186 OLR (1987) 34 (2) comparison is being made. Respiration, however is proportional to size to the power 3/4 both within and between species. Results are discussed relative to the Holling functional response, the von Bertalanffy growth equation, and selection for small versus large body size. Biol. Lab., Free Univ., P.O. Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdan, Netherlands. (gsb) 87:1265 Takeda, Hiroshi, 1986. A review on current com- munity theories: equilibrium and non--equilibrium communities. Japan. J. Ecol., 36(1):41-53. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Dept. of Forestry, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606, Japan. FAO0. Books, collections (general) 87:1266 Davies, B.R. and K.F. Walker (eds.), 1986. The ecology of r/vet systems. Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht; 793pp, 39 papers. Most studies of the ecology of running waters have dealt with streams and small rivers, while infor- mation on large rivers has been limited in scope or not readily available. This book presents investi- gations of thirteen geographically diverse major river systems, including the Niger, Nile, Volta, Zaire (Congo), Zambezi, and Orange-Vaal in Africa; the Mekong in southeast Asia; the Murray-Darling in southwestern Australia; the Amazon, Parami, and Uruguay in South America; and the Colorado and Mackenzie rivers in North America. Common topics of planetary importance include application of ecological concepts, anthropogenic impacts occur- ring before the onset of an ecological study, loss or decline of specialized organisms indigenous to particular rivers, public health concerns and fisheries management. Includes a worldwide index of flood- plain, reservoir, river and swamp systems, and subject index, and a 26-page species index. Fresh- water Res. Gr., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (gsb) 87:1267 True, F.W., 1983. A reprinting of the original book, first published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1904. The whalebone whales of the western North Atlantic. Compared with those occurring in European waters with some observations on the species of the North Pacific. Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, Washington, D.C.; 332pp, plus 50 pp. of black and white plates. True's 1904 book on the whales of North America followed his 1898 work which established correct scientific names for the European species with which they are closely allied. Although he planned a detailed study of their geographical distribution, the species work took longer than expected, and only a summary of the distribution records for North America is included here. The rare opportunity to examine fresh specimens of three species of baleen whales at a Newfoundland fishery greatly aided his study of individual variation within a species. Although he agrees that his conclusions merely confirm the opinions of Van Beneden and other cetologists, with few exceptions theirs were not based on the examination of American whales. Includes subject and species indexes. (llt) F. GENERAL FIO. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 87:1268 Anonymous, 1986. [Field research methodology in coastal lagoons.] [Report on COMAR regional workshop, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 6-11 May 1985.] UNESCO Repts mar. Sci., 36:29pp. (In French, English abstract.) The first two days of the workshop were devoted to theoretical presentations of study methods with examples of typical results obtained from Ivory Coast lagoons. The following two days were spent in the field with participants taking part in sampling
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186 OLR (1987) 34 (2)
comparison is being made. Respiration, however is proportional to size to the power 3/4 both within and between species. Results are discussed relative to the Holling functional response, the von Bertalanffy growth equation, and selection for small versus large body size. Biol. Lab., Free Univ., P.O. Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdan, Netherlands. (gsb)
87:1265 Takeda, Hiroshi, 1986. A review on current com-
munity theories: equilibrium and non--equilibrium communities. Japan. J. Ecol., 36(1):41-53. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Dept. of Forestry, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606, Japan.
FAO0. Books, collections (general)
87:1266 Davies, B.R. and K.F. Walker (eds.), 1986. The
ecology of r/vet systems. Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht; 793pp, 39 papers.
Most studies of the ecology of running waters have dealt with streams and small rivers, while infor- mation on large rivers has been limited in scope or not readily available. This book presents investi- gations of thirteen geographically diverse major river systems, including the Niger, Nile, Volta, Zaire (Congo), Zambezi, and Orange-Vaal in Africa; the Mekong in southeast Asia; the Murray-Darling in southwestern Australia; the Amazon, Parami, and Uruguay in South America; and the Colorado and Mackenzie rivers in North America. Common topics of planetary importance include application of
ecological concepts, anthropogenic impacts occur- ring before the onset of an ecological study, loss or decline of specialized organisms indigenous to particular rivers, public health concerns and fisheries management. Includes a worldwide index of flood- plain, reservoir, river and swamp systems, and subject index, and a 26-page species index. Fresh- water Res. Gr., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (gsb)
87:1267 True, F.W., 1983. A reprinting of the original book,
first published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1904. The whalebone whales of the western North Atlantic. Compared with those occurring in European waters with some observations on the species of the North Pacific. Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, Washington, D.C.; 332pp, plus 50 pp. of black and white plates.
True's 1904 book on the whales of North America followed his 1898 work which established correct scientific names for the European species with which they are closely allied. Although he planned a detailed study of their geographical distribution, the species work took longer than expected, and only a summary of the distribution records for North America is included here. The rare opportunity to examine fresh specimens of three species of baleen whales at a Newfoundland fishery greatly aided his study of individual variation within a species. Although he agrees that his conclusions merely confirm the opinions of Van Beneden and other cetologists, with few exceptions theirs were not based on the examination of American whales. Includes subject and species indexes. (llt)
87:1268 Anonymous, 1986. [Field research methodology in
coastal lagoons.] [Report on COMAR regional workshop, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 6-11 May
1985.] UNESCO Repts mar. Sci., 36:29pp. (In French, English abstract.)
The first two days of the workshop were devoted to theoretical presentations of study methods with examples of typical results obtained from Ivory Coast lagoons. The following two days were spent in the field with participants taking part in sampling
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 187
and analysing results, and the final two days were devoted to discussions on the results obtained during field work and on the proposed activities for the African COMAR project. Recommendations made at the workshop are summarized.
87:1269 Clark, D.K. and J.W. Sherman III, 1986. Nimbus-7
coastal zone color scanner: ocean color appli- cations. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):43-56.
The pertinent optical properties which influence the magnitude and spectral distribution of visible region light energy emerging from the sea and the general forms of empirically derived bio-optical relation- ships are discussed. Examples of the application of the CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm, as well as the derived products of phytoplankton pigment concentrations and diffuse spectral attenuation coefficients (490 nm), are presented. Potential operational product applications for the marine industry and the inherent value of linked-data sources are introduced. NOAA, Natl. Environ. Satellite, Data, and Info. Serv., Washington, DC, USA.
87:1270 Comberiate, M., E. Chiang and R. Popham, 1986.
The Oceanography Report. A concept for wide band global communications. Eos, 67(31):602- 603.
The Global Communication Network (GCN) is designed to address (in particular) high latitude and oceanic communications needs of mobile users with simple, portable low-power transmitters and anten- nas. As such, it should be very useful to a variety of geophysical programs. Characteristics of the GCN are described, and readers are urged to outline their requirements for the NASA/NOAA working group. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA. (fcs)
87:1271 Evans, A.G., 1986. Roll, pitch, and yaw determination
using a global positioning system receiver and an antenna periodically moving in a plane. Mar. Geod., 10(1):43-52.
An alternative to interferometric procedures for determining platform orientation, using the NAVSTAR GPS and a multiple-satellite-tracking receiver to take change-in-phase measurements (which are expected to produce orientation esti- mation accuracies for a l-second rotation period), is described. The proposed procedure has the advan- tages of removing the requirement that phase measurements be coherent and that the cycle
number be determined, and requires the use of only a single antenna. Accuracy analysis shows the system can be used successfully for helicopter and shipboard applications. Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren, VA, USA. (hbf)
87:1272 Felsher, Murray, 1986. Satellite remote sensing in
oceanography--an introduction. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):3-100; 10 papers.
Satellite imagery has become an important tool for oceanographers; these papers discuss the wide range of potential and specific applications of satellite oceanography in research. Included are airborne bathymetric survey systems, CZCS imagery in the marginal ice zone, knowlege-based aids to the image analyst, technological developments for oceanic operations, the Nimbus-7 CZCS, SST charts for New England fishermen, use of satellite-derived ocean color products in commercial fishing, results of an ocean color imaging interest survey, and oceans and ice measurements from Canada's RADARSAT. Washington Remote Sensing Letter, Washington, DC, USA. (llt)
87:1273 Goda, Takeshi, Masaaki Naito, Saburo Ikeda and
Masataka Watanabe (eds.), 1986. Scope and limit in the application of ecological models to environmental management. V-VI. Symposium proceedings 20-24 August 1984, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Special issue. Ecol. Model., 32(1-3):1-241; 19 papers.
Section V, monitoring and data collection, includes treatments of statistical methods, data analysis, and allocation of monitoring stations. Section VI, meth- odological aspects of ecological modelling, includes descriptions of interactive software systems, and discussions of various ecological models including reforestation, grassland energy flows, extended input--output flow analysis, lower marine trophic levels, eutrophication, nitrification, tumorogenesis and treatment, riverine water conditions, trihalo- methane in drinking water, and pansystems analysis. A summary report addresses topics from the entire symposium (I-VI). Water and Soil Environ. Div., Natl. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. (gsb)
87:1274 Hickman, G.D., M.M. Harris, D.L. Durham and
R.K. Clark, 1986. The airborne bathymetric survey system. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):5-13.
The Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity is developing an airborne bathymetry
188 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
system which will perform the surveys more quickly, with increased coverage, and at less expense than conventional techniques. The Airborne Bathymetric Survey (ABS) system will be a synergetic combi- nation of an active scanning laser sounder, a nine-channel passive multispectral scanner, and an electromagnetic profiler. Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Div., NORDA, NSTL, MS, USA.
87:1275 Lybanon, Matthew, 1986. Knowledge-based aids to
the oceanographic image analyst. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):28-32.
Except for SEASAT and the current U.S. Navy GEOSAT, almost all oceanographic measurements have been made by weather satellites; in a few years, the Navy N-ROSS satellite will be hunched. The deluge of oceanographic data provided by N-Ross and other satellites will pose serious problems for operational interpreters. Expert systems---computer programs that incorporate a knowledge base and an inference mechanism---offer a possible way out of the dilemma. Expert systems may be able to advise inexperienced interpreters, and eventually may facilitate automation of the process. The imple- mentation of a prototype expert system could be used to organize knowledge about oceanographic image understanding, which in turn, could be used to develop a more powerful expert system. NORDA, NSTL, MS, USA.
87:1276 Maynard, N.G., 1986. Coastal zone color scanner
imagery in the marginal ice zone. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2): 14-27. Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA.
87:1277 Montgomery, D.R., R.E. Wittenberg-Fay and R.W.
Austin, 1986. The applications of satellite-- derived ocean color products to commercial fishing operations. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2): 72-86. NOAA, Washington, DC, USA.
87:1278 Schuetzle, Dennis and Joellen Lewtas, 1986. Bio-
assay--directed chemical analysis in environmental research. Analyt. Chem., 58(ll):1060A-1075A.
A combined approach to the identification of individual mutagenic compounds in complex envi- ronmental samples which utilizes both the Ames test and chemical fractionation is described, and specific examples are discussed. Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI 48121, USA. (gsb)
87:1279 Sherman, J.W. III, 1986. Developments in satellite
technology for oceanic operations. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):33-42.
From March 1985 through 1995, 20 new oceanic satellite sensors are planned for launch. The scien- tific and operations communities will have access through NOAA to a major increase in the prime ocean parameters of surface winds, temperature, waves, color-derived characteristics, circulation, currents, sea ice and ice sheets, and geodetic information. Presently, ship and buoy sources provide 2-4 thousand reports per day globally, and satellite-derived sea surface temperatures provide 30-70 thousand SST retrievals per day. With the planned satellites and sensors, ocean data retrievals will increase to four-five million per day. Devel- opments in satellite technology for oceanic opera- tions and the plans being evaluated for oceanic space sensors from 1995 to 2000 are described. NOAA, Natl. Environ. Satellite, Data, and Info. Serv., Washington, DC, USA.
87:1280 Takagi, Shohei, 1986. A hot-wire anemometer com-
pensated for ambient temperature variations. J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 19(9):739-743. Natl. Aerospace Lab., 7-44-1 Jindaiji-Higashimachi, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182, Japan.
87:1281 Veillon, Claude, 1986. Trace dement analysis of
biological samples. Problems and precautions. Report. Analyt. Chem., 58(8):851A-866A.
Problems inherent to ppb-level trace element detec- tion (chiefly by graphite furnace atomic absorption) are addressed and suggestions are made for mini- mization of contamination and other errors. The determination of chromium in biological samples is discussed in detail. The author suggests that all analytical data be verified for accuracy (either by analysis of samples by at least two independent methods or analysis of reference materials of similar matrix) prior to publication. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. (gsb)
F 4 0 , A r e a s t u d i e s , s u r v e y s (multidisci- plinary)
87:1282 Burrows, P.J., 1986. Contaminated sediments and
circulation in the northern Irish Sea. J. Shoreline Mgmt, 2(2):85-91.
OLR(1987)34(2) F. General 189
This paper reviews previous studies in the Irish Sea and presents a composite map of circulation pattern for the Irish Sea Basin as a whole. The present research involved the release of 200 Woodhead sea-bed drifters at each of three stations off the northern coastline of the Isle of Man. All batches returned ~40% of drifters released within 180 days. A revised circulation map is presented, and some implications for pollution hazard assessment and management are set out. Bedford New College, Univ. of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
87:1283 Kawase, Mitsuhiro and J.L. Sarmiento, 1986. Cir-
culation and nutrients in mid-depth Atlantic waters. J. geophys. Res., 91(C8):9749-9770.
The results of isopycnal analyses of distributions of salinity, oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization, nitrate, and silica in the depth range 800-3000 m in the north and tropical Atlantic are summarized in isopycnal distribution maps and property-property plots. The layer between 800 and 1500 m is oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich and is poorly ventilated. Below this is a better-aerated layer with the deep western boundary current, part of which separates along the Equator. Regeneration of nutrients and consumption of oxygen persist into the deep ocean in regions off the west coast of Africa. The Mediterranean Outflow Water apparently is causing significant cross-iso- pycnal mixing through salt fingering. The resultant cross-isopycnal velocity may be large enough to cause significant vorticity stretching. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
87:1284 Sahrhage, D. et al., 1986. Antarctic expeditions of the
Federal Republic of Germany with RV 'Polar- stern' (Legs II/2, 1983 and III/2, 1984) and FRV 'Walther Hervd~ in 1985. Arch. Fisch Wiss., 37(1):1-234; 11 papers.
The results obtained during the three cruises are described in a series of reports. Six of these contributions deal with the krill stock--their struc- ture and composition, changes in abundance, related phytoplankton observations, distribution and stock size, processing into food products, and the heat coagulation of centrifuged, decanted raw kriU mince. Other papers report on the variability of water masses and currents, exploited fish stock, identi- fication of fish species by isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins, and chemical composition and sensory evaluation of fillets processed from Arctic fish. The summary presents the major results of the investigations and notes that the oceano- graphic investigation revealed seasonal variations of
the main water mass boundary, the Weddell-Scotia Confluence. (hbf)
87:1285 Vasconcelos, F.P. and G.S.Sa Freire, 1985. Prelim-
inary study of hydrodynamic and sedimentological features of Coc6 River Estuary, Cearfi State, Brazil. Arq. Ci~nc. Mar, Bras., 24:81-87. (In Portuguese, English abstract.)
A survey of the Coc6 River Estuary reveals some of the hydrographic features of the system. The sedi. mentary cover of the trough of the river is predom- inantly medium-to-fine quartzose sand; calculations indicate that deposition is occurring in the estuary. Water salinity varies with the tides, and current speed is related to tide movement, estuarine mor- phology, and freshwater outflow. The water tem- perature fluctuates diurnally with a tendency to rise toward midday and estuary hydrodynamics appear to be symmetrical with alternating 6-hour periods of inflow and outflow. The intense biological activity of the estuary mangrove area probably explains the high dissolved oxygen content of the water. Lab. de Cien. do Mar, Univ. Fed. do Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brasil.
F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.
87:1286 Dickey, T., E. Hartwig and J. Marra, 1986. The
Biowatt bio-optical and physical moored meas- urement program. Eos, 67(35):p.650.
A primary object of the Biowatt Program is to 'develop predictive models of the temporal and spatial variability of optical properties and biolu- minescence in the open ocean.' The focus is on deep-water, moored measurement of bio-optical and physical variables, and results should heavily bear on other ocean problems as well, such as air-sea interactions, ocean dynamics, mass flux, bioproduc- tivity, etc. The program is described here. Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, CA, USA. (fcs)
F170. Engineering and industry
87:1287 Langley, R.S., 1986. On the time domain simulation
of second order wave forces and induced re- sponses. Appl. Ocean Res., 8(3)" 134-144. Offshore Structures Gr., Cranfield Inst. of Tech., Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
190 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
87:1288 Lee, D.-Y., C.-P. Lin and A.J. Mehta, 1985. Prop-
erties of a stationary fine sediment wedge [by docks]. Ocean Res., KORDI, 7(2):31-34. Ocean Environ. Engng. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.
87:1289 Madsen, O.S., 1986. Hydrodynamic force on circular
cylinders. Appl. Ocean Res., 8(3): 151-155. Par- sons Lab., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
87:1290 Seki, Y., F.W. Dickson, J.G. Liou, Y. Oki, H. Sakai
and T. Hirano, 1986. Geochemical prediction of impending catastrophic inflow of seawater during construction of the undersea part of the Seikan Tunnel, Japan. Appl. Geochem., 1(3):317-333.
