisky, M.A., M.F. Gross and V. Klemas, 1986. Remote sensing of coastal wetlands. Bioscience, 36(7):453-460. An overview of remote sensing instruments and techniques is presented including aircraft color film and color IR film, aircraft MSS, NOAA's AVHRR, Landsat MSS, Landsat thematic mapper, SPOT scanner, AIS, and AVIRIS. The systems are eval- uated as to their ability to detect and map salt marshes, coastal land use, vegetative stress, tidal inundation, water properties, vegetation, and coastal erosion. Biol. Dept., Univ. of Scranton, PA 18510, USA. (msg) 87:0631 Lundberg, Olof, 1986. INMARSAT [International Maritime Satellite Organisation]: spreading its wings. Interdiscipl. Sci. Rev., 11(1):50-63. INMARSAT has made great progress since its foundation in 1965 and has now 44 members. Its three components, the satellites leased, the stations on land and those on ships, have grown in size, number and efficiency. Research and future devel- opment will make a significant contribution to the future global maritime distress and safety system; services to the aeronautical community are in preparation. Dir. Gen., INMARSAT, London, UK. 87:0632 Penny, M.F. et al., 1986. Laser airborne depth sounding in Australia. Navigation, Paris, 34(133):73-85. (In French, English abstract.) An experimental program to investigate airborne laser methods, begun in the mid-70s and completed in 1984, demonstrated that airborne laser depth sounding can be used effectively in Australian coastal waters. This paper reviews the program's achievements and describes some features of a 'Laser Airborne Depth Sounder.' Elect. Res. Lab., Australian Dept. of Defense, Box 2151, GPO, Adelaide 5001, Australia. 87:0633 Rose, J.H., 1986. Phase retrieval for the variable velocity classical wave equation. Inverse Problems, 2(2):219-228. Ames Lab., USDOE, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA. 87:0634 Shibata, Akira and Ichiro Isozaki, 1985. Microwave radiometer experiments at a marine observation tower. Pap. Met. Geophys., Tokyo, 36(4):219-232. Observations of the brightness temperature of the sea surface were carried out in 1982 and 1983, using the Bread Board Model of the Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR). Results show that at 23 GHz, one of the two frequencies selected for MSR, the brightness temperature observed is explained by a radiative model with an error smaller than 5 degrees. At 31 GHz, the other frequency, the error becomes larger than 10 degrees. At these frequencies a linear regression method, applied to the surface water vapor pressure and the surface wind speed, gives the result that signs of coefficients of the surface wind effect are almost all negative. Instead of this method, two separate approaches are described that give then 0.4 and 0.8 K/m/s at 31 GHz in the horizontal polarization. Meteorol. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan, 87:0635 Wong, Kuo-Chuin (comment) and J.C. Evans (reply), 1986. Comment land replyi on 'Selection of a numerical filtering method: convolution or transform windowing?' J. geophys. Res., 91 (C7): 8599-8602. Coll. of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
Topics of this selection of papers include remote sensing as a basis for photointerpretation and photogrammetry, and as a tool for investigating seismic casualties; the geochemical study of land- scapes; and the digital processing of satellite images as applied to geology. Other papers examine remote sensing achievements in Israel and Europe and the use of satellite images in managing an island continent. Oxford Res. Unit, The Open Univ., Foxcombe Hall, Berkeley Rd., Boars Hill, Oxford OX1 5HR, UK. (msg)
87:0629 Devaney, A.J., 1986. Reconstructive tomography with
diffracting wavefields. Inverse Problems, 2(2): 161-183. A.J. Devaney Associates, PO Box 477, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
87:0630 Hardisky, M.A., M.F. Gross and V. Klemas, 1986.
Remote sensing of coastal wetlands. Bioscience, 36(7):453-460.
An overview of remote sensing instruments and techniques is presented including aircraft color film and color IR film, aircraft MSS, NOAA's AVHRR, Landsat MSS, Landsat thematic mapper, SPOT scanner, AIS, and AVIRIS. The systems are eval- uated as to their ability to detect and map salt marshes, coastal land use, vegetative stress, tidal inundation, water properties, vegetation, and coastal erosion. Biol. Dept., Univ. of Scranton, PA 18510, USA. (msg)
Maritime Satellite Organisation]: spreading its wings. Interdiscipl. Sci. Rev., 11(1):50-63.
INMARSAT has made great progress since its foundation in 1965 and has now 44 members. Its three components, the satellites leased, the stations on land and those on ships, have grown in size, number and efficiency. Research and future devel- opment will make a significant contribution to the future global maritime distress and safety system;
services to the aeronautical community are in preparation. Dir. Gen., INMARSAT, London, UK.
87:0632 Penny, M.F. et al., 1986. Laser airborne depth
sounding in Australia. Navigation, Paris, 34(133):73-85. (In French, English abstract.)
An experimental program to investigate airborne laser methods, begun in the mid-70s and completed in 1984, demonstrated that airborne laser depth sounding can be used effectively in Australian coastal waters. This paper reviews the program's achievements and describes some features of a 'Laser Airborne Depth Sounder.' Elect. Res. Lab., Australian Dept. of Defense, Box 2151, GPO, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
87:0633 Rose, J.H., 1986. Phase retrieval for the variable
velocity classical wave equation. Inverse Problems, 2(2):219-228. Ames Lab., USDOE, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA.
