420 OLR (1984) 31 (6)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

84:2955 Asakawa, Kenichi, Yuichi Shirasaki and Yoshinao

Iwamoto, 1983. Metal detector for tracing sub- marine telecommunication cables. IEEE Trans. Instrumn Measmt, IM-32(4):477-483.

The characteristics and optimum design of a metal detector are studied theoretically and experimen- tally. Expected to be mounted on an unmanned submersible, the detector consists of one exciting coil and two receiving coils which are fixed perpendi- cularly to the excitation coil. The receiving coils detect the magnetic field induced by the eddy current flowing in the outer conductor of the submarine cable. The detection range is narrow, about 40 cm. Detecting characteristics are calculated numerically under several assumptions and com- pared with experimental results. Lab. of KDD, 1-23, Nakameguro, 2-chome, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan.

84:2956 Cartwright, D.E., 1983. On the smoothing of clima-

tological time series, with application to sea-level at Newiyn ICornwaill. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 75(3):639-658.

To overcome possible disadvantages of traditional methods of reducing climatological and long-term geophysical data to monthly and annual means, an 'idealized' technique is devised. The 'high quality smoothing filter' procedure yields 3 series--twice- daily, duodecimal and hannual--of which the first is considered the 'only outstanding advantage.' The method is demonstrated with sea-level, barometric and temperature data from Newlyn. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci. , Bidston Observ., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK. (ihz)

84:2957 Chelton, D.B., 1983. Effects of sampling errors in

statistical estimation. Deep-Sea Res., 30(10A): 1083-1103.

The time series analysis technique of multivariate linear regression is reviewed with special emphasis on application to real time series with only a limited number of sample observations. The finite length records introduce errors in the sample statistics that must be accounted for when examining cause and effect relationships from the linear regression

models. The expressions quantifying the effects of sampling errors on statistical quantities are equiv- alent to those used in large-sample-size classical statistics when all the sample observations are statistically independent. The developed formalism is based on the effective number of independent observations in the context of linear regression models. Sch. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Ore. 97331, USA.

84:2958 Maddox, John, 1983. Fuzzy sets make fuzzy logic.

(Report.) Nature, Lond., 306(5944):p.637.

Artificial intelligence has become all the rage, often by government sponsorship. The concept of fuzz- iness, while interesting, points to few distinctive benefits. Understanding remains the need.

84:2959 Sinnett, J.C. and W.R. Davis, 1983. A programmable

turbidistat for suspended particles in laboratory aquaria. (The system comprises an air-lift dosing system, a transmissometer to measure particle concentration, and a microcomputer which calculates the dose required to achieve a pro- grammed turbidity.) J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 73(2):167-174. USEPA, ERL, Narragansett, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA.

84:2960 SjOberg, E.L. and David Rickard, 1983. The influ-

ence of experimental design on the rate of calcite dissolution. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 47(12): 2281-2285.

A rotating disc system, constructed to study calcite dissolution kinetics, obeys the Levich theory and satisfies the stringent chemical controls required by the calcite dissolution system at neutral to alkaline pH values. The errors involved in using a CO2-free atmosphere are insignificant. The stirring depend- ence of systems which are not hydrodynamically well-defined is variable and dependent on the shape of the reaction vessel. Extrapolation of the results to natural systems involves very large uncertainties. Geol. Inst., Stockholms Univ., 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

84:2961 Uthe, E.E., 1983. Application of surface based and

airborne lidar systems for environmental moni-

OLR ( 1984131 (6) F. General 421

toting. J. Air Pollut. Control Ass., 33(12):1149- 1155.

Examples of lidar systems for environmental mon- itoring are described. The lidar technique is well suited for remote observations of aerosol concen- trations, for obtaining quantitative data on the vertical growth of boundary layers and downwind transport of effluent plumes, and for evaluating particulate plume opacities. A new system using paired CO 2 lasers is under construction. Atmos. Sci. Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., USA. (hbf)

84:2962 Yentsch, C.M. et al., 1983. Flow cytometry and cell

sorting: a technique for analysis and sorting of aquatic particles. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(6): 1275- 1280.

Flow cytometry (FCM) allows for the rapid meas- urement of individual particles (1-150 #m) in a moving fluid via the detection of several optical properties. Grouping and sorting of particles simul- taneously by size, chemical composition or meta- bolic state would be a major advance in the study of planktonic ecosystem structure and dynamics. Dif- ferent types of FCM systems are described. Several questions are addressed: (1) can living photosyn- thetic autotrophs be sorted from other particles? (2) can eucaryotes be sorted from procaryotes? (3) can autotrophs be sorted from heterotrophs? (4) can protein per cell be measured reliably? and (5) can DNA be used to sort life cycle stages? Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA. (bwt)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)

84:2963 Carpenter, S.R., 1983. Lake geometry: implications

for production and sediment accretion rates. J. theor. Biol., 105(2):273-286. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Notre Dame, Ind. 46556, USA.