The Seikan Tunnel, connecting the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, is 54 km long; it was completed in 1985. Described here is the use of geochemical means during construction to anticipate catastrophic floods of seawater emanating from fissures in the overlying volcanogenic sedimentary strata. Basically, water was analyzed from horizontal bore holes in the advancing face of the tunnel in order to determine the ratio of sea- to meteoritic- water, as well as the water's residence time in the country rock from the degree of its chemical alteration. Hydrosci. and Geotech. Lab., Saitama Univ., Urawa 338, Japan. (fcs)
FI80. Ships, submersibles, etc.
87:1291 Charrier, Bertrand, Jacques Constans and J.-L.
Quinio, 1986. Aleyone: the wind propelled ship of the future. Navigation, Paris, 34(135):346-358. (In French, English abstract.)
Development of the 'turbosail' and its incorporation, after initial wind tunnel testing, into a full scale system (the ship Alcyone) by the Cousteau Foun- dation is described.
F190. Navigation, cartography, etc.
87:1292 Bodenez, G. and M. Damene, 1986. Satellite assisted
polar navigation. Navigation, Paris, 34(135):330- 337. (In French, English abstract.)
87:1293 Braisted, Paul, Ralph Eschenbach and Anil Tiwari,
1986. Combining Loran and G.P.S.: the best of
both worlds. Navigation, Paris, 34(135):338-345. (In French, English abstract.)
The combination of GPS and Loran is the first system that can provide the transoceanic vessel with real time, accurate navigation information in port, and periodic accurate navigation information en route. The features of the individual systems are reviewed and data are presented to show how the combined product can yield better navigation in- formation than either system by itself. Wehn GPS becomes fully operational (1988) it will replace virtually all other navigation systems. Until that time there will be substantial lapses of coverage, and Loran will provide the backup.
87:1294 Greku, R.Kh., 1986. Space-time resolution of navi-
gational positioning methods in oceanography. Mar. Geod., 10(1):35-42.
Although determining time units used in oceano- graphic measurements (tenths to hundredths of a second) presents no problem, determining geograph- ic positions within acceptable limits of accuracy requires an understanding of measured navigational characteristics--heading, speed, readings of radio- navigational systems. The statistical characteristics of positioning methods used for global navigation systems are described and then used to evaluate minimum discreteness between independent coor- dinates and to compare rates of error accumulation between fixes for the various methods under con- sideration. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukranian SSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. (hbf)
87:1295 Kerr, A.J., R.M. Eaton and N.M. Anderson, 1986.
The electronic chart: present status and future problems. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 63(2):97-125.
There are already some ten video display systems for nautical charts and dozens of other projects under- way. While the technology is fascinating, there are still difficult organizational problems to settle. For example, who will have copyright to, and legal responsibility for, the databases? How will the charts be updated? Who will establish standards? These and other problems are discussed. Canadian Hy- drographic Serv., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (fcs)
87:1296 Stansell, T.A. Jr., 1986. The Global Positioning
System [overview]. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 63(2):51- 64. Magnavox Advanced Products and Systems Co., 2829 Maricopa St., Torrance, CA 90503, USA.
Pseudopterosins, anti-inflammatory agents 100-1000 times more effective than indomethacin (commonly prescribed for arthritis), have been isolated from a Caribbean soft coral. They are unique in their ability to block both pathways of the arachidonic acid cascade (which would otherwise generate mediators of the inflammatory response) and in the apparent absence of side effects. (gsb)
87:1298 Holmes, P.R. and C.W.Y. Lam, 1985. Red tides in
Hong Kong waters--response to a growing prob- lem. Asian mar. Biol., 2:1-10.
A comprehensive management and control strategy has been implemented to minimize public health hazards and economic loss in the event of red tide outbreaks in Hong Kong. The cooperative action of several government departments including the En- vironmental Protection Agency, Agriculture and Fisheries, Urban Services, Information Services, and Medical and Health was required for successful implementation. Further research is needed to identify means for reducing the frequency of out- breaks. Environ. Protection Agency, Empire Centre, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
87:1299 Olsen, S.F. et al., 1986. Hypothesis. Intake of marine
fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase [human] birthweight by prolonging ges- tation. Lancet, 2-86(8503):367-369. Acad. Faeroensis, 3800 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Den- mark.
87:1300 Pain, Stephanie, 1986. Are British shellfish safe to
eat? The humble bivalve lets its food flow over it--which makes it a passive recipient of path- ogenic bacteria and viruses along Britain's sewage-ridden coasts. New Scient., 111(1523): 29-33.
87:1301 Rodgers, D.L. and Christopher Muench, 1986.
Clguatera: scourge of seafood lovers. Sea Fron- tiers~Sea Secrets, 32(5):338-346.
Over half of all fish foodborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. are attributed to ciguatera, a family of poisons whose source is the one-celled benthic dinoflageUate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Ciguatera is
having an unfavorable impact on economic and nutritional aspects of Pacific island life, and it is becoming more widespread. A correlation exists between numbers of G. toxicus and occurrence of ciguatoxin in herbaceous reef fishes; measurement of benthic blooms, fish testing (the toxin, consumed inadvertently, is apparently harmless to fish and concentrates in the food chain), and improved epidemiology are called for. No treatment or antidote exists for ciguatera. (jrb)
F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)
87:1302 Camplin, W.C. and M.D. Hill, 1986. Sea dumping of
solid radioactive waste: a new assessment. Ra- dioactive Waste Mgmt nucl. Fuel Cycle, 7(3):233- 251.
The radiological assessment of the latest Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) review of the NE Atlantic ocean disposal site for radioactive waste is sum- marized. Packaging and disposal are discussed in the context of a composite ocean dispersion/particle interaction model. Potential radiation effects on man and marine animals were calculated to be negligible at present levels of disposal activity. The NEA review concluded that the NE Atlantic site could safely be used for radioactive dumping over the next five years, and the authors maintain that there are no grounds for excluding sea dumping from consid- eration among other viable disposal options. MAFF, Pakefield Rd., Lowestoft, UK. Orb)
87:1303 Cohen, M.A., 1986. The costs and benefits of oil spill
prevention and enforcement. J. environ. Econ. Mgmt, 13(2): 167-188.
The U.S. Coast Guard's oil spill prevention program is examined via a comparison of the estimated social costs and benefits of enforcement. Based on actual case data and (necessarily) some economic assump- tions, spill volume and cleanup costs and environ- mental damages averted by the program are esti- mated. Results suggest that the program's benefits exceed its costs in aggregate and at the margin (the marginal cost of prevention is estimated at $5.50, benefit at $7.27), but the mix of enforcement techniques used is far from optimal. U.S. Sentencing Comm., 1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20004, USA. (jrb)
192 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
87:1304 Giam, C.S. and H.J.-M. Dou (eds.), 1986. Strategies
and advanced techniques for marine pollution studies. Mediterranean Sea; Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held at Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France, October 4-14, 1984. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division; 475pp., 27 papers.
An interdisciplinary treatment of current problems in the study of marine pollution, which combines both the chemical (contaminant measurement) and biological (assessment of biological responses) ap- proaches, is presented. Methods papers oI~ Fourier transform IR, high resolution emission spectroscopy, rapid scanning multichannel fluorometry, and ana- lyses of yellow substance are included, as are papers dealing with sampling and monitoring techniques (indicators, ecotoxicological testing, molecular and cellular indices, and the sea urchin bioassay). Impacts of specific pollutants (chiefly petroleum hydrocarbons) are also considered. Univ. of Pitts- burgh, Grad. Sch. of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. (gsb)
87:1305 Grigalunas, T.A., R.C. Anderson, G.M. Brown Jr.,
Richard Congar, N.F. Meade and P.E. Sorensen, 1986. Estimating the cost of oil spills: lessons from the Amoco Cadiz incident. Mar. resour. Econ., 2(3):239-262.
The 1978 Amoco Cadiz incident is analyzed to address the problems inherent in estimating the social costs of oil spills. Market and non-market costs are estimated for emergency response, cleanup, marine resources, recreation, tourism etc., and distributed among the residents of the affected region, France, and the rest of the world. Precise quantification of environmental costs, however, is difficult due to a lack of definitive biological data (e.g., fisheries losses) which necessitates a 'tradeoff of analytical rigor for empirical feasibility.' Resource Economics Dept., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA. Orb)
87:1306 Kahn, J.R. and W.M. Kemp, 1985. Economic losses
associated with the degradation of an ecosystem. The case of submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay. J. environ. Econ. Mgmt, 12(3): 246-263.
The economic consequences of a reduction in the level of submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay are quantified and a combination of ecological and economic theory is used to produce models for
determining the indirect effects of pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. Dept. of Econ., SUNY, Bing- hamton, NY 13901, USA. (llt)
87:1307 Kullenberg, Gunnar (ed.), 1986. Viewpoint. The IOC
programme on marine pollution. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(8):341-352.
The Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) Programme was adopted by UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com- mission at the behest of the U.N. Conference on the Human Environment. Its goal is to provide a scientific basis for the assessment and regulation of marine contamination and pollution including re- sponsibly planned and implemented monitoring programmes at the national and international levels. Collectively, these efforts will constitute a marine chemical component of the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS). GIPME has four stages: mass-balance determination (including base- line measurements); contamination assessment; pol- lution assessment; and regulatory action. Kullenberg is with IOC of UNESCO. (wbg)
87:1308 Lasday, A.H., 1986. Environmental impact of oil
spills and the oil industry response. NE environ. Sci., 5(1-2):35-40.
Based largely on data from American Petroleum Institute sponsored research, acute, chronic, and low level effects are defined. Strategies for cleanup, primarily through the use of dispersants, and for prevention (through employee training and moti- vation) are discussed. Texaco, Inc., P.O. Box 509, Beacon, NY 12508, USA. (gsb)
87:1309 Medioli, F.S., C.T. Schafer and D.B. Scott, 1986.
Distribution of recent benthonic Foraminifera near Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Can. J. Earth Sci., 23(7):985-1000. Centre for Mar. Geol., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada.
87:1310 Phillips, D.J.H., 1984. Regional monitoring of con-
servative pollutants in Asian coastal waters: the WESTPAC bio-indicator programme. Asian mar. Biol., 1:1-15.
The historical background to the development of a monitoring p;ogram for trace metals, organochlor- ines and petroleum/fossil fuel hydrocarbons in coastal zones of the western Pacific region is described. Conclusions and recommendations are presented with respect to the future development of
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 193
both the training and monitoring components of the program. Environ. Prot. Agency, Empire Centre, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
87:1311 Ros, J. and A. Manos et al., 1985. Workshop on
pollution of the Mediterranean. Lucerne, 11-13 October 1984. Rapp. P.-v. Rbun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer m~dit., (Suppl.)29:850pp; 115 papers. (English and French.)
The workshop was planned to attract scientists from diverse backgrounds who could provide a broad coverage of pollution problems with special empha- sis on the long-term monitoring of the marine envivonment. Contributions are organized according to each session's topic: pollutant inputs (9 papers); transfer of pollutants by physical and biochemical processes (14); actual pollutant levels and trends for heavy metals (31); halogenated hydrocarbons (10); and petroleum hydrol:arbons (10). Twelve papers discuss the relationships between marine pollution and public health and 29 papers focus on marine organisms and ecosystems. CIESM, 16, bd de Suisse, Monaco. (hbf)
87:1312 Sun, Marjorie, 1986. The Chesapeake Bay's difficult
comeback. Science, 233(4765):715-717.
As a result of a 7-year study released by the U.S. EPA in 1983 which documented the serious pollu- tion of the Chesapeake Bay (the nation's largest estuary), Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia agreed to cooperate in its revitalization. The progress of the clean-up has been slow for a number of reasons, including a lack of scientific certainty about the role of nitrogen as a source of the problem, costs (including how best to spend availabile funds), and political problems in controlling pollution from agricultural uses. The program has evolved nicely and should continue to do so as long as the public's interest is maintained. (wbg)
F260. Resources, management, econom- ics
87:1313 Anderson, G.D. and S.F. Edwards, 1986. Protecting
Rhode Island's coastal salt ponds: an economic assessment of downzoning. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(1-2):67-92.
In southern Rhode Island, there is growing concern that housing and recreational demands will soon
overwhelm the capacity of the coastal salt ponds to absorb wastes, produce seafood, and maintain scenic qualities. As a result, coastal towns have been studying the feasibility of using land controls such as downzoning to protect these coastal amenities. The paper presents an economic analysis of the down- zoning program proposed in the town of South Kingstown. Hedonic price and contingent valuation methods are used to value coastal amenities. The estimated net present value of 'swimmable' water is shown to be $3.1 million. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA.
87:1314 Assaf, G.B., B.G. Kroetch and S.C. Mathur, 1986.
Nonmarket valuations of accidental oil spills: a survey of economic and legal principles. Mar. resour. Econ., 2(3):211-238.
An overview of legal and economic principles used to assess liability and damages for nonmarket (e.g., environmental) costs of accidental oil spills is provided. Several economic methods for determining costs and legal doctrines governing compensation are reviewed; the results are applied to two case studies. Nonmarket costs are difficult to quantify and relevant legal principles are complex and often ambiguous; when used in concert, the legal and economic principles can be disparate and require unification. Dept. of Econ., American Univ., Wash- ington, DC, USA. (jrb)
87:1315 Baker, Simon, 1986. Land use and land cover on the
North Carolina barrier islands: a proposed clas- sification system. Shore Beach, 54(3):8-12. Dept. of Geogr. and Planning, East Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC, USA.
87:1316 Brown, B.E. and G.P. Patil, 1986. Risk analysis in the
Georges Bank haddock fishery. A pragmatic example of dealing with uncertainty. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt, 6(2): 183-191.
In the field of fisheries science, stock assessment has traditionally provided future projections in a deter- ministic manner; confidence limits and sensitivity analysis have been used to make advice more realistic. Present techniques of risk analysis may provide an alternative procedure for providing assessment advice that couches the uncertainty of projections in terms of relative risk associated with various management options. In this paper, we describe the stock assessment advice given in 1980 for the Georges Bank haddock stock and rephrase it in risk analysis terms to illustrate the potential use of
194 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
this tool. SEFC, NMFS, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL 33149, USA.
87:1317 Dickert, T.G. and A.E. Tuttle, 1985. Cumulative
impact assessment in environmental planning. A coastal wetland watershed example. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 50):37-66.
Watershed development on coastal wetlands offers an ideal context for evaluating the land disturbance target approach to cumulative impact assessment. A model land use planning system involving a time series approach was developed for Elkhorn Slough in California. The approach included four major components: evaluation of erosion susceptibility, measurement of land disturbance, establishment of a land disturbance target, and a comparison of existing and target land disturbance values. Inst. of Urban and Reg. Dev., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
offshore [mining]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(8):335- 336.
This editorial discusses the possibility of pollution and its control at prototypical deep mining devel- opments, comparing these ventures to similar efforts (e.g. fisheries, the oil industry, etc.) on- and near- shore. Two matters of consideration, however, do not admit of such previous experience: the effects of deep-sea mining on shallow-water fisheries and productive ecosystems (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, estuaries); and possible damage to stocks of sulphide-metabolizing animals whose gene bank is of incalculable value. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Victoria, BC, Canada. (jrb)
contribute to decisions and face ultimate respon- sibilities. Bd. of Environ. Studies, Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
87:1320 Fischer, D.W., 1985. Shoreline erosion: a manage-
ment framework. J. Shorefine Mgmt, 1(1):37-50.
The purpose of this paper is to devise a management scheme suitable for dealing with continuous chronic shoreline erosion, consider criteria important for such management and identify the groups affected by and affecting erosion. Discussion leads to the conclusion that there is a need to establish a 'shoreline management entity' capable of taking a broad view of the issues involved. Office of Coastal Studies, Univ. of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
87:1321 Gadon, J.-L., 1986. Outlook for the development of
offshore oil production up to 2000. Revue Inst. ft. P~trole, 41(3):299-320. (In French, English ab- stract.)
A country-by-country assessment of the possible development of offshore oil production capacities suggests that offshore oil production (775 Mt in 1984) could exceed 1 billion metric tons by 1990 and then increase at an appreciably slower rate during the last decade of the century (1100 to 1300 Mt in 2000). This development seems indicative--despite great regional disparities--of the maturity attained by various offshore oil provinces and of the re- directing of offshore exploration toward more difficult objectives in a relatively unfavorable oil situation. Institute Francais du Petrol, 1 et 4 ave. de Bois-Preau, BP 311, 92506 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France.
87:1319 Farrell, B.H., 1986. Cooperative tourism and the
coastal zone. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(1-2):113- 130.
Concentrated tourist use in the coastal zone con- tinues in spite of opposition by groups who feel that any tourism, especially international, threatens both the natural environment and local values. The number of community organizations involved in coastal zone management decisions varies from almost none in some Third World countries to dozens in places like Hawaii or California. Con- structive use of coastal zones requires an under- standing of the interactions between biophysical and social systems. Planning tourism in this context requires that all groups with an interest in the coastal zone join in a new 'cooperative tourism' in which all
87:1322 Goda, Takeshi, Masaaki Naito, Saburo Ikeda and
Masataka Watanabe (eds.), 1986. Scape and limit in the application of ecological models to environmental management. International So- ciety for Ecological Modelling, symposium proceedings, 20-24 August 1984, Tsukuba, Japan. Special issue. Ecol. Model., 31(1-4): 1-363; 26 papers.