87:0634 Shibata, Akira and Ichiro Isozaki, 1985. Microwave
radiometer experiments at a marine observation tower. Pap. Met. Geophys., Tokyo, 36(4):219-232.
Observations of the brightness temperature of the sea surface were carried out in 1982 and 1983, using the Bread Board Model of the Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR). Results show that at 23 GHz, one of the two frequencies selected for MSR, the brightness temperature observed is explained by a radiative model with an error smaller than 5 degrees. At 31 GHz, the other frequency, the error becomes larger than 10 degrees. At these frequencies a linear regression method, applied to the surface water vapor pressure and the surface wind speed, gives the result that signs of coefficients of the surface wind effect are almost all negative. Instead of this method, two separate approaches are described that give then 0.4 and 0.8 K/m/s at 31 GHz in the horizontal polarization. Meteorol. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan,
87:0635 Wong, Kuo-Chuin (comment) and J.C. Evans
(reply), 1986. Comment land replyi on 'Selection of a numerical filtering method: convolution or transform windowing?' J. geophys. Res., 91 (C7): 8599-8602. Coll. of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
OLR (1987) 34 (1) F. General 93
F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)
87:0636 Abdel Latif, A.F., A. Refai Bayoumi and M.-F.
Thompson (eds.), 1983. Marine science in the Red Sea, Proceedings of the international con- ference celebrating the 50th anniversary of Al-Ghardaqa Marine Biological Station, April 1982. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish, Arab Repub. Egypt, 9:495pp; 53 papers.
Conference proceedings are presented in eight parts: the geology, physical oceanography, chemical ocean- ography, biology, and pollution of the Red Sea; Red Sea resources, resource management and protection; and regional cooperation and development. Selected topics include recent sediments along the Red Sea coast, wind-driven circulation in the Red Sea as a homogeneous basin, a new technique for measuring denitrification, coral reef communities and zooxan- thellae (several papers), hypersaline communities, Red Sea crustaceans of economic importance, mineral resources of coastal areas, mariculture advances, a joint Egyptian-United States pollution study, and a cooperative marine technology program for the Middle East. Arab Republic of Egypt, Acad. of Sci. Res. and Tech., Cairo, Egypt. (msg)
87:0637 Allanson, B.R. (chief scientist) and B.P. Boden et al.,
1985. Preliminary results of the South African SIBEX I cruise to the Prydz Bay region, Antarc- tica, 15 March-3 May 1984. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 15:58pp; 11 papers.
Preliminary cruise results include data on water temperature, salinity, density, upper ocean thermal structure, silica, DO, trace metals, and nutrients. Also discussed are 2L°po in the food chain; the relationship between light chlorophyll a and primary production; and plankton, krill, and seabird abun- dance and distribution. Among the findings dis- cussed are the locations of four major ocean fronts, the presence of newly formed ABW (detected by silica and DO), and the transitory nature of krill concentrations and the Prydz Bay gyre. Dept. of Zool. and Entomology, Rhodes Univ., Grahams- town 6140, South Africa. (msg)
87:0638 Harrison, J.T. III (ed.), 1986. Enewetak Atoll: aspects
of the marine environment. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Western Society of Naturalists at Long Beach, California, Decem- ber 27-30, 1982. Bull. mar. Sci., 38(1):260pp; 16 papers.
Enewetak Atoll, a former atomic weapons proving ground and the home of Enewetak Marine Biolog- ical Laboratory and the Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory, is the 'most thoroughly studied atoll in the world.' Reports on general research presented in this volume describe such diverse investigations as the pharmacology of potential anti-cancer drugs extracted from marine invertebrates, two studies of the dynamic interaction between marine commu- nities, lagoon sediment environments and effects of bioturbation, the population ecology and fishery potential of the spiny lobster, and the behavior of gray reef sharks. A second group of reports describe results of the Enewetak Submersible Program using the two-man submersible Makali7 to explore the lagoon floor and outer reef slope to obtain data on geological and biological zonation, callianassid bioturbation, the contribution of Halimeda to the carbonate budget, fish species records, and deep-reef icthyofauna. NMFS, SWFC, P.O. Box 3830, Hon- olulu, HI 96812, USA.
87:0639 Miller, D.G.M., B.P. Boden and L. Parker, 1984.
Hydrology and bio--oceanography of the Prince Edward Islands (southwest Indian Ocean). S. Aft. J. Antarct. Res., 14:29-31.
The distribution of conservative properties (temper- ature, salinity, density and oxygen) showed little vertical stratification, indicating that water around the islands is well mixed. It is postulated that topographical effects and the close proximity of the islands to the Antarctic Polar Front may combine to influence significantly biogeographic affiliations nearby. Such effects may also operate in concert with ephemeral run-off from the islands (particularly of nitrates) to affect marine productivity in the region. Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa.
F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.
87:0640 Watkins, B.P. and J. Cooper, 1983. Scientific
research at Gough Island [Southern Oceanl, 1869-1982: a bibliography [of 212 titles]. S. Aft.
