OLR (1984) 31 (4) 243 FAIO. Miscellaneous 84:1788 Lewin, Roger, 1983. New phylum discovered, named. (Loricifera.) Science, 222(4620):p.149. Only twice before in this century have new phyla been added to the animal kingdom; the newly- erected Loricifera brings the total number of animal phyla to 35. Nanaloricus mysticus (within Loricifera) lives among grains of marine sand and gravel at water depths from tens to hundreds of meters, and has been found off western Greenland and in the Coral Sea. The free-swimming larva is ~ 195/an and the sedentary adult ~230/~m; this combination of life history stages is 'unusual' within the meiofauna. (ihz) F. GENERAL F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 84:1789 Pethica, J.B. and M.D. Pashley, 1983. Scanning tunnelling microscopy. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5936):p.666. With Binnig et al.'s (1982, 1983) scanning tunnelling microscope, surface atomic structure can be deter- mined, offering exciting possibilities for investiga- tions of adsorbed molecules, 'disordered surfaces,' and crystal and thin film growth. The technique detects 'height variations with sub-angstrom accu- racy' and has a 'remarkable' lateral resolution on the order of a few angstroms. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0HC, UK. (ihz) 84:1790 Regnier, F.E. et al., 1983. [Analytical instruments.] Science, 222(4621):245-302; 7 papers. Recent evolution and revolution in the field of analytical instrumentation are both evident in these 6 review papers. HPLC is predicted to 'become the dominant form of column liquid chromatography.' Nearly an order of magnitude extension in the mass range of mass spectrometers has been achieved in the last 10 years. The combining of techniques, e.g. GC-MS and GC-FTIR-MS, is enhancing analytical discriminating power. Fourier transform IR spec- trometry, capillary zone electrophoresis and super- critical fluid chromatography are discussed. A survey of separative techniques is included. An extensive bibliography accompanies the paper on MS potentials and capabilities. (ihz) 84:1791 Shoosmith, J.N. and R.E. Fulton (eds.), 1983. Geometric modelling. Theme issue. IEEE Comput. Graph. Applic., 3(7):6-66; 7 papers. 'To a large extent, the limit of what can be accomplished with the aid of computers...is governed by the complexity of the geometry involved.' Seven papers, originally presented at a NASA symposium by leading contributors in the field, are included here with three to follow next month. They sum- marize the state-of-the-art and include such topics as mathematical representation of geometries, logical structuring and management of geometric data, geometric standards, and improvements in inter- active capabilities. (fcs) 84:1792 Stumm, Werner, 1983. Lakes as 'test tubes' to study processes in oceanic or estuarine systems. Edi- torial. J. Gt Lakes Res., 9(3):p.341. Lakes as a system allow the study of processes such as biochemical cycle interdependence and feedback mechanisms under 'relatively simple conditions' as compared to the study of oceanic systems. Com- parison of lakes with different conditions would indicate the importance of each process. An appre- ciation of global ecology might be realized through an understanding of how lake biota regulate the circulation of material through the 'land, water, biosphere, and atmosphere' as well as how distur- bance affects the system. Swiss Fed. Inst. of Tech., Zurich, Switzerland. (ahm)
Transcript
OLR (1984) 31 (4) 243
FAIO. Miscellaneous
84:1788 Lewin, Roger, 1983. New phylum discovered, named.
(Loricifera.) Science, 222(4620):p.149.
Only twice before in this century have new phyla been added to the animal kingdom; the newly-
erected Loricifera brings the total number of animal phyla to 35. Nanaloricus mysticus (within Loricifera) lives among grains of marine sand and gravel at water depths from tens to hundreds of meters, and has been found off western Greenland and in the Coral Sea. The free-swimming larva is ~ 195/an and the sedentary adult ~230/~m; this combination of life history stages is 'unusual' within the meiofauna. (ihz)
With Binnig et al.'s (1982, 1983) scanning tunnelling microscope, surface atomic structure can be deter- mined, offering exciting possibilities for investiga- tions of adsorbed molecules, 'disordered surfaces,' and crystal and thin film growth. The technique detects 'height variations with sub-angstrom accu- racy' and has a 'remarkable' lateral resolution on the order of a few angstroms. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0HC, UK. (ihz)
84:1790 Regnier, F.E. et al., 1983. [Analytical instruments.]
Science, 222(4621):245-302; 7 papers.
Recent evolution and revolution in the field of analytical instrumentation are both evident in these 6 review papers. HPLC is predicted to 'become the dominant form of column liquid chromatography.' Nearly an order of magnitude extension in the mass range of mass spectrometers has been achieved in the last 10 years. The combining of techniques, e.g. GC-MS and GC-FTIR-MS, is enhancing analytical discriminating power. Fourier transform IR spec- trometry, capillary zone electrophoresis and super- critical fluid chromatography are discussed. A survey of separative techniques is included. An
extensive bibliography accompanies the paper on MS potentials and capabilities. (ihz)
84:1791 Shoosmith, J.N. and R.E. Fulton (eds.), 1983.
'To a large extent, the limit of what can be accomplished with the aid of computers...is governed by the complexity of the geometry involved.' Seven papers, originally presented at a NASA symposium by leading contributors in the field, are included here with three to follow next month. They sum- marize the state-of-the-art and include such topics as mathematical representation of geometries, logical structuring and management of geometric data, geometric standards, and improvements in inter- active capabilities. (fcs)
84:1792 Stumm, Werner, 1983. Lakes as 'test tubes' to study
processes in oceanic or estuarine systems. Edi- torial. J. Gt Lakes Res., 9(3):p.341.