The symposium included invited lectures on a structural dynamic model, a comprehensive lake model, economic-ecological modelling, applications to irrigated agriculture, island colonization, indirect effects, and large-scale system perspectives. Other papers discussed the eutrophication process (9), the fate of toxic chemical substances (3), and six papers examined some ecological-economic models. Water
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 195
and Soil Environ. Div., Natl. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. (gsb)
87:1323 Hardisty, J., 1986. Engineering versus environmental
requirements in coast protection. J. Shoreline Mgmt, 2(1):65-72.
Difficult management decisions frequently arise during the planning of coastal defences because of the contradictory requirements of engineered pro- tection and environmental acceptability. An exam- ple is considered here in which a nearshore wave barrier was proposed to alleviate serious coastal erosion in an area of high recreational use. The most efficient barrier site lay close to the high water mark, but was unacceptable for environmental reasons. The ideal site, on environmental grounds, lay beyond the low water mark but provided consid- erably reduced protection efficiencies. The com- bined effects are modelled and the resulting com- promise is discussed. Bedford New Coll., Univ. of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
87:1324 Harvey, H.T., M.N. Josselyn (comment) and M.S.
A 1985 overview of San Francisco Bay area marsh restoration projects by M.S. Race is critiqued, and the following objections are raised: (1) evaluation procedures and terminology are not defined; (2) distinction is not made between experimental plant- ing and marsh restoration; and (3) the conclusions regarding long-term man-made marsh longevity are inaccurate. However, Harvey and Josselyn do agree with most of Race's suggestions for coastal man- agers. Race replies that the terminology and defi- nitions reflected the flux in ideas at the time the research was conducted and concedes their impre- cision, but contends it was not her intent to judge the success of area projects. Race agrees that 'the collective record of all types of previous restoration and marsh creation projects suggests that the technology is still somewhat experimental and unpredictable and that the bartering of wetlands via mitigation and the permit process should be re- analyzed accordingly.' Harvey and Stanley Asso- ciates, PO Drawer E, Alviso, CA 95002, USA. (gsb)
Reports on the May and October-November, 1985, meetings of the committee, distributed to the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC), the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Com- mission (NEAFC), and the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) have been edited and are included here along with a report to the government of Norway on harp and hooded seals in the Greenland Sea. Management advice is provided for stocks grouped according to the level of fishing in that area or subarea. The NEAFC report presents recommendations by regions for cod, haddock, redfish, Pandalus, herring, capelin, saithe, Norway pout, sandeel, sprat, plaice, whiting, sole, hake, sardines, and mackerel. The IBSFC report advises on herring, sprat, cod, trout, and salmon. The NASCO report includes new statistics on salmon mortality, distribution, biomass, harvesting, migration, and tagging programs. Intl. Council for Explor. of the Sea, Palaegade 2-4, 1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark. (hbf)
87:1326 Jolliffe, I.P. and C.R. Patman, 1985. The coastal
zone: the challenge. J. Shoreline Mgmt, 1(1):3-36.
The inaugural paper of this new journal reviews some of the major issues in coastal zone manage- ment and identifies some basic needs such as the integration of natural and man-made systems, a sound environmental knowledge base, greater public awareness, better definition of the roles of public and private sectors, management approaches which match the scale of the problems, coordination of policies, national and international forums, and the need to address the consequences of technological change. These topics and the complexity and global scale of coastal management issues will be the 'broad terms of reference of the Journal.' Dept. of Geogr., Bedford Coll., Univ. of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, UK. (llt)
87:1327 May, L.N. Jr., 1986. An evaluation of Landsat MSS
digital data for updating habitats maps of the Louisiana coastal zone. Photogram. Engng, Re- mote Sens., 52(8): 1147-1158. Coastal Fish. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803- 7503, USA.
87:1325 ICES (Advisory Committee on Fishery Manage-
ment), 1986. Reports of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, 1985. ICES coop. Res. Rept, 137:422pp.
87:1328 McGilray, L.J., G.D. Anderson and Niels West,
1985. Managing coastal development: an evalu- ation of the transfer of development fights approach. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 13(1):25-48.
196 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
The protection of open space poses a great challenge to coastal communities, given the significant pres- sure for residential development in most coastal areas. This study examines the transfer of devel- opment rights (TDR) as one solution to this problem. The results of this TDR simulation, conducted for South Kingstown, Rhode Island, indicate that there are particular problems inherent in coastal areas that make it difficult to have a successful TDR program. Some modifications to the TDR program are suggested and alternative land preservation approaches are offered. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
87:1329 Miller, M.L. and R.B. Ditton, 1986. Travel, tourism,
and marine affairs. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(1- 2): 1-20.
Over the last decades, travel and tourism have become a trillion dollar industry transforming coastal societies and environments. This article discusses tourism development policies and stresses the opportunity for coastal tourism planning. Some of the outstanding business facts of marine tourism are introduced, followed by a profile of the man- agement of tourism. A framework for understanding the role of leisure, work, and tourism in modern life is offered. Inst. for Mar. Studies, Univ. of Wash- ington, Seattle, WA, USA.
87:1330 Nordstrom, K.F., 1986. Beach conservation and
enhancement. The basis for a national policy on coastal erosion in the United States. J. Shoreline Mgmt, 2(1): 13-34.
The rationale for a federal policy on coastal erosion in the U.S. can be based on the value of the beach as a natural resource of national significance. Beaches have value for recreation and protection, but they are being eliminated as a result of human activities. A policy can be implemented to withhold federal subsidies for construction on or behind the beach where such construction will interfere with exchange of sand to the beach. This will help restore the beach and create siting guidelines for new coastal struc- tures. The policy is more national in scope than existing federal policy under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act. Center for Coastal and Environ. Studies, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
87:1331 Ross, M.E. and Michael Morgan, 1986. Coastal
geologic hazards and land-use planning in north- western Oregon. Environ. Geol. Wat. Sci., 8(4): 221-227. Dept. of Earth Sci., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
87:1332 Sasser, C.E., M.D. Dozier, J.G. Gosselink and J.M.
Hill, 1986. Spatial and temporal changes in Louisiana's Barataria Basin marshes, 1945-1980. Environ. Mgmt. 10(5):671-680. Coastal Ecol. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7503, USA.
87:1333 Townend, I.H., 1986. Coastal studies to establish
suitable coastal management procedures. J. Shorefine Mgmt, 2(2):131-154.
The basis of coastal management policy in the U.K. is reviewed briefly. The needs of those wishing to exploit coastal resources and of those wishing to conserve the marine environment are assessed. The use of suitable coastal studies to provide a proper understanding of the coastal regime is suggested as a good foundation for coastal management policy. The requirements of such a study are briefly described. Sir William Halcrow & Partners, Bur- derop Park, Swindon, Wilts SN4 0QD, UK.
87:1334 Townsend, R.E., 1986. A critique of models of the
American lobster fishery. J. environ. Econ. Mgmt, 13(3):277-291.
The American lobster fishery serves as an important ground for empirically testing theoretical issues involved in the economic application of Schaefer yield-effort models. However, the two published variants of this model are poor predictors of landings: Bell (1972) predicted a collapse of this fishery and Smith (1980) predicted a gradual expan- sion at a time when actual landings remained stable. The results presented here suggest that the Bever- ton-Holt dynamic pool model is more appropriately applied to the American lobster fishery because of minimum size rules. However, the Schaefer model is still the dominant pedagogical model of fishery economics for reasons that are discussed. Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. (wbg)
87:1335 Yapp, G.A., 1986. Aspects of population, recreation,
and management of the Australian coastal zone. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(1-2):47-66.
Australia's population is heavily concentrated in the coastal zone as is its recreation. Although much of the settled coastline is subject to storm damage, development has often proceeded in unstable areas and in the absence of strategic planning and informed management. As awareness of problems in the coastal zone has increased, Australian state governments have adopted a variety of arrangements
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 197
for coastal management. Attention here is focused on the role, importance, and problems of local government authorities in coastal areas. Div. of Water and Land Resources, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
F280. Policy, law, treaties
87:1336 Bakalian, A.B., 1985. The use of Sevin on estuarine
oyster beds in Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 13(1):49-84.
The proposed use of carbaryt 80 (Sevin) on the TiUamook Bay oyster tidelands to control alleged infestations of mud shrimp and ghost shrimp and various federal and state regulatory schemes in relation to the direct application of pesticides on estuarine tidelands are examined. The article focuses on federal pesticide control laws in relation to a state's authority to sanction alternative uses of a federally registered pesticide.
pollution and MARPOL 73/78: an international success story? Environ. Law, Portland, 15(4): 67%710.