84:2964 Cresswell, G.R. et al., 1982/83. [Warm-core tings:

physics, chemistry, biology. Workshop, Wel- lington, New Zealand, 18-22 January 1982.] Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 34(4):495-692; 14 papers.

These papers provide evidence that eddies in the NW Atlantic and Tasman Sea form in an analogous fashion; however, differences in ocean basin topog- raphy at their formation sites, the relative strengths

of the Gulf Stream and East Australian Current, and regional meteorological characteristics alter their subsequent evolution. Workshop contributions in- cluded studies of the physical evolution of eddy J in the Tasman Sea; origins of waters, isothermal temperatures and transformations in warm-core eddies of the western Tasman Sea; ring structure of the poleward boundary current off Western Austra- lia; and the influence of the Gulf Stream on the short-term evolution of a warm-core ring. Other papers examined pelagic squid associations, zoo- plankton, mesopelagic crustaceans and phyllosoma larvae in warm-core eddies off Australia. Satellite IR observation of warm-core ring kinematics and biological sound scattering in eddies also were discussed. (msg)

84:2965 Lewis, A.G. and J.P.M. Syvitski, 1983. The inter-

action of plankton and suspended sediment in fjords. Sedim. Geol, 36(2/4):81-92.

Trace metals, organics and nutrients adsorb onto suspended particles; ingestion of suspended sedi- ment by zooplankton exposes particulate minerals to physical and chemical breakdown; fecal pellets package fine particulates and thus increase their rate of sedimentation. This is particularly important in fjords, an environment dominated by the vertical flux of suspended sediment. Pelletization also allows transport of undigested food to greater depths providing organic material to sediments and food to deep-water organisms. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IW5, Can- ada.

84:2966 Nair, N.B., P.K.A. Azis, K. Dharmaraj, M. Aruna-

chalam, K.K. Kumar and N.K. Bala- subramanian, 1983. Ecology of Indian estuaries. I-III . Physico-chemistry. Indian J. mar. Sci., 12(3): 143-159; 3 papers. Dept. of Aquat. Biol. & Fish., Univ. of Kerala, Trivandrum 695 007, India.

84:2967 Officer, C.B., R.B. Biggs, J.L. Taft, L.E. Cronin,

M.A. Tyler and W.R. Boynton, 1984. Chesa- peake Bay anoxia: origin, development, and significance. Science, 223(4631): 22-27.

Deep waters in the central part of the bay become anoxic from May to September; the severity and length of anoxia are much greater than was the case in the 1930's. The historical increase in anoxia has been associated with increasing nutrient inputs and phytoplankton production, and resultant increased benthic respiration. Many ecologically important

422 F. General ( ) I R i 1984~ 31 It~l

species are declining, including some of economic importance (e.g., blue crabs). Dept. of Earth Sci., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH 03755, USA. (mjj)

84:2968 Wollast, Roland and J.-J. Peters, 1983. Transfer of

materials in estuarlne zones. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 118:200-216.

Discussed are the morphological and hydrodynam- ical characteristics of different types of estuaries; the salinity distribution and water circulation patterns of typical estuaries (Zaire, Scheldt, Guadiana and Sado); the removal of materials by flocculation, scavenging, sedimentation and accumulation; and the behavior and transport of dissolved substances, with emphasis on the effect of oxidation-reduction reactions and pH on precipitation and dissolution. Lab. d'Oceanogr., Univ. Libre de Bruxelles, Av. FD Roosevelt, 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium. (msg)

F160. Applied oceanography 84:2971

Stamnes, J.J., Odd Lovhaugen, Bjorn Spjelkavik, Chiang C. Mei, Edmond Lo and D.K.P. Yue, 1983. Nonlinear focusing of surface waves by a lens: theory and experiment. J. Fluid Mech., 135:71-94.

To understand the neighborhood of the focus, theoretical studies were carried out accounting for diffraction and nonlinearity, both separately and jointly. Experiments also were conducted in a large outdoor basin. Comparisons with the theories tend to favor the approximate nonlinear theory, but the efficiency of the focusing device as an energy concentrator does not appear to be significantly impaired by nonlinear effects. Central Inst. for Indus. Res., P.O. Box 350, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.

F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.

84:2969 Eckert, E.R.G. et al., 1983. Heat transfer: a review of

the 1982 literature. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 26(12):1733-1770.

In addition to surveying the 1982 open literature for papers on the various aspects of heat transfer, this review briefly describes some conferences and short courses organized on the topic. Citations are listed under 15 categories (3 sub-categories) including radiation, natural convection, methods, applications, conduction, flow, etc. Includes 15 pages of refer- ences. Dept. of Mech. Engng., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455, USA. (ihz)

84:2970 Schwartzlose, R.A. and J.R. Hendrickson, 1983.

Bibliography of the Gulf of California: marine sciences (through 1981). Publnes especial. Cent. Cienc. Mar Limnol., Univ. nac. A ut6n. M~x., 7:1-212. (Spanish and English.)