J. Antarct. Res, 13:54-58. Percy FitzPatrick Inst. of African Ornithology, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, S. Africa.
87:0641 Watkins, B.P., J. Cooper and I.P. Newton, 1984.
Scientific research at Bonvet Island [Southern
94 [: General OLR (1987)34(11
Ocean], 1785-1983: a bibliography [of 148 titlesl. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 14:36-39. Percy Fitz- Patrick Inst. of African Ornithology, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, S. Africa.
87:0642 Watkins, B.P., J. Cooper and I.P. Newton, 1984.
Research into the natural sciences at the Tristan da Cunha islands, 1719-1983: a bibliography [of 411 titles[. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 14:40-47. Percy FitzPatrick Inst. of African Ornithology, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, S. Africa.
87:0643 White, F.E. and D.C. Teas (eds.), 1986. References to
contemporary papers on acoustics. J. acoust. Soc. Am., (Suppl. 2)79:480pp.
These references (citations but no abstracts) are listed by the journal's classification scheme; there is, however, an author index. Section 43.30, Under- water Sound, contains about 650 entries. (fcs)
87:0645 Washburn, A.L. and Gunter Weller, 1986. Arctic
research in the national interest. Science, 233(4764):633-639.
The Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 was designed to advance arctic research in the national interest. Some of the research fields that require attention are weather and climate; national defense; renewable and nonrenewable resources; transpor- tation; communications and space-disturbance ef- fects; environmental protection; health, culture, and
Four papers on remotely-operated vehicles describe operational hardware of RCV 225G, a well-head work system; MURS 300 MK II, an inspection system for underwater facilities in hydroelectric plants; TROJAN, an oil subsea support vehicle; and DOLPHIN 3K. an ocean-bottom survey vehicle. Software papers describe supervisory control sys- tems for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- tion's JASON and a knowledge-based system for controlling a fully autonomous submersible vehicle. A paper from IFREMER discusses a family of four vehicles (SAR, NAUTILE, SAGA, ELIT) designed for ocean exploration. The final contribution de- scribes the dual-purpose ROV MANTIS which can be operated unmanned or manned. Westinghouse Oceanic Div., Annapolis, MD, USA. (msg)
F190. Navigation, cartography, etc.
87:0648 Blackwell, E.G., 1985. Overview of differential GPS
methods. Navigation, Washington D.C., 32(2): 114-125. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
87:0649 Bowen, R., P.L. Swanson, F.B. Winn, N.W. Rhodus
and W.A. Feess, 1985. Global positioning system operational control system accuracies. Navigation, Washington D.C., 32(2): 169-185. Headquarters, Space Div., USAF, El Segundo, CA, USA.
OLR(1987)34(I) F. General 95
87:0650 Luse, J.D. and Rajendra Malla, 1985. Geodesy from
ASTROLABE to GPS--a navigator's view. Nav- igation, Washington D.C., 32(2): 101-113.
This paper addresses the history of geodetic obser- vation or surveying, discusses the size and shape of the Earth and the refinements resulting from greater precision of measurement, and describes world geodetic systems compared to older datums. Appli- cation of the many facets of geodesy to navigation, such as the significance of geoidal height and mean sea level, and transformation from WGS-72 to local datums, are also discussed. Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim, CA, USA.
87:0651 Sampson, S.R., 1985. A survey of commercially
available positioning systems. Navigation, Wash- ington D.C., 32(2): 139-148.
Commercial positioning systems offer different combinations of range, accuracy, dynamics, oper- ational modes and inherent limitations. This paper presents a tabular summary of the available com- mercial systems and their key specifications. The transmitted frequency band is used to divide the system into generic categories with generally com- mon performance. Within each group, characteristic capabilities and limitations are discussed. Topics include GDOP, calibration, multipath, skywave, propagation velocities, frequency allocation and measurement ambiguities. Cubic Corp., San Diego, CA, USA.
F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)
87:0652 Clark, R.B. and Songling Zhang, 1985. Problems of
assessing marine pollution. [Overview.] Acta oceanol, sin. (English version), 4(3):453-462. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
87:0653 Reynoldson, T., L. Hampel and J. Martin, 1986.
Biomonitoring networks operated by schoolchil- dren. Environ. Pollut., (A)41(4):363-380.
The considerable logistical problems involved in large-scale monitoring networks could be overcome in part by establishing a biological water quality network of stations, operated by high schools. Measurement of benthic invertebrate community
structure obtained in a pilot project involving five schools produced results that were reliable with regard to collecting and identification efficiency. Early results from a network that includes more than 20 teachers and 500 students at 12 schools show an ability to identify changes in stream water quality. International Joint Comm., 100 Ouellette Ave., Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada.
87:0654 Segar, D.A. and E. Stamman, 1986. Viewpoint.
Fundamentals of marine pollution monitoring programme design. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(5): 194- 200. SEAMOcean, Inc., Wheaton, MD, USA.
87:0655 Sperling, K.R., 1986. Viewpoint. Protection of the
North Sea: balance and prospects. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(6):241-246.