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 (MARPOL 73), its 1978 Protocol, and their technical innovations and short- comings are surveyed. Operational procedures of an oil tanker, standards imposed by MARPOL 73/78, historical efforts to control oil discharges and the enforceability of the regulatory system are also discussed. Although it offers a solution to vessel- source oil pollution the effectiveness of MARPOL 73/78 is hampered by the lack of an active en- forcement policy in too many signatory states. Northwestern Sch. of Law, Lewis and Clark Coll., Portland, OR, USA. 01t)
87:1338 Garcia, S., J.A. Gulland and E. Miles, 1986. The new
Law of the Sea, and the access to surplus fish resources. Bioeconomic reality and scientific collaboration. Mar. Policy, 10(3): 192-200.
The authors elucidate questions arising from the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. Particular atten- tion is given to the concept of surplus, and to the conditions of access and factors that should be taken into account in granting access. Mar. Resources Serv., Fishery Resources and Environ. Div., FAO, Rome, Italy.
87:1339 Graber, P.H.F., 1986. The law of the coast in a
clamshell. Part XXII. The Georgia approach. Shore Beach, 54(3):3-7.
tures in deep seabed mining outside the frame- work of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Ocean Dev. int. Law, 16(4):341-352.
This paper assesses the various categories of risk which might accrue should U.S. corporate entities unilaterally engage in deep seabed mining outside the framework of the Law of the Sea Convention. Refusal of the U.S. to adhere to the Convention has created new types of risk, many not satisfactorily covered in the traditional system of nation-states. The volatile and unpredictable nature of current international relations creates a need for new sensitivites and awareness on the part of any corporate entity contemplating deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdiction. Diplomat in Resi- dence, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
87:1341 Kibola, H.S., 1986. A note on Africa and the
The recently concluded negotiations on the Law of the Sea actually covered a conglomeration of economic, scientific, and political factors, which needed to find expression in the legal order that has emerged from the negotiations. The Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in December 1982 and has been signed by a large majority of countries. The EEZ, a regime which emerged out of UNCLOS III, is one in which developing countries have quite a lot at stake. An elaboration of the African contri- bution to the EEZ is presented, and the possible courses of action open to the African states are discussed. Mozambique/Tanzania Centre for For- eign Relations, D a r e s Salaam, Tanzania.
87:1342 Langeraar, Wijnand, 1986. Delimitation of conti-
nental shelf areas: a new approach. J. marit. Law Commerce, 17(3):389-406.
The definition of the seaward limit of a continental shelf in UNCLOS '82 Article 76 is complex and unclear, resulting in interpretative differences and possible inequities. For adjacent states the equi- distance method of delimitation is prescribed, but in some cases presents problems; therefore, the 'equiratio method' is recommended. This method is
198 F. General OLR(1987)34(2)
unambiguous, applicable in all geographical cir- cumstances, able to meet the largest possible variety of ideas regarding equity, and results in an easily and accurately drawn boundary line. Langeraar is the former Director General of the European Oceanic Association. Orb)
87:1343 Wang, C.-P., 1986. A review of the enforcement
The purpose of this article is to identify the currently applicable international law intended to regulate vessel-source pollution. Part I delineates the relevant elements. Part II discusses the development of a sequence of incremental conventions. Part III examines the significance and weaknesses of the 1973 MARPOL Convention with its 1978 Protocol and of the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea. Part IV explores alternative and supplementary legal approaches for handling the vessel-source oil pollution threat.
F290. International concerns and or- ganizations
87:1344 Side, Jonathan, 1986. The European Community and
dumping at sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(7):290-294.
A proposed directive of the European Economic Community which calls for a system of controls over waste dumping and incineration at sea has encoun- tered strong opposition in the U.K. and outright rejection during a February 1986 House of Com- mons debate. Opposition has focused on the lack of scientific rationale and short time-scales for reduc- tion of dumping and the provision for termination of incineration at sea, requiring the development of land-based disposal methods and recycling pro- grams. (lit)
87:1345 Walsh, John, 1986. Saving the whales faces new
Although a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling would have allowed the Japanese to continue whaling until 1988 without loss of half their fishing quota in U.S. waters of the North Pacific, Japan has renounced commercial whaling. Conservation groups now fear that a Japanese program to conduct 'scientific whaling' (the term used by the International Whal- ing Commission) will provide the vehicle for cir- cumventing the whaling moratorium. The rationale
for research whaling is the need to assess the size of surviving whale populations. While the IWC has begun to focus on the question of scientific whaling, it is not yet ready to act. (wbg)
F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)
87:1346 Waldrop, M.M., 1986. Washington embraces global
earth sciences. Science, 233(4768): 1040-1042.
A global approach to earth science ('the simulta- neous study of the climate, the oceans, the biosphere, the dynamics of the solid earth, and the biogeo- chemical cycles of all the major nutrients--in short, a study of the earth as an integrated whole') is being adopted in Washington for a number of reasons. First is the realization that such an approach is better than concentrating on an individual problem such as CO 2 buildup, acid rain, or ozone depletion. Next, it will not require a sharp increase in spending, and because of its breadth it attracts a wide spectrum of political support. If any major research proposal can survive Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, this is it. (wbg)
F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)
87:1347 Deacon, M.B., 1986. The contribution of Edmond
Halley to meteorology and oceanography. Weath- er, 41(8):246-250.
This paper describes the work of Halley (perhaps best known for his work in astronomy, particularly the prediction of the periodic return of the comet now bearing his name) in meteorology and ocean- ography, including: (1) his first paper, relating barometric pressure to height above sea level and calculating the upper atmospheric limit; (2) his explanation of the trade winds as the result of the sun's heating of the atmosphere; (3) his contribu- tions on the nature of the water cycle; and (4) his conjecture relating current flow from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean to evaporation of the latter. Also discussed are Halley's interests in diving apparatus, terrestrial magnetism, various aspects of meteorology and his several sea voyages. Dept. of Oceanogr., Southampton Univ., UK. (jrb)
OLR (1987)34 (2) F. General 199
87:1348 Hamilton, E.I., 1986. Viewpoint. Science---a time of
change? Mar. Pollut. Bull., 17(7):295-298.
While science seems to be undergoing change, it is more likely that the way it is interpreted by society is changing. Cataloging pollutant levels and contam- ination attracts public interest and funding but contributes little to our knowledge of long-term effects. Broad-based interdisciplinary studies do not attract funding because the returns seem small compared to applied studies, but until they receive appropriate support holistic ecosystem pollution research will remain on shaky ground. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., NERC, Plymouth, UK. (wbg)
continents and colliding interests: a quantitative application of the interests perspective. Social Stud. Sci., 16(2):261-279.
The neotectonics 'revolution' has provided a won- derful laboratory in which to study the ideas of Thomas Kuhn and others about how scientists think, and, just as importantly, how they change their minds. Kuhn was the first to advocate that non- scientific, psychosocial factors (that is, the self- perception of having invested in a point of view) weighed heavily in the acceptance or rejection of new theories. That idea, expanded by sociologists of science, is now called the 'interests' perspective, and is examined here in light of bibliographic analysis of geoscientists' attitudes on continental drift over the first half of the 20th century (prior to the theory's re-birth). Of the variables analyzed, the most important 'predictor' of being opposed to drift was the number of papers published previously. The most important 'predictors' for accepting drift were being educated in Southern Hemisphere geology, and not being educated in geology at all. Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Hartford, West Harford, CT 06117, USA. (fcs)
87:1350 Bowden, W.B. and F.H. Bormann, 1986. Transport
and loss of nitrous oxide in soil water after forest clear-catting. Science, 233(4766):867-869.
Whole-tree harvesting increased the concentration of nitrous oxide dissolved in soil water by two orders of magnitude over the concentration expected in equilibrium with the atmosphere. In contrast, the
nitrous oxide content of soil water in an intact, second-growth forest was close to the expected theoretical value. This loss of nitrous oxide after clear-cutting is not important to the nitrogen economy of the site; however, it may be important to the global atmospheric budget of nitrous oxide. Sources of nitrous oxide may have been overlooked because nitrous oxide emissions can be separated in time and space from the sites of the most intense production of nitrous oxide. ®1986 b AAAS. Sch. of Forestry and Environ. Studies, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
87:1351 Clark, J.P. and M.C. Flemings et al., 1986. Advanced
materials and the economy. Scient. Am., 255(4): 50-203; 13 papers.
This issue highlights the science of advanced mate- rials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, as well as photonic, electronic and magnetic materials innovations. Also reviewed are biocompatible materials for medicine, advances in aerospace and ground transportation materials, information and communication materials technol- ogy, and materials for energy utilization. The opening article discusses economic booms--the creation of new industries and enhanced produc- t iv i ty-as well as some attendant serious problems. (sir)
87:1352 Cook, P.L. and R.J. New et al., 1984. Conference
papers: Oce~ology International Exhibition and Conference, Brighton, U.K., 6-9 March 1984. Society for Underwater Technology; ca. 200 pp., 45 papers.