The more than 4000 items in this massive bibli- ography encompass 'nearly all the scientific liter- ature' through 1981 concerning the biology, geology, meteorology and oceanography of the Gulf of California region. Entries are arranged alphabeti- cally by surname, can be accessed via the 28-page index, and have location codes denoting libraries holding them. Also included are lists of source libraries, and journal abbreviations and titles. Inst. Cienc. Del Mar y Limnol., Univ. Nal. Auton, Mexico. D.F. Mexico. (ihz)

F170. Engineering and industry 84:2972

Baller, Henrik, 1983. Rig winterization to allow year-round drilling off northern Norway. Oil Gas J., 81(31):71-75.

The discovery of the Askeladden gas field in the subarctic Norwegian Sea has stimulated interest in rig winterization to permit year-round drilling operations. Environmental characteristics of the region (hazardous coastal areas, polar lows and wave behavior) and the effects of winter conditions on personnel and rig machinery have been investigated; cold-water rig designs are being marketed. The extremely high cost of operating winterized rigs will require optimization of operations, in-depth feasi- bility studies and vessel performance analyses; some key areas requiring further research are identified. Statoil, Stavanger, Norway. (msg)

84:2973 Gudmestad, O.T. and J.J. Connor, 1983. Lineari-

zation methods and the influence of current on the nonlinear hydrodynamic drag force [of offshore structures]. Appl. Ocean Res., 5(4):184-194. Statoil, Stavanger, Norway.

84:2974 Niedzwecki, J.M., 1983. Wave power estimates

utilizing ocean wave spectra. J. Energy Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 109(4):222-235.

A complete formulation of the spectral wave power equations, based upon linear wave theory and used with I-D and directional sea spectra, is presented. Previously published data emphasize that the wave

OLR (1984) 31 (61 F. General 423

power resource at an offshore site can be quite variable and may not provide adequate energy for continuous power generation. Two numerical ex- amples illustrate the sensitivity of wave power estimates for a hypothetical wave energy device. Dept. of Ocean. Engng., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.

84:2975 Stansby, P.K., N. E1-Khairy and G.N. Bullock, 1983.

Experimental study of forces on a cylinder in oscillatory flow with a cross current. Appl. Ocean Res., 5(4): 195-203. Simon Engng. Lab., Univ. of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M I3 9PL, UK.

84:2976 Steven, R.R., L.A. LeBlanc and Diane Crawford

(eds.), 1983. Marine construction. Special report. Offshore, 43(13):33-72; 5 papers.

This series of 5 reports leads off with the recounting of the salvaging of a 'sunken semi-submersible accommodation vessel' near Stavanger Harbor, Norway. Subsequent topics include the use of abandoned platforms as reefs, the deepest produc- tion well scheduled to date (off Spain at a depth of 2474 ft), and electro-deposition as a means to repair concrete in seawater. The final contribution surveys the current worldwide status of offshore platforms planned or under construction. (ihz)

FI80. Ships, submersibles, etc.

84:2977 Anonymous, 1983. Autonomous ROV's. Offshore,

43(13):88-90.

Autonomous remotely controlled submersibles (ARCS) are a relatively new development on the underwater scene. The pace of their development will become rapid once it is demonstrated that a cost benefit exists or that the task to be accomplished cannot be undertaken in any other way.

FI90. Navigation, cartography, etc.

84:2978 Miller, J.T. and E.W.G. David, 1983. The role of

navigation in the precision registration of sensor data at sea. Navigation, Washington D.C., 30(2): 123-134.

The integration and registration of positional data from remote units with surveillance and positional data derived from one's own sensors are called

gridlocking. The role of navigation in seeking precise registration of these data is discussed principally in terms of naval warfare, but with obvious application to any multi-station, multi-sensor geophysical, oceanographic or meteorological survey as well. Johns Hopkins Univ., Applied Physics Lab., Laurel, Md., USA. (fcs)

84:2979 Roeber, J.F., 1983. Accuracy: What is it? Why do !

need it? How much do I need? Navigation, Washington D.C., 30(2): 171-178.

Absolute, repeatable and relational accuracies are defined; statistical bases are considered; and rec- ommendations on the level of accuracy required are offered (be realistic: avoid the 'I want as much accuracy as I can get' syndrome). The discussion is oriented toward electronic navigation systems. U.S. Merchant Mar. Acad., King's Point, NY, USA. (ihz)

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

84:2980 Clark, R.B., 1983. Who makes the decisions, anyway?

Editorial. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(10):365-366.

'There does not seem to be much point in scientific investigations, collecting the best scientific advice and striving for international agreement if whatever decisions are reached in this way are frustrated' by political 'direct action,' and the exploitation of a 'notoriously fickle' public via a headline hunting media. 'We have evidently moved into a strongly irrational world where notion and prejudice rule.' But if lawlessness and irrationality prevail, part of the reason may be the lack of candor in the governmental agencies themselves. (fcs)

84:2981 Clark, R.B., 1983. Villains of the peace. Editorial.

Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(11):p.401.