The North Sea is in need of greater protection than that provided by past conventions hence another North Sea Protection Conference will take place in November, 1987. This analysis of the weaknesses of past conventions aims at formulating the needs of the next one: recognition of the principle of prevention, separation of the issue of dumping sewage sludge and dredging spoils from that of industrial waste dumping, restricting the introduc- tion of more harmful substances into sewage sludge and dredging spoils, etc. The success of future conferences depends on tackling some of the difficult issues beforehand. Biol. Anstald Helgoland, FRG. (wbg)
87:0656 Willoughby, N.G., 1986. Man-made litter on the
shores of the Thousand Island Archipelago, Java. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(5):224-228. UNDIP/New- castle Link, Fish. Dept., Univ. Diponegoro, J1 Inman Barjo, 1-3 Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
F260. Resources, management, econom- ics
87:0657 Barstow, R., 1986. Non-consumptive utilization of
whales. Ambio, 15(3): 155-163.
A growing sentiment contends that commercial harvesting of marine mammals is not sustainable in the long term. Instead, non-consumptive utilization such as whale watching, benign research, cetaceans in captivity for entertainment and education, etc. are encouraged. Since the early 1970s, this strategy has
96 F. Genera l O L R (1987) 34 ( 1
gathered substantial support. 190 Stillwold Drive, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA.
87:0658 Bonner, W.N., 1986. Seals in the human environ-
ment. Ambio, 15(3):173-176.
Intensive seal hunting began in the eighteenth century and has resulted in the drastic reduction of most species of seal. While commercial harvesting has decreased in recent years, interactions with fisheries, ingestion of pollutants and habitat loss continue to claim the lives of many seals. New data-gathering techniques, however, are helping to devise effective management plans. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cam- bridge CB3 0ET, UK.
87:0659 Brown, S.G., 1986. Research on large and small
cetaceans: conservation and management. Ambio, 15(3): 168-172.
Research techniques and findings about marine mammals are discussed in this article. Parameters such as sex ratios of the breeding population, ages of animals at sexual maturity and at recruitment into the stock, pregnancy rates and mortality rates are crucial to determining effective management strat- egies. 24 Orchard Way, Oakington, Cambridge CB4 5BQ, UK.
87:0660 Cognetti, G., 1986. Editorial. Perspectives for pro-
tected marine areas in the Mediterranean. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(5):185-186.
There are some thirty-five protected areas in and along the Mediterranean Sea which are under the jurisdiction of several different countries and have varying types of restrictions placed upon them. The 1985 Council of Europe proposal for the estab- lishment of a group of experts to develop a coordinated European strategy is applauded here as a means of removing national obstacles to protection and of improving basic ecological research. (msg)
87:0661 Estes, J.A., 1986. Marine otters and their environ-
ment. Ambio, 15(3):181-183.
Recent studies show that marine otters, currently very few in number, have a high degree of impor- tance in the marine ecosystem in which they live. For example, sea otters eat sea urchins which normally eat kelp. It has been suggested that increased abundance of kelp means more food for fish which means more food for otters. Analysis of the effects of changing population size on this cycle is necessary to
better understand possible interrelationships. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
As well as being an important direct source of human and animal food, seaweeds are used in agriculture and medicine, and are the source of three high-value low-volume bioproducts (agar, carra- geenan and alginic acid) widely used commercially, most notably in food technology, microbiology and biotechnology. The chemical composition, proper- ties, applications and sources of these important marine algal products are discussed, emphasizing recent advances and developments and indicating how mariculture and genetic improvement may be used to increase supplies and the quality and diversity of seaweed products. Dept. of Plant Sci., The Univ., Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
Even when marine mammals are not the direct target of fishing efforts, their populations are often nega- tively affected by interaction with fisheries. Fish- ermen and marine mammals compete for limited resources; in the process, marine mammals become entangled in fishing nets or are harvested inadver- tently. Conversely, fishermen must contend with damaged gear and fish made inedible by a parasite transmitted by marine mammals. Mar. Resources Assessment Gr., Imperial Coll., 48 Prince's Garden, South Kensington, London SW7 ILU, UK.
87:0664 Hertz, O. and F.O. Kapel, 1986. Commercial and
subsistence hunting of marine mammals. Ambio, 15(3):144-151.
While it is widely agreed that commercial hunting of marine mammals should be ceased, there is little consensus as to what degree of subsistence har- vesting should be halted. Neither is there unanimity on what actually constitutes the difference between subsistence and commercial hunting as 'natives' sometimes hunt with extremely advanced and com- prehensive weaponry. The case of the Inuit in Greenland provides an interesting illustration of this difficulty. Gudhjemvej 50, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Den- mark.
OLR (1987) 34 (1) F. General 97
g7:0665 Holt, S., 1986. Mammals in the sea. Ambio, 15(3):
126-133.
Exploitation, sustained use, management: these are terms which, when applied to marine mammals, quickly find defenders and attackers, all equally sure of their ground. Some of the history of and causes behind this debate are examined here; in particular, weaknesses in data-gathering techniques have caused controversy. 2 Meryon Court, Rye, East Sussex TN31 7LY, UK.
87:0666 Holt, S. et al., 1986. Marine mammals. Ambio,
15(3):126-183; 11 papers.