The overall emphasis of the conference was on instruments and design, rather than on the academic and theoretical. The reports provide an introduction to recent advances in positioning techniques for navigation purposes (SatNav, micronav acoustic telemetry instrumentation systems, streamer track- ing, and spread spectrum) and sub-bottom profiling and geophysical analysis (acoustic penetrometer, resonant column testing, high-resolution multiple- frequency profiling, radiometric surveying, inter- active-image processing, geodata management sys- tem, model 706 side-scan mapping, acoustic Doppler current measuring system, and use of fiber cables). Several authors detail new innovations for gathering hydrographic and physical oceanographic data (a microprocessor-controlled in-situ water sampler, real-time monitoring, use of robots, and ERS-l); others describe approaches for the collection of data needed for environmental engineering and clima- tological assessments. (hbf)
200 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
87:1353 Harbison, G.R. and R.W. Gilmer, 1986. Effects of
animal behavior on sediment trap collections: implications for the calculation of aragonite fluxes. Deep-Sea Res., 33(8A): 1017-1024.
We studied the effects of the escape response of one genus of pteropod on the rates of its collection by sediment traps, in part because a recent paper (Betzler et al., 1984) proposed that the dissolution of sinking pteropod shells could almost balance the alkalinity budget of the Pacific Ocean. In three sediment trap deployments off the coast of Green- land, large numbers of living Limacina spp., in contrast to copepods and larvaceans, were rapidly collected in a few hours. This artifact leads to a gross overestimate of aragonite flux. There are likely to be a number of other planktonic organisms whose behavior can bias sediment trap collections. There- fore, the results of short-term flux measurements made with shallow sediment traps should not be interpreted without proper controls and more knowl- edge of the behavior of planktonic animals. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
budget experiment (ERBE). Special section. Revs Geophys., 24(2):350-468; 9 papers.
NASA has set up a long-term multisatellite moni- toring system, ERBE, to measure incoming and outgoing radiances on local, regional, and global scales to obtain information on the driving mech- anisms of the general atmospheric circulation which influence climate. The reports presented here pro- vide an overview of the program, proceeding chron- ologically beginning with the mission's development from relevant presatellite investigations and satellite missions and measurements, through the imple- mentation of ERBE with its nonscanner and scanner instruments, the development of data processing algorithms for the interpretation of the temporal and spatial variability of the data, and, finally, to the application of the Earth radiation budget infor- mation to climate research. (hbf)
87:1355 Joyce, T.M., B.A. Warren and L.D. Talley, 1986.
The geothermal heating of the abyssal subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 33(8A): 1003-1015.
Recent deep CTD-O 2 measurements in the abyssal North Pacific indicate large-scale changes in the 0-S characteristics in the deepest kilometer of the water column. Geothermal heat flux from the abyssal sediments can be invoked as the agent for causing large-scale modification of abyssal temperatures (but
not salinities) in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. East- west and north-south thermal age differences of about 100 years are inferred using a spatially uniform geothermal heat flux of 5 × IO 2 W m -2. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)
87:1356 Alvarez, Walter, 1986. Toward a theory of impact
crises. Eos, 67(35):649, 653-655, 658.
In this informal presentation (originally a lecture) the evidence for impact events, mass extinctions, periodicity for mass extinctions, and various hy- pothesized causes is reviewed by way of a person- alized account of the events leading toward, and following, the publication of the Alvarez hypothesis. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA, USA. (fcs)
87:1357 Dickson, David, 1986. Soviet Union suspends plans
to divert four rivers. Science, 233(4768):p.1036.
A Soviet project initiated by Brezhnev 20 years ago to divert the water from several rivers emptying in the Arctic Ocean has been halted after a 'long and vigorous' campaign of protest by leading Russian scientists (concerned about unknown environmental consequences) and intellectuals (concerned about the loss of cultural landmarks). (fcs)
87:1358 Hoyle, F. and N.C. Wickramasinghe, 1986. Com-
mentary. The case for life as a cosmic phenom- enon. Nature, Lond., 322(6079):509-511.
The authors here respond to an invitation from Nature to explain why they think it is that their papers on Panspermia are difficult to get published and only rarely cited. 'We are aware that astron- omers and chemists can be found [who claim that non-biological materials give] equally good results. Our answer is that equally good results have not been obtained....Such claims are listened to only because they are culturally acceptable, whereas our results...are not.' Dept. of Appl. Math. and Astronom., PO Box 78, Univ. Coll., Cardiff CF1 IXL, UK. (fcs)
87:1359 Kerr, R.A., 1986. What makes a volcanic lake a
killer? Science, 233(4769):p.1154.
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 201
Speculation about the cause of the August 21, 1986 gas burst at Lake Nyos (Cameroon) has raised interest in the 1984 gas burst in Lake Monoun, Cameroon, which killed 37 people. Investigation of the 1984 event using isotopic analysis of the CO 2 bubbles rising through the crater lake (Sigurdsson et al., in press) revealed that 90% of the CO 2 was volcanic in origin, although there were no detectable sulfur compounds and little of the chlorine and fluorine typical of a volcanic eruption. The inves- tigators believe that the gas burst represented an accumulation of CO2 gas vented into the lake bottom by the underlying volcano, triggered by some disturbance, such as the earthquake-induced land- slide that preceded the 1984 poisonous burst. (hbf)
87:1360 Kerr, R.A., 1986. Charleston quakes are larger or
widespread. Science, 233 (4769): p. 1154.
At the Third U.S. National Conference on Earth- quake Engineering (24-27 August, 1986, Charleston, SC) Stephen Obermeier reported on finding evidence of large earthquakes either preceding the 1886 Charleston event or occurring at some distance from it. The evidence, which consists of coastal drainage- ditch exposures of sand blows formed when quakes of magnitude 5.5 or greater occur in areas of liquefied sand, is of concern to engineers engaged in site studies for nuclear power plants and other facilities because it implies increased hazards to foundations. The next step in the investigation will be an attempt to date the sand blows to determine if their occurrence is limited to events in the Charles- ton area, or whether the entire eastern seaboard is involved. (hbf)
87:1361 Kerr, R.A., 1986. There may be more than one way to
make a volcanic lake a killer. Science, 233(4770): 1257-1258.
Although publicity on the recent catastrophic killer gas burst in Cameroon (August 21, 1986) has centered upon a volcanic release of the noxious gases, Peter Kilham and other limnologists have pointed out that the gases may have formed by the slow anoxic decomposition of organic matter and been contained in the depths of the lake by the stable warm surface water, until abruptly released by seasonal changes causing a mixing of the thermally stratified lake water. The carbon-isotope evidence of an 18,000 yr age for the gas could be explained by a mixture of recently synthesized organic matter and much older decayed, buried material. The most serious obstacles to this explanation are the unsub- stantiated press reports of two explosions, steam,
and tremendous heat in the streams flowing from the lake at the time of the catastrophe. (hbf)
87:1362 Kleist, T., t986. Growing edge of a Caribbean wedge.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(11): 164-165.
Nine holes drilled at six sites north of Bermuda, on Leg 110 of the Ocean Drilling Project (the first to penetrate the detachment surface of a subduction zone) have provided evidence of a system of fractures that allow warm water and gases such as methane to seep through the rock onto the ocean floor, lubricating the moving plates in the process and exchanging minerals in solution for the minerals in the rock. The water comes from the pores of sedimentary rocks which were subducted along with the ocean crust and were broken by the pressure of the overriding plate, allowing trapped water to escape into the newly-formed fracture system. (hbf)
87:1363 Milne, Roger, 1986. IU.K. House of] Lords give all
clear for dumping waste at sea. New Scient., 111(1520):p.20.
Rejecting the European Economic Community's attempts to halve the amount of waste Britain dumps at sea as 'ill-conceived and inappropriate, ' the House of Lords European Communities committee has concluded that in the absence of sufficient scientific evidence to the contrary, the sea disposal of sewage sludge, dredging spoil, and industrial wastes is both justifiable and defensible. Britain tops the list of European nations which engage in the marine disposal of sewage sludge and industrial wastes. The increasing popularity of burning wastes at sea and the EEC's opposition to it has prompted the Lords committee to call for closer monitoring of this process. (wbg)
87:1364 Murray, Mary, 1986. Extinctions: the earthly ar-
gument. Report from the Fourth North Amer- ican Paleontological Convention, Boulder. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(8):p.121.
At a session entitled 'Death by Earthly Causes' considerable evidence was presented to demonstrate that extinctions at the Cretaceous-Tertiary bound- ary occurred gradually and selectively. R.T. Bakker suggested that species immigration could account for the demise of many of the species affected. J.D. Archibald pointed out that of 19 Montana turtle species, 16 survived into the Tertiary. J.A. Wolfe and G.R. Upchurch, Jr. described evidence from leaf fossils pointing to a climatic change from dry to wet across the boundary, and both J.R. Bryan and W.B.