For ten years oil companies and tanker owners were the 'whipping boys' of the environmental watchdogs. That seems to have all changed. The new adversary nonpareil is the nuclear industry. What changed? Well, in part, the oil companies became more responsive and more responsible. The nuclear in- dustry will have to do the same. (fcs)

84:2982 Dickson, David, 1984. Briefing. Radioactive seaweed

stirs U.K. low-level waste fight. Science, 223(4631):p.35.

,1:/4 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (6)

The issue of contamination of the sea by Great Britain's nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Seilafield has surfaced again because of an accidental dis- charge of radioactive solvent into the lrish Sea. Elevated levels (100-1000 times above normal) of radioactivity in seaweed adjacent to the plant are causing a re-examination of the facility's waste disposal procedures; meanwhile, attempts at ocean disposal of low-level waste have been suspended by the British Environment Minister Patrick Jenkins pending the outcome of a scientific investigation of the problem. (bwt)

84:2983 Hamilton, E.I., 1983. Mussel watching. Editorial.

Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(11):p.401.

The author asks for a better description of the collecting environment, collection time relative to spawning and data on level and type of contam- inants in selected organs. This additional informa- tion would increase the usefulness of the mussel in monitoring pollution and would increase the data base on the mussel itself. (ahm)

84:2984 Johnston, R., 1983. Environmental quality assessment

in estuaries and coastal waters. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 118:109-118.

Fundamental principles used to assess the envi- ronmental quality of rivers and coastal waters are reviewed and contrasted. The motives for selecting one index rather than another are examined; logical bases for indexing coastal waters, estuaries and inland seas of widely varying characteristics are presented. An objective environmental quality index is suggested. DAFS Mar. Lab., Aberdeen, Scotland.

84:2985 Leisinger, T. (review coordinator), 1983. Microbial

degradation of environmental pollutants. Ex- perientia, 39(11): 1181-1273; 11 reviews.

The chemical industries' products have been re- garded wholeheartedly as benefits to society for a long time; their environmental costs have only recently begun to be recognized. These reviews address progress and ongoing research in biotech- nology as it relates to the use of microbiota for recycling or detoxifying waste and chemical pol- lutants. Four papers concern the biodegradation of specific compounds. Other topics include the iso- lation, cultivation and genetics of microbiota with biodegradative potential; microbiota and xeno- biotics; pesticide detoxification; biodegradation of chemical and industrial waste; and soil decontam- ination. (sir)

84:2986 Pearce, J.B., 1983. Status of estuaries and coastal

waters between Cape Hatteras and Maine: a review. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 118:81-95. NOAA, NMFS, NEFC, Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, N.J. 07732, USA.

84:2987 Pearce, J.B. (ed.), 1983. Reviews of water quality and

transport of materials in coastal and estuarine waters. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 118:216pp; 16 papers.

This broad range of environmental research and monitoring studies demonstrates that estuaries in developed and industrialized areas are degraded but that the effects of such degradation on living resources are poorly understood. Contributions include environmental quality assessment in estu- arine and coastal waters; a review of estuaries and coastal waters from Maine to Cape Hatteras; an overview of Gulf of Maine research; assessments and predictions for Chesapeake and Narragansett bays; pollution in Long Island Sound and Raritan Bay; the relationship of pesticides, hydrocarbons and trace metals to benthic invertebrates in Dela- ware Bay; pollution in coastal waters of Sweden and Finland; metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon con- centrations in fish and benthos in the Bothnian and Finnish gulfs; and the behavior of metals and organochlorines during estuarine mixing with ref- erence to the North Sea. Estuarine transport proc- esses are examined in 3 papers. Near-shore larval assemblages as a recruitment source for estuarine and deeper sea invertebrates also are discussed. (msg)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

84:2988 Gribbin, John, 1983. Ireland strikes offshore oil. New

Scient., 100(1388):804-806.

In August 1983, a small Irish company (Atlantic Resources) made a major oil strike on its second hole 32 km off southern Ireland in the Celtic Sea in an area which had been explored unsuccessfully by major oil firms for more than 10 years. The success of the venture is attributed to the conviction of the managing director, the new understanding of struc- ture imparted by plate tectonic theory, and the use of new seismic technology to explore beneath thick chalk layers. The history of petroleum exploration in the area is recounted. (hbf)

OLR (1984) 31 {6) F. General 425

84:2989 Griffith, D. de G. (chairman), 1983. Reports of the

ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Manage- ment, 1982. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 119:473pp.

84:2990 Le Guen, J.-C. and Robert Chevalier, 1983. Fish-

eries, environmental considerations and multi- species fisheries management. Revue Tray. Inst. P~ches marit., 46(1):9-70. (In French, English summary.) Includes 11 pages of references. ORSTOM, 24 rue Bayard, 75008 Paris, France.

84:2991 Probert, P.K. and R. Mitchell, 1983. Environmental

implications of wave energy proposals for the Outer Hebrides and Moray Firth. Ocean Engng, 10(6):459-469. NZOI, P.O. Box 12-346, Wel- lington North, New Zealand.

84:2992 Waldichuk, Michael, 1983. An environmental as-

sessment and review process. Viewpoint. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(11):405-408.