Both the scientific and humanitarian issues involved in countering the exploitation of marine mammals are reviewed. Although the cornerstone of modern conservation--the principle of sustainable utiliza- tion--has worked well in the hands of conserva- tionists and animal protectionists to bring about a maratorium on whaling and a reduction in the killing of seal pups, other issues of concern have been clouded by moral, ethical and emotional consid- erations. Included here are descriptive outlines of the marine mammals; plans for their conservation, management, and utilization; commercial and sub- sistence hunting; fisheries interactions, research; educational campaigns; and the role of law in their protection. Several of the papers focus upon par- ticular mammal groups--the whales, seals, sirenians, and marine otters. (hbf)
87:0667 Li, Ruodun, 1985. The relationship between shrimp
resources in the Huanghai and Bohal seas and sea surface temperature abnormality. Acta oceanol. sin. (English version), 4(4):548-556. First Inst. of Oceanogr., Nail. Bur. of Oceanogr., Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
87:0669 Stirling, Ian, 1986. Research and management of
At a meeting in Fairbanks, Alaska 1965, represen- tatives of circumpolar Arctic nations concluded that international coordination of research and man- agement efforts was essential. Subsequent meetings of scientists engaged in polar bear research were organized every two years by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, facilitating exchanges of views and cooperation; as a result, in 1973 the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears and their Habitats was signed in Oslo, Norway. This paper describes some of the research and man- agement undertaken in the years leading up to the agreement, and initiatives that are continuing be- cause of it. Canadian Wildlife Serv., 5320 122 St., Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5, Canada.
F280. Policy, law, treaties
87:0670 Birnie, P., 1986. The role of law in protecting marine
mammals. Ambio, 15(3): 137-143.
International legislation for the protection of marine mammals has been operative for more than forty years; however, the last fifteen years have seen an exponential growth in the number of treaties and conventions. Nevertheless, the laws are not com- prehensive in scope and their proliferation does not always ensure compliance. This article offers a comprehensive review of the existing legislation. London Sch. of Economics, Houghton St., London WC2A 2AE, UK.
87:0668 Marsh, H., T.J. O'Shea and R.C. Best, 1986.
Research on sirenians. Ambio, 15(3):177-180.
Sirenians (dugongs and sea cows) are long-lived mammals with a low reproduction rate and a wide geographic range. They inhabit over 90 countries; the most urgent threat to their existence is the loss of habitat due to coastal development, deforestation, perturbations of the hydrological cycle and destruc- tion of seagrass beds which provide a primary source of nutrients. Some scholars posit that sirenians are extinction-prone; despite human influence for good or bad, they may be a dying breed. Dept. of Zool., James Cook Univ., TownsviUe 4811, Australia.
87:0671 Side, Jonathan, 1986. Laws of the sea. North
platform abandonment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(5): 192-194.
By the year 2010 some North Sea oil fields will have stopped production. Complete platform removal, as required by the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, would prove extremely costly; hence it is more likely that Great Britain will abide by the UNCLOS regulations which permit partial removal. The U.K. is presently drafting legislation to govern abandonment subject to certain safeguards for fishing, navigation, and the environment; mean- while, control is in the hands of the Secretary of
98 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (I)
State. Another consideration is the eventual disposal of the installation and its parts, such as containers, scrap metal, and tar-like substances, a concern of the Oslo Convention which recommends disposal in water at least 2000 m deep and 150 miles from land. Other legislative initiatives include an EE C proposal for a council directive on dumping of wastes at sea and a safety-at-sea bill. (It is noted that in the Gulf of Mexico, where fishing is largely recreational, a rigs-to-reef program is underway, converting decom- missioned installations into reefs which serve as fishing sites.) (hbf)
F290. International concerns and or- ganizations
87:0672 Beck, P.J., 1986. Antarctica at the United Nations,
1985: the end of consensus? Polar Rec., 23(143): 159-166.
The question of Antarctica was discussed at the U.N. General Assembly in 1985 for the third successive year resulting in the adoption of three resolutions in favour of an expanded and up-dated U.N. Study on Antarctica, the provision of infor- mation on the Antarctic minerals regime negotia- tions, and the exclusion of South Africa from the Antarctic Treaty System. The Antarctic Treaty powers, favouring no real U.N. role in Antarctica, stressed the need to maintain the present arrange- ments and did not participate in the votes on the three resolutions. The apparent breakdown of the consensus approach that was characteristic of 1983 and 1984 raises a question for the future; will there be bridge-building or continuing divisions on the most appropriate way to manage Antarctica in the future? Kingston Polytech., Kingston upon Thames KTI 2EE, UK.
87:0673 Nielsen, B., 1986. The global plan of action for the
conservation, management and utilization of marine mammals. Ambio, 15(3): 134-136.
Before 1984, efforts to ensure the continued survival of marine mammals were carried forward by diverse groups with little or no coordination. Then UNEP and FAO passed a Global Plan of Action which aimed to encourage cooperation toward the con- servation, management and rational utilization of marine mammals. The components of the plan, to be implemented by 1990, are summarized here. UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya.
F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)
87:0674 Ellis, Derek, 1986. Editorial. Career hazards for
pollution scientists. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(6): p.235.