Lakes as a system allow the study of processes such as biochemical cycle interdependence and feedback mechanisms under 'relatively simple conditions' as compared to the study of oceanic systems. Com- parison of lakes with different conditions would indicate the importance of each process. An appre- ciation of global ecology might be realized through an understanding of how lake biota regulate the circulation of material through the 'land, water, biosphere, and atmosphere' as well as how distur- bance affects the system. Swiss Fed. Inst. of Tech., Zurich, Switzerland. (ahm)
In April 1981, the Japanese government formally announced plans to develop 'fifth-generation' com- puters which, relying on advances in software and artificial intelligence, might be capable of serving government as expert consultants in everything from increasing national productivity to optimizing social support services. There are, of course, other national, inter-university and inter-corporate programs with similar aims. This issue of Spectrum examines The Quest (goals, rules, teams and players), The Chal- lenges (A.I., expert systems, natural language proc- essing, speech recognition, software engineering, computer architecture and V.L.S.I.), and The Out- look (a 'sociotechnological assessment of what the future holds'). (fcs)
84:1794 Venrick, E.L., 1983. Percent similarity: the prediction
of bias. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 81(2):375-387.
An equation predicts the percent similarity index between replicate samples from an association with specified structure and heterogeneity. A second equation gives a first approximation of the variance between replicate indices. The magnitude of the expected index depends upon not only the heter- ogeneity of the species but also upon the number of species, their abundance, and their diversity. Be- cause of these dependencies, care must be used in interpreting the percent similarity index. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.
84:1795 Wilkie, Tom, 1983. Time to remeasure the metre.
New Scient., 100(1381):258-263.
In October 1983 the General Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the metre as 'the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.' Ever since the cesium clock became the international standard (1967), time has been 'the most accurately meas- urable of all physical quantities' (to 1 part in 10~3); until October 1983, scientists could measure more accurately the distance to the moon than the length of a metre. This article describes the recent history of measurement defined in terms of time and some of the implications and applications thereof. (slr)
F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)
84:1796 Poje, D. et al., 1980/82. Specific natural character-
istics of the Adriatic Sea with special regard to pollution and exploitation. (Fourth Symposium of Yugoslav Oceanographers, Split, 17-19 No- vember 1980.) Acta adriat., 23(1/2):458pp; 40 papers. (Serbo-Croatian with some English and French.)
This volume contains most of the symposium's presentations. There are 24 papers devoted to ecosystem characteristics (physical processes, pro- duction, biota), 8 to pollution (types, fecal pollution indicators, antifoulants), and an additional 8 to the exploitation of living resources. (ihz)
mate of Karumba and hydrology of the Norman River Estuary, southeast Gulf of Carpentaria. CSIRO mar. Labs Rept, 156:30pp. CSIRO Marine Labs., P.O. Box 120, Cleveland, Qld. 4163, Australia.
F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.
84:1798 Habermehl, Gerhard and Dietrich Mebs (compilers),
1983. 1981 bibliographic index: poisons, toxins and venoms of natural origin. Toxicon, 21(5): 575-661.
The index is arranged alphabetically, by first author and by key word, and includes articles of interest to toxinologists. There are ca. 500 references.
84:1799 Hunt, L.M. and D.G. Groves (eds.), 1965. A glossary
of ocean science and undersea technology terms. An authoritative compilation of over 3500 engineering and scientific terms used in the field of underwater sound, oceanography, marine sciences, underwater physiology and ocean engineering. Compass Publications, Inc., Ar- lington, Virginia; 172 pp. $6.95
The intended audience for this glossary encompasses teachers, engineers, policy makers, technicians, lawyers, doctors, business people--indeed, anyone desiring a working vocabulary of oceanography. Diving physiology, acoustics, meteorology, instru- mentation, and engineering are included as well as
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 245
physical, chemical, geological and biological ocean- ography. A more comprehensive version of the handbook is envisioned. (ihz)
84:1800 Schwiderski, E.W., 1983. Atlas of ocean tidal charts
and maps. I. The semidinrnal principal lunar tide M 2. Mar. Geod., 6(3/4):219-265.
The Naval Surface Weapons Center ocean tide model has been used to calculate the M z tide at 1 o × 1 ° resolution for the World Ocean. Results are accurate to 5 cm of surface displacement over the open ocean. Energy budget calculations are consis- tent with earlier studies: the rate of energy supply is 3.5 × 10 ~2 W; the rate of loss over continental shelves is 1.5 × 10 t2 W; and the work against the ocean bottom tide is 1.6 × 10 t2 W. Includes co-range and co-tidal maps and 6 pages of references. U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren, Va. 22448, USA. (jfp)
F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.
84:1801 Blankenburgh, J.C. and J.O. Klepsvik, 1983. Re-
search in hydrographic technology at the Nor- we#an Continental Shelf Institute (IKU). Mar. Geod., 6(3/4): 195-217.
To enhance topographic mapping of the seafloor, the IKU since 1980 has been investigating ocean dynamics, optical and acoustic hydrography, and positioning and navigation. Projects described here include: underwater photogrammetry, remote sens- hag of water quality and depth, Norwegian tidal data analysis, laser bathymetry, absolute positioning of a seafloor transponder, and development of a topo- graphic side-scan sonar. Continental Shelf Inst., P.O. Box 1883, 7001 Trondheim, Norway. (ihz)
84:1802 Cavalieri, D.J. (et al., MIZEX West study group),
1983. The oceanography report. MIZEX West: Bering Sea Marginal Ice Zone Experiment. Eos, 64(40):578-579.
Undertaken in February 1983, MIZEX West (the counterpart to MIZEX East, Greenland Sea studies) provided the most thorough study to date of the Bering Sea ice zone. Data were collected via ship, aircraft and satellite; brief discussions of goals and preliminary results are presented under the head- hags: oceanography, wave-ice interactions, ice dy