An environmental assessment and review process which was adopted in Canada for federal and federally-funded projects is described. The proce- dure includes screening (during the planning stage of the project), evaluation, review, public assessment and an environmental impact statement. Twenty-one projects have been reviewed to date; the environ- mental assessment of the Roberts Bank Port expan- sion illustrates the assessment process. Dept. of Fish. & Oceans, West Vancouver, Canada. (msg)

F280. Policy, law, treaties

84:2993 Boczek, B.A., 1983. The protection of the Antarctic

ecosystem: a study in international environmental law. Ocean Dev. int. Law, 13(3):347-425.

Antarctica's fragile ecosystem undoubtedly will be subjected to increasing stress as krill harvesting and oil exploration are intensified. The complex legal status of Antarctica, based on the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, is perhaps as fragile as the ecosystem itself because non-signatory states are not bound to the treaty. A series of international regulations and conventions will ensure that environmental consid- erations receive a high priority, regardless of the new legal regime that develops from the treaty's review in 1991. The rules of international law that protect the Antarctic environment are examined and placed in the context of the continent's unique legal frame- work. Kent State Univ., Kent, Ohio, USA. (bwt)

84:2994 Dahmani, M., 1983. Access of landlocked and

geographically-disadvantaged states to the fish- eries resources of the Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) under the New Convention on the Law of the Sea. Marit. Policy Mgmt, 10(4):265-273.

Under the Convention on the Law of the Sea a coastal state determines the total catch allowable and the harvesting capacity in its EEZ and decides who may have access to its surplus stock and under what conditions. The coastal state is required 'to have particular regard to the provisions of articles 69 and 70' with respect to landlocked and geograph- ically-disadvantaged states. The legal and practical implications of these articles are examined here. It would not be advisable for a landlocked state to develop a fishing industry to exploit the surplus living resources of a neighboring coastal state as that investment may be jeopardized if the coastal state decides to exploit its entire catch. The author concludes that 'while geographically-disadvantaged states may gain something from the Convention, the rights of landlocked states are largely illusory.' Dept. of Maritime Studies, UWIST, Colum Dr., Cardiff, UK. (msg)

84:2995 Frank, R.F., 1983. The Convention on the Conser-

vation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Ocean Dev. int. Law, 13(3):291-345.

If ratified, the 1980 Convention would establish a supervisory Conservation Commission and an Ad- visory Scientific Committee to preserve the integrity of the ecosystem--allowing a 'stable level of har- vesting of all species for the foreseeable future.' Although shortcomings exist, the Convention could stand as a model of international cooperation in achieving a balance between commercial exploita- tion and conservation. Geary, Stahl & Spencer, Dallas, Tex., USA. (mwf)

84:2996 Joyner, C.C., 1983. Antarctica and the Law of the

Sea: an introductory overview. Ocean Dev. int. Law, 13(3):277-289.

The 1959 Antarctic Treaty 'froze the legal status quo of 7 wedge-shaped national claims to various portions of Antarctica's territory' without verifying their legitimacy under international law. Under the 1982 Convention, therefore, 6 areas seem susceptible to controversy, and these are assessed to signal problems involving conflict of interest and over- lapping jurisdiction. Dept. of Pol. Sci., George Washington Univ., Washington, D.C., USA. (mwf)

426 F. General OLR ( 1984~ 31 ~6~

84:2997 McCaffrey, S.C., 1983. The work of the International

Law Commission relating to the environment. Ecology Law Q., 11(2):!89-214.

It is now recognized that what were once considered to be domestic pollution problems (e.g., acid rain) are now extraterritorial in nature; solutions to these problems have become even more elusive. Operating procedures of and the transnational environmental problems currently under consideration by the U.N. International Law Commission (ILC) are discussed. Three environmentally-related topics, viz., Interna- tional Watercourses, International Liability and State Responsibility, are reviewed. It is hoped that discussion of these topics by the ILC will clarify the rights and duties of individual states re trans- boundary environmental damage. (bwt)

84:2998 Oda, Shigeru, 1983. Fisheries under the United

Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Am. J. int. Law, 77(4):739-755.

The author is apprehensive that the 1982 Conven- tion, like the 1958 High Seas Fisheries Convention, will be 'unable to function properly,' and that eventually the concept of the common heritage of mankind will be discussed (as it has been with respect to seabed mineral resources) with respect to ocean fishing. (mwf)

84:2999 Wertenbaker, William, 1983. A reporter at large. The

Law of The Sea. l - l l . New Yorker, 1983(Aug. I):38-65 and 1983(Aug. 8):56-83.