The politization of science in the arenas of envi- ronmental management and pollution control is lamented. With it has come politics' bag of dirty tricks. Many scientists avoid this milieu; their opinions and knowledge are lost on the policy- maker. (fcs)
87:0675 Kodama, Fumio et al., 1986. Science in Japan.
Special section. Science, 233(4761):291-338; 9 papers.
Critics ascribe it to low wages, the sacrifice of innovation for application, and a tradition of docile and loyal workers, while admirers point to discipline, adaptability, and realistic approaches; the Japanese success story incorporates all these qualities. This status report on science in Japan examines its technological policy, industrial diversification, and management techniques, and reports on studies of protein kinase C, environmental chemical carcin- ogenesis in Japan, natural products and organic synthesis, current research in earthquake prediction, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and Brownian motion, and the evolution of meson science in Japan. (Ut)
F340. Biographies, obituaries, etc.
87:0676 Kilworth, P.D., 1986. Adrian Edmund Gill (1937-
1986). Nature, Lond., 322(6078):p.411.
This remembrance of Adrian Gill cites his contri- butions to the study of ocean-atmosphere inter- actions and world climate. "He will be remembered for his insight, and his almost uncanny ability to ask apparently very simple questions about ocean and atmosphere.' (lit)
F360. Science education
87:0677 McCloskey, M., 1986. Educational campaigns for
marine manmaals. Ambio, 15(3):164-167.
Educational programs can encourage public aware- ness of issues which in turn can lead to public
OLR(1987)34(1) F. General 99
pressure on the government to change controversial policies. Marine mammals, and particularly whales, have been made the cornerstone of many educa- tional campaigns the world over. In general, the results have been extremely positive--governments have often yielded to the pressures of an aroused citizenship. Whale Center, 3929 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
87:0678 Walsh, John, 1986. Small colleges strong in science.
Science, 233(4761):412-413.
A conference of 50 presidents from small liberal arts colleges that send large numbers of graduates on to doctoral programs, and ultimately careers in science, was held at Oberlin College in Ohio to assess ways to maintain their place in science education through joint action. The reason these colleges are so productive (with a dozen being equal to the best of the research universities) is that they not only emphasize teaching but their science faculties in- clude productive researchers as well. It may require an investment of a billion dollars for the colleges to remain competitive and finding those funds may require forming partnerships with state and local governments. (wbg)
Sigwarth and J.D. Craven (reply), 1986. IDis- cussion ofl the paper 'On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere. II. Interpretation.' Geophys. Res. Letts, 13(6):555- 560.
Donahue finds 'severe' aeronomical objections to Frank et al.'s hypothesis that periodic bombardment with cometoids is the source of the Earth's water. He also raises questions concerning the implications of the hypothesis for the hydrology of Mars and Venus. His comments leave the authors unaffected: 'Donahue discusses several important implica- tions....However, his major criticisms were consid- ered prior [to our interpretation] and do not alter [our] conclusions.' Dept. of Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA. (fcs)
87:0680 Genin, Amatzia, P.K. Dayton, P.F. Lonsdale and
F.N. Spiess, 1986. Corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over
Some of the first quantitative observations of hard-bottom (non-hydrothermal) fauna in the deep sea are presented. They show that black corals (antipatharians) and horny corals (gorgonians) present on the slopes of a multi-peaked seamount are more abundant near peaks, compared with mid- slope sites at corresponding depths. Physical models and observations, together with direct measure- ments, suggest that the seamount topography affects the local current regime. Corals appear to benefit from flow acceleration, and some of their distri- bution patterns can be explained by current con- ditions. These results suggest that suspension feeders have some potential as indicators of prevailing currents at deep hard-bottom sites. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
87:0681 Jakosky, B.M., 1986. Volcanoes, the stratosphere, and
climate. J. Volcanol. geotherm. Res., 28(3-4):247- 255.
A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The observed corre- lation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the Equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere. Lab. for Atmos. and Space Phys., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
87:0682 Mysak, L.A., 1986. Letters and comments. A note on
'El Nifio, interannoal variability and fisheries in the northeast Pacific Ocean.' Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 43(7): 1467-1468.
Because of inadequate referencing, in an earlier review of the physical processes that produce oceanic warming events off the west coast of North America and their relationship to El Niflo episodes in the tropical Pacific, Mysak (1986) inadvertently slighted an important publication by Uda (1962) who had described many of the same mechanisms. This note sets the record straight and brings Uda's important pioneering work (three objectives of which are outlined here) to the attention of a wider audience. Dept. of Math. and Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IY4, Canada. (wbg)
100 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (I)
F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)
87:0683 Anonymous, 1986. Statistics brief: playing with
numbers. Economist, 299(7448):78-79.
'For every statistic which is used another is abused....lntroduce a statistician to a cartographer and there is no limit to their visual wizardry.' This article provides a brief look at the ways a naive citizen can be conned by economic statistics. (fcs)
87:0684 Boulton, G.S., 1986. A paradigm shift in glaciology?
Nature, Lond., 322(6074):p.18.