202 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
Gallagher cited stratigraphic proof of an apparent gradual extinction of species. (hbf)
87:1365 Officer, C.B. and R.A.F. Grieve, 1986. The impact of
impacts and the nature of nature. Eos, 67(33):633, 637.
The continuing debate and research into questions surrounding the Alvarez, et al., impact theory of extinction and its elaboration during the six years since it was put forth served as the focus for the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, CA. This article, by two of the participants at that session, entitled 'Where are we now on iridium anomalies, extinctions, impacts, volcanism, and periodicity?' arises from the belief that it would be useful to state their view of the pertinent facts and questions relating to the continuing debate, especially the hypothesis that periodic cometary showers were the cause of mass extinctions in the geologic record. Earth Sci. Dept., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH, USA. (wbg)
87:1366 Pain, Stephanie, 1986. Hot spots in the Atlantic
Ocean. New Scient., 111(1520):p.29.
WHOI scientists returned to the Mid-Atlantic in June, 1986, with the deep-diving submersible Alvin to observe directly the hot water vents discovered there last year. They found huge (comparable in size to those mined on land) deposits containing iron, copper, and zinc, and a colony of mostly free- swimming animals (quite different from those found living near Pacific vents) including millions of blind shrimp, and an eel-like fish. This discovery of vents in a slow-spreading region helps explain how seawater maintains its constant composition despite receiving continuous deposits from rivers. (wbg)
87:1367 Peterson, I., 1986. Tracing corrosion's magnetic field.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(9):p.132.
The magnetic fields associated with electrical cur- rents generated by the chemical reactions of cor- rosion have been measured for the first time by researchers at MIT. Small exposed surfaces of epoxy-enclosed metals immersed in hydrochloric acid or salt solution yielded magnetic field meas- urements of up to 10 ~s gauss with a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. Field reversals and small fluctuations were observed. Possible future applications include monitoring of hidden corrosion and determination of composition. (gsb)
87:1368 Peterson, Ivars, 1986. Warning: this software may be
The U.S. banking system, air traffic control systems, nuclear reactors, chemical plants, medical technol- ogy, the X-29 aircraft, the Strategic Defense Initi- a t ive-al l have in common a heavy reliance on computer technology. Since errors in large, com- plicated computer programs are virtually inevitable, software engineers need to be able to measure the quality (or reliability) of computer software. This article discusses some of the problems involved in ensuring software safety--inadequacy of testing, invisible interfaces, flexibility--and suggests that unreliable systems should be accepted only when the consequences of a failure are minor, i.e., no disaster will result. (wbg)
87:1369 Raloff, J., 1986. Is there a cosmic chemistry of life?
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(12):p.182.
Experiments at the University of Maryland's Lab- oratory of Chemical Evolution are described. These experiments suggest that if chemical laws are the same everywhere, then the formation and linking of life's building blocks--amino acids and nucleo- tides--must have proceeded similarly everywhere. 'If there is life elsewhere in the universe, chemically speaking it would be very similar to what we have on Earth,' says Cyril Ponnamperuma, the lab's director. (fcs)
87:1370 Skinner, B.J., 1986. Can you really believe the
evidence? Two stories from geology. Am. Scient., 74(4):401-409.
It appears that geologists, with their partial, sketchy and ambiguous evidence, have done pretty well in their clashes with physicists. The story of how physicists set back the ideas of Frank Taylor and Alfred Wegener on continental drift is well known. But what of Lord Kelvin's attack on the geological idea that the Earth was hundreds of millions of years old. Unaware of nuclear energy, his calculations were that the Sun itself could have been burning for no more than 100 m.y. But ToC. Chamberlin, a geologist at University of Chicago, was not to be intimidated. Writing in Science in 1899 he argues the validity of the geological evidence, and has this to say on the Sun's driving energies: 'What the internal constitution of the atoms may be is yet an open question. It is not improbable that they are complex organizations and the seats of enormous energies .... [The] extraordinary conditions which reside in the
OLR (1987) 34 (2) F. General 203
center of the Sun [may] set free a portion of this energy.' Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Yale Univ., P.O. Box 6666, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. (fcs)
87:1371 Weisburd, S., 1986. CO2: an additional source of
Paul Guthrie of NASA has suggested that increases in atmospheric methane may result in part from anaerobic decomposition of plants, whose produc- tion has been augmented by ever rising levels of atmospheric CO 2. This CO 2 fertilization would result in an estimated 1-15% acceleration of greenhouse warming. (gsb)
87:1372 Weisburd, S., 1986. Cameroon: the first wave of clues.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(12):180-181.
A preliminary report, presented by a team of geoscientists to the Agency for International Devel- opment, concludes that the deadly gas cloud that emanated from Lake Nyos on August 21, 1986, was composed mainly of carbon dioxide. Other findings include low sulfur and high bicarbonate and ferrous ion concentrations, as were found in Lake Monoun, another Cameroon volcanic crater lake from which a lethal cloud escaped in 1984. The CO z is believed to have accumulated in Lake Nyos deep waters as a result of gradual seepage from underlying molten rock. Although sudden volcanic eruption has been effectively ruled out, the cause of the gas release is conjectural, with some support for the hypothesis of a disruption of the usually stable thermal strati- fication, leading to overturn of bottom waters. (gsb)
87:1373 Weisburd, S., 1986. Plunging plates cause a stir. Sci.
News, Washington, D.C., 130(7):106-109.
Several new lines of evidence support a model of the Earth's interior in which whole-mantle convection results in the circulation of material between the upper and lower mantle. T.H. Jordan has detected the presence of subducting slabs at depths consid- erably deeper than 650 km, the depth of the conventional boundary between upper and lower mantle. P.G. Silver and W.W. Chan, using other seismic techniques, also conclude that slabs, al- though more complicated in structure than first thought, penetrate the lower mantle. J.H. Wood- house and Domenico Giardini find some support for these conclusions based on the orientation of deep earthquake faults, which point to a slab thickening and shift to a more horizontal position at ~670 km. Further resolution of the complexities of slab
penetration and mantle convection may come from seismic tomography, which can produce 3-dimen- sional maps of the mantle. Critics of the model include geochemists and scientists who have studied heat flow patterns from core to mantle and find their basic data in conflict with Jordan's calculations, which indicate a mixing of the upper and lower mantle every billion years. Cnbf)
F390. Educational literature
87:1374 Anonymous, 1986. Why scientists go to the poles.
Economist, 330(7458):69-71.
Ny Alesund, located on Spitsbergen a mere 700 mi from the North Pole, is a research station maintained by the Norwegian Polar Research Institute. In the summer it may house up to 100 scientists. The Economist was curious as to what went on there, and briefly reports on several current projects ranging from the bacteria of reindeer stomachs to the ecology of the research station itself. (fcs)
87:1375 Kohl, Larry, 1986. The Oosterschelde barrier: Man
against the sea. Natn. geogr., 170(4):526-537.
In 1953 a storm surge breached the dikes of the Oosterschelde Estuary, devastating much of south- ern Holland and killing almost 2000 people. 'Never again' vowed the Dutch, whose coastal engineers are the best in the world. Now, after 30 years, the Oosterschelde surge barrier nears completion. It is designed to stay open most of the time, permitting estuarine life cycles to continue uninterrupted. The project involved radically new concepts in dam and barrier design, the construction of five special- purpose vessels, the installation of 65 concrete piers averaging 18,000 tons and 12 stories each. At $5 billion, it sounds like a bargain. Includes many illustrations and diagrams. (fcs)
F420. Miscellaneous
87:1376 Cornillon, Peter, Sara Hickox and Holly Turton,
1986. Sea surface temperature charts for the southern New England fishing community. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 20(2):57-65.
SST charts from 39o30 " to 42°N and 68030 , to 73°W were prepared from satellite data and mailed to southern New England fishermen. User response
204 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (2)
was sought and where appropriate the charts were modified to meet user's requests. A questionnaire distributed at the end of the program showed significant interest in the charts as an aid in determining where to find fish. Technological dif- ficulties in producing and distributing these charts in a timely, cost-effective manner are discussed. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narra- gansett, RI, USA.
87:1377 Lipschutz, M.E., 1986. The worlds beyond. [Mete-
Meteorites contain the oldest Solar System materials, and consequently contain much information on the history and evolution of the planets. This overview presents the basics of solar system chemistry,
outlines the extremely sensitive analytical techniques employed, and discusses some of the major problems currently being worked on. Dept. of Chem., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. (fcs)
87:1378 Palmer, H.D., 1986. Preliminary results of the ocean
color imaging interest survey. Mar. Technol. Soe. J., 20(2):66-71.
The Marine Technology Society circulated approx- imately 3100 questionnaires to potential users of ocean color imaging from an orbiting satellite. The survey attempted to determine preferences for areas of interest, environments, data formats and interest based upon employment and use. A tabulation of results is provided; a full report of survey results has been issued by the Marine Technology Society. Mar. Tech. Society, Washington, DC, USA.