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was 'the largest and most complex inter- national negotiation ever held...[and] an occasion when nations subordinated some of their desires to a goal of general order and agreement.' The confer- ence established Exclusive Economic Zones, ex- tended the right of freedom of passage in straits, adopted rules for protecting the oceans from pol- lution and its living resources from overexploitation, delimited the boundaries of territorial waters and continental shelves, and created the International Seabed Authority to manage the development of seabed resources. The U.S. government--a leading participant during the 9 years of negotiations-- rejected the treaty in July 1982, primarily because of the seabed mining provisions. The Reagan Admin- istration has 'made it clear that...they propose to take all the benefits...negotiated in [the treaty], but without paying the negotiated price.' This 2-part article reviews the treaty deliberations, examines the

seabed mining provisions and the Reagan Admin- istration's stance, and argues that the treaty contains 'the best and the most benefits' for the U.S. (msg)

F290. International concerns and or- ganizations

84:3000 Sagan, Carl, 1983/84. Nuclear war and climatic

catastrophe: some policy implications. Foreign Affairs, 62(2):257-292.

'It is nowhere ordained that we must remain in bondage to nuclear weapons.' Recent findings on the likely climatic and biological consequences of nuclear war are summarized with emphasis on the threshold level (some 500-2000 detonations) above which irreversible and catastrophic global effects are likely to make a 'first strike an act of national suicide even if no retaliation follows.' Policy implications for the 'arms race' are discussed, with emphasis, in particular, on the inadequacy of short-term and parochial assumptions. Lab. for Planetary Studies, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., USA. (fcs)

84:3001 Turco, R.P., O.B. Toon, T.P. Ackerman, J.B. Pollack

and Carl Sagan, 1983. Nuclear winter: global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions. Science, 222(4630): 1283-1292.

Using models previously developed to study the effects of volcanic eruptions, the potential atmos- pheric and climatic effects of a 5000-megaton nuclear war are examined. First order results indicate that severe long-term climatic effects are probable, and that the Southern Hemisphere also would be greatly affected by a nuclear exchange confined to the Northern Hemisphere. Synergisms among war stresses including subfreezing temper- atures, radioactive fallout, pyrogenic air pollution, and increased UV-fluxes raise afresh grave doubts about the ability of the human species to survive such a self-inflicted catastrophe. Includes 87 ref- erences. R & D Assoc., Marina del Ray, Calif. 92091, USA. (fcs)

84:3002 Wolfe, Martha, 1983. Who should rule the ice?

Science in Antarctica may be in jeopardy. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 124(26/27):416-417, 425.

Antarctica was preserved for peaceful scientific purposes by the UN-chartered Antarctic Treaty of 1959. Potential riches in the form of krill and

OLR (1984) 31 (6) F. General 4-27

possible oil deposits are beginning to tempt the signatories of the Treaty, a secretive group of 16 nations known as 'the club.' Developing nations (the Group of 77) are 'calling for a change in Antarctica's political status quo.' Members of 'the club' have an investment to protect, and do not want the emphasis to shift from conservation to exploitation. (mjj)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especial ly oceanography)

84:3003 Cowen, R.C., 1983. Targeting an expanded research

budget. Technol. Rev., 86(6): 10-11.

The Reagan Administration is increasing funding for, and emphasizing the importance of, research and development; however, this increase is targeted for applied rather than basic research, and for the training of more scientists rather than improving the scientific literacy of liberal arts majors. Most of the funds are channeled through the Dept. of Defense. The government also is trying to restrict the dissemination of nonmilitary research results. Amer- ican basic research could suffer. Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Mass., USA. (mjj)

84:3004 Dixon, Bernard, 1984. Deniers of the truth. Sciences,

N.Y, 24(1):23-26.

The 'hostile reception' of the scientific community to Betrayers of the Truth (Broad and Wade, Simon & Schuster, 1983), a recently published book detailing fraud and deceit in science, stems from (the author, a former editor of New Scientist, believes) the fact that deliberate fraud (as opposed to 'data massage') among scientists is indeed uncommon. When con- fronted with deliberate deception, scientists tend to react 'with loathing and disbelief' and to feel that public disclosure is very bad for public relations. Yet the process is ill-served by this reaction. 'Nothing less than far-reaching reform of the peer review system will suffice to restore lost confidence' and to lessen the creeping deceit of recent years. (sir)

84:3005 Longino, Helen and Ruth Doell, 1983. Body, bias,

and behavior: a comparative analysis of reasoning in two areas of biological science. Signs, 9(2): 206-227.

The many ways in which masculine bias may influence the content (data description) and proc- esses (explanatory hypotheses) of science are dis- cussed, with emphasis on evolutionary studies and

endocrinological research. This essay attempts to remedy the lack of 'adequate methodological anal- ysis' in previous feminist critiques of sexual prejudice in contemporary research. Masculine bias is shown to be expressed in a variety of ways, requiring a 'variety of tactical responses.' Science itself should not be rejected by feminists. (mjj)

84:3006 Walsh, John, 1984. National Science Board rethinks

charter [to improve performance as policy board for NSF and find ways to contribute to national science policyl. Science, 223(4631):32-33.

The National Science Board (NSB) is a group of 24 presidential appointees with the unusual dual role of setting policy for the National Science Founda- tion--a federal agency--and of helping to make national science policy. The history of these efforts, and the political realities which limit the effec- tiveness of the NSB are reviewed. Efforts of the present NSB chairman Lewis Branscomb to increase the effectiveness of the board are summarized. (mjj)

F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)

84:3007 Carr, D.J., 1983. The books that sailed with the

Endearour. Endeavour, 7(4): 194-202.