Until now glaciologists, perhaps overly influenced by evidence of erosion on rock surfaces and highland regions, have largely analyzed glacial mechanics in terms of a 'model in which a glacier slides over a smooth, passive, rigid surface.' New studies of Antarctic ice sheets (Blankenship, Rooney, Bentley, and Alley, 1986) coupled with data on exposures of Pleistocene deposits in Europe and North America (where ~80% of glaciated surfaces are overlain by soft, deformable sediments), together with recent experimental evidence demonstrating that even relatively coarse-grained sediments are readily deformed beneath glacier ice, suggest that the dynamics of ice sheets should be reevaluated in terms of a strong interaction between ice and sediment deformation. The implications of Pleis- tocene drumlin fields and effects tied to subglacial sediments beneath modern Antarctic ice sheets must be further explored; in particular, more information is needed on the rapid, sustained deformation of sediments at very low stresses and the interplay between interstitial water systems and strain rates. Dept. of Environ. Sci., Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. (hbf)
87:0685 Burroughs, William, 1986. Randomness rules the
weather. New Scient., 111(1516):36-40.
In complex, nonlinear systems it is very easy to find "cycles' where there aren't any. And, on balance, the evidence for non-annual cycles in the weather is weak. Two cycles, one of roughly twenty years and one of roughly two, enjoy somewhat persistent support, but the evidence for even these is less than compelling. (fcs)
87:0686 Huyghe, Patrick, 1986. Origin of the ocean. Oceans,
19(4):8-15, 58
Whether the atmospheric physicist, Louis Frank, is right or wrong, his proposal 'is some sea story.' Frank has proposed that the upper atmospheric 'holes' in upwelling dayglow (observable by satellite radiometer) come from water vapor, and that the water vapor comes from snowball-like cometoids maybe 10 m in diameter, which constantly bombard the Earth and that are, in fact, the source of most of the Earth's water. Frank's ideas are unusual, even upsetting; they have been attacked; but as yet, no one has a better explanation for the holes. (fcs)
87:11687 Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley and P.B. Wright, 1986.
Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature, Lond., 322(6078):430-434.
Recent homogenized near-surface temperature data over the land and oceans of both hemispheres during the past 130 years are combined to produce the first comprehensive estimates of global mean tempera- ture. The results show little trend in the nineteenth century, marked warming to 1940, relatively steady conditions to the mid-1970s and a subsequent rapid warming. The warmest 3 years have all occurred in the 1980s. Climatic Res. Unit, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
87:0688 Kerr, R.A., 1986. Quake prediction under way in
earnest. Science, 233(4763):p.520.
During the month of June 1986, a variety of significant responses were recorded on monitoring instruments installed along the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California, where a quake has been predicted to occur by 1993. Although the individual readings were low scale--a flurry of tiny earthquakes on the seismometer system, 1.25 mm of creep on the creep meter system, several cm of water level changes in two wells straddling the fault, and anomalous readings on a strain meter and laser distance meter-- they reassured researchers that their efforts to monitor pre-earthquake activity were sound. An obvious need for data in the zone beneath Middle Mountain, where a major rupture is likely to begin, will be met by the installation of several new instruments by fall. (hbf)
87:0689 Kronman, Michael, 1986. California's fish and oil:
conflict or coexistence? Sea Frontiers/Sea Se- crets, 32(4):260-268.
Since the discovery of oil in waters off southern California in the 1950s, the oil exploration and fishing industries have been on a collision course. This article traces the events of the past 30 years: the
OLR(1987)34(1) F. General I01
use of dynamite and the seismic air gun to generate waves for seismic analysis, studies of the effects of seismic waves on fisheries, and the role of state, federal and international policies. (msg)
87:0690 MacKenzie, Debora, 1986. Shark bites halt trans-
Atlantic cable. New Scient., 111(1517):p.18.
The prototype for the first trans-Atlantic fiber-optic telephone cable using repeaters to boost the signal has had to be pulled up and patched several times in its first months of service when sudden electrical leaks were detected. Shark teeth were found in the punctured areas of the cable; the cause of attack is believed to be electromagnetic (since sharks do not ordinarily attack horizontal objects yet have been known to attack electrodes instead of pieces of fish) and research is underway now to determine which component of the signal causes the attacks. Possible solutions vary but there have been no bites since March, 1986 when the cable was rerouted slightly and extra armor was added. (wbg)
At a symposium devoted to the nautilus during the 1986 AAAS annual meeting, biologists and pale- ontologists reported on new information that has been amassed on the 5 or 6 surviving species (among 17,000 fossil species) that live in a region stretching from the Philippines through Indonesia to Australia and the Fiji Islands. Programs to capture, label, and photograph specimens and study the embryology have provided data on their life-span, development, and habitat. Individuals mature over a 10-yr period, add one chamber annually, live at depths ~500 feet and, relative to other cephalopods such as squid and octupus, are 'slow-moving, slow-growing, and dim- witted.' Breeding continues for several years and may be tied to their reliance on scavenging for food. Contrary to the usual image of the nautilus as a vestige facing extinction, genetic studies show that the common species is extraordinarily variable and may be on the verge of a new burst of evolution. (hbf)
87:0692 Murray, M., 1986. Second-hand Hawaiian volcanoes.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(2):p.22.
Uri S. ten Brink of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory has proposed an explanation for the formation of secondary volcanoes, based upon 1982 seismic studies near Oahu which revealed the
presence of a large 'sill body' between the crust and mantle under the islands. He suggests that these volcanoes develop at a constant distance (about 190 kin) from the primary eruptions on the sides of old volcanoes as a result of localized pressure due to the old volcanoes' weight on the sill complex. The theory also implies that hotspots are larger than previously hypothesized. (hbf)
87:0693 Murray, M., 1986. El Nifio's Atlantic counterpart.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(3):p.36.
It now appears that E1 Nifao-type events occur in the Atlantic as well as the Pacific, although not as frequently. In 1984 Atlantic surface waters were anomalously warm and the winds were light, the clouds over the equator that span the Atlantic remained there longer than usual, fish kills similar to the 1982-83 Pacific event were recorded off Angola, and temperature and rainfall in western Europe and Africa underwent slight changes. (msg)
87:0694 Murray, M., 1986. 'New window' on Earth's climatic
record. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(4):p.53.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has been used for the first time to obtain new details on ocean-bottom core samples. Madeleine Briskin, who pioneered the technique with equipment usually used by physicians, reports that the NMR, unlike X-rays, can distinguish minute layers rich in organic material, which can be used to identify long-term varve sequences and thus provide data on paleo- climates. The technique has the further advantage of obtaining very detailed 3-D pictures of the core samples without cutting into the core. The cost of using the equipment (presently about $960/hr) limits its application. (hbf)
The first documented construction of an artificial reef in U.S. waters was in 1830 off the South Carolina coast, although the Japanese were building them in the 17th century and fishermen have long known that underwater structures attract fish. This report examines the state-of-the-art of fish aggre- gating devices and suggests that more long-range planning and research to determine their value from a fisheries production viewpoint are needed. Reef scientists will hold their fourth international con- ference in November, 1987, and more coastal
102 F. Gene ra l O L R (1987) 34 ( I )
communities are now interested in long-range de- velopment, but the view prevails that "reef building is still more of an art form than a rigorous science.' (lit)
87:0696 Weisburd, S., 1986. More grounding for global
Climate models predict a rise in temperature due to elevated levels of atmospheric CO 2 and other gases and scientists have been seeking evidence confirming such a 'greenhouse' effect, usually with readings taken on land and with uncertain results. But now some climatologists have presented estimates of global mean surface temperatures based on com- bined ocean and land measurements (taken from 1861-1984) and the results seem to confirm that a general warming (of ~0.7C °) has taken place over the last 100 years. The data agree with those based solely on land measures except in showing that temperatures leveled off between the 1930s and 1970s instead of declining slightly. (wbg)
F390. Educational literature
87:0697 Rayner, J.M.V., 1986. Pleuston: animals which move
in water and air. Endeavour, (N.S.)10(2):58-64.
A lifestyle influenced by the conflicting pressures of two mediums can impose awkward constraints on animals. However, there are morphological and behavioural adaptations which permit animals to capitalize on the advantages of living and feeding in water and moving (that is, of flying) in air, while at the same time avoiding many of the disadvantages they might face in one medium alone. This article considers these adaptations, and explores their mechanical and energetic consequences for pleus- tonic animals which have evolved to move in both water and air. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Bristol, UK.
87:0698 Sefton, Nancy, 1986. Boobies and frigates: strange
87:0699 Taubes, Gary and Glenn Garelik, 1986. Soviet
science: how good is it? Discover, 7(8):36-59.
An ad hoc U.S. government-appointed group called the Foreign Applied Sciences Assessment Center assigned 79 U.S. scientists and engineers to evaluate the Soviet scientific literature and recently issued its summary report. Those findings are reviewed here. If scientific and technological competence are meas- ured quantitatively, the U.S.S.R, has achieved parity with the West, but the quality of its science and technology does not reflect the human and financial resources available to a nation which claims one- quarter of the world's working scientists and one- half its engineers, and where more than 3% of the GNP goes to research and development. Some of the possible reasons for this discrepancy (reverse- engineering the West's technology, over-emphasis on military technology, the negative effects of secrecy and anti-Semitism, and publication restrictions) are discussed. (llt)
87:0700 Wood, Larry, 1986. Columbia: glacier in retreat. Sea
Frontiers~Sea Secrets, 32(4):244-252.
The spectacularly rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier provides a rare opportunity for scientists to complete a unique data set begun in 1974 when the glacier was advancing. Observations and predictions are overviewed here. (msg)
F420. Miscellaneous
87:0701 Burke, B.F., 1986. Detection of planetary systems and
the search for evidence of life. Nature, Lond., 322 (6077): 340-341.
Astrometric techniques capable of detecting major planets orbiting nearby stars are currently active, but detection of an Earth-like planet is beyond current techniques. Direct imaging of planetary systems is even more challenging, and current opinion seems to have dismissed the possibility of imaging a planet as small as the Earth. The problem is not an impossible one, however; by combining radioastronomy and optical methods, images of Earth-like planets orbit- ing nearby stars should be obtainable, and their atmospheres could be studied spectroscopically for evidence of life. Dept. of Phys., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA..