James Cook's three-year voyage on Endeavour was the first great exploratory expedition having science as a major objective. The scientific crew, isolated from the outside, would have been heavily de- pendent on their reference library; but, what did they take? Here a partial listing has been pains- takingly reconstructed from the references to their books in various journals and logs. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Australian Natl. Univ., Canberra, Australia. (fcs)

84:3008 deSolla Price, D.J., 1984. Of sealing wax and string: a

tribute to those rare scientists with 'brains in their fingertips.' Nat. Hist., 93(1):49-56.

Two widely held ideas about the scientific meth- o d - t h a t science begins with an hypothesis which is then tested with a prescribed experiment and that science is applied to create new technology--are questioned. The author examines major scientific and technical breakthroughs since the 17th century and concludes that 'experiment has more often meant "experience" in the use of...techniques...[and that] the experimenter's craft is [often] the force that

428 F. General OLR (1984)31 (6)

moves science forward.' Although man has suc- cessfully applied technology to science for over 400 years, 'every year in America we spend a little less on hardware and on the relatively undirected exper- imental play with it.' (msg)

84:3009 Logsdon, J.M., 1984. U.S.-European cooperation in

space science: a 25-year perspective. Science, 223(4631): 11-16.

International cooperation has typified space pro- gram ventures for the past quarter century. Now changes in the character of U.S.-European rela- tionships, resulting from a variety of factors-- increased maturity and capability of our European partners creating a competitive dimension, increas- ing space mission costs, and the scarcity of funds-- may complicate the future. However, the general outlook is for continued productive cooperation in the coming decades. Grad. Program in Sci., Tech., and Public Policy, George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052, USA. (hbf)

84:3010 Moores, E.M. et al., 1983. Geology--past and future.

Geology, geoL Soc. Am., 11(12):679-691.

Geology has chosen to commemorate its tenth anniversary by compiling a collection of about twenty short, invited essays, devoted to various fields and sub-fields in earth science, whose purpose is to examine the thinking of ten years ago, report on how close to the mark such thinking was, and speculate on how the thinking might turn in the next ten years. In addition to covering pure and applied geologic disciplines (an increasingly fuzzy distinction), essays address such issues as public policy, radioactive waste disposal, science publishing, and the role of the geologist as a citizen. Moores is Editor of Geology. (fcs)

'unbridled imagination' would be enough. Now the task is to provide enough excitement to motivate these young minds. (dgs)

84:3012 Izydore, R.A., C.R. Jones, M.M. Townes and

Harriet Ammann, 1983. Scientific instrumenta- tion in chemistry, biology, and physics. An interdisciplinary approach. J. chem. Educ., 60(12):1065-1067.

Many individual departments in teaching institu- tions are unable to give their undergraduate students an adequate background in scientific instrumenta- tion due to the high cost and variety of equipment needed. Presented here is a summarized curriculum for an interdisciplinary course in scientific instru- mentation in which chemistry, biology and physics departments share expenses and teaching respon- sibilities. By eliminating departmental duplication and overlap, adequate instrumentation becomes more affordable. Prerequisite courses and topics covered are listed. North Carolina Central Univ., Durham, NC 27707, USA. (mjj)

84:3013 Roy, Rustum, 1983. Forum. Technological literacy:

an uphill battle. Technol. Rev., 86(6):18-19.

Declines in math and science education have resulted in an American public that is technologi- cally illiterate compared to that of other developed nations. Changes in the way we teach science are called for, viz., 'focusing on experience and teaching technology first, science thereafter.' The effective- ness of what little funds are available for science, technology and society (STS) programs often is sabotaged by rigid, entrenched departmentalism in our universities; legislators must ensure that funds are explicitly earmarked for interdisciplinary STS programs. Materials Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Penn., USA. (mjj)

F360. Science education

84:3011 Anonymous, 1983. Science for the young. Nature,

Lond., 306(5943):p.522.

A survey of the science skills of British children shows that teachers are using the approach that 'young children should be able to tackle simple problems constructively, and by methods that will yield results,' rather than the approach based on the assumption, once popular, that 'innocence' and

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

84:3014 Ehrlich, P.R. et al., 1983. Long-term biological

consequences of nuclear war. Science, 222(4630): 1293-1300.

Following even a limited nuclear war, enough dust and soot could be injected into the atmosphere to

OLR (1984) 31 (6) F. General 429

considerably reduce light levels, resulting in tem- peratures as low as -40°C. Near-lethal levels of UV irradiation would result from ozone depletion, and irradiation from fallout would be severe. Ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere, and possibly also in the Southern Hemisphere, would be severely disrupted. Extinction of most species of animals, plants, and microbes, quite possibly including Homo sapiens, could result. Conference on the Long-Term World- wide Biol. Consequences of Nuclear War, 1735 New York Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA. (mjj)

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

84:3015 Anderson, Ian, 1983. Stunned prey are easier to

catch. Monitor. New Scient~ 100(1388):p.807.

Kenneth S. Norris and Bertel Mohl (The American Naturalist, v. 122, no. 1) suggest that some toothed whales use intense bursts of sound to stun or kill their prey. Their 'big bang' theory would explain the odontocetes' ability to catch prey which easily can outdistance and outmaneuver them, the odontocetes' loss of their powerful jaws and teeth over evolu- tionary time, and the degree of cooperation observed among odontocetes (especially dolphins). (msg)

84:3016 Deep Sea Drilling Project (Leg 95 scientific party),

1983. Testing the Vail deposltionai model. (Re- port.) Nature, Lond., 306(5944):641-642.

DSDP coring at 2 sites on the New Jersey Transect provided geological evidence supporting the pos- tulated Cenozoic-Upper Cretaceous history of the New Jersey slope and rise. A long Late Miocene- Early Oligocene or Middle Eocene hiatus (25-37 Myr) is indicated at both sites. At least one of the series of buried channels at Site 613 appears to be Early-to-Mid Eocene, and not Oligocene as pre- dicted by the Vail model. (hbf)

84:3017 Lewin, Roger, 1984. Alien beings here on Earth.

Science, 223(4631):p.39.

The earliest fossilized complex life forms known on Earth were the Ediacaran fauna, which may be called 'alien' as their architectural plan was com- pletely different from that of living organisms today. Paleontologist Adolf Seilacher believes that the Ediacaran fauna were 'flat, leaflike, and sometimes quilted' in order to transport gases and metabolites. This fauna became extinct and was replaced by the

more 'modern' Cambrian fauna with internal tubes for transport of gases and food. (mjj)

F390. Educational literature

84:3018 Atebara, Neal, 1983. Return to the Galapagos:

chemosynthesis and an alternate food chain. Yale scient., 58(1):2-6.

While searching the Galapagos Rift area for spread- ing centers, scientists discovered hydrothermai vents with their own 'self-contained' communities of mussels, clams, crabs, worms and unusual organ- isms. It appears that the primary food source is 'sulfide-consuming bacteria' whose sulfide source is the vent. Studies of vent mussel growth rates show a correlation between high microbial concentrations and an increased growth rate (even higher than that of shallow-water ecosystem mussels). How do larvae find new vent locations as vents are not permanent? Current research points to their attraction to sul- fide-rich areas--an idea counter to previous thought because sulfide has been considered poisonous. Possibilities of using this attraction in aquaculture are considered. (ahm)

84:3019 Halstead, B.W. and L.L. Hood, 1983. Marine drugs:

new hope from the sea. Aquasphere, 17(2):2-7.

84:3020 Iversen, E.S., 1984. Mariculture: promise made, debt

unpaid. Sea Front., 30(1):20-29.

One of the main problems today in mariculture is the 'scaling-up process from initial small-scale labora- tory...to large-scale operation' which must produce in order to be profitable. Another problem is that in the U.S. on the federal level there is 'no clear leadership or sources of research funds.' On the positive side, Hawaii and Ecuador have had suc- cesses--in Hawaii it is estimated that by the year 2000 the aquabusiness will be worth $344 million. (dgs)

84:3021 Kimball, Lee, 1983. The Law of the Sea: on the

shoals. Environment, 25(9):14-20, 41-44.

Despite U.S. rejection of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, signatory countries have begun work on setting up its provisions. The success of the Prepar- atory Commission in resolving controversial deep

430 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (6)

seabed mining issues will be the deciding factor in final implementation of the treaty and in preserving a regime of law in the oceans. Citizens for Ocean Law, Washington, DC, USA.

84:3022 Rampino, M.R. and Stephen Self, 1984. The atmos-

pberic effects of E! Chieh6n. Scient. Am., 250(I): 48-57.

This relatively small but sulfur-rich eruption in 1982 injected into the stratosphere a fine mist of sulfuric acid droplets denser than any volcanic cloud since the great 1883 eruption of Krakatau.

84:3023 Rinehart, K.L. Jr. and L.S. Shield, 1983. In search of

tunicates: source of an antitumor compound. A quasphere, 17(2): 8-13.

84:3024 Shimizu, Yuzuru, 1983. Poisons from the sea: some

benefits for mankind. Aquasphere, 17(2):20-25.

84:3025 Sieswerda, Paul, 1983. Venomous marine animals:

where to meet them, how to treat them. A qua- sphere, 17(2):26-30.

F420. Miscellaneous

84:3026 Wendorf, Fred and J.B. Arnold III, 1983. Treasure

hunting: fact and fiction. Special issue. Search J. undersea Archaeol., 7(3):36pp.

Historic shipwrecks are considered an important part of our cultural heritage, and, as such, deserve protection from treasure seekers. Legislation recently introduced into Congress is intended to curtail looting but not the explorations of sport divers. H.R. 3194 and a statement on it to the Subcommittee on Oceanography of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee are included in this special issue. (ihz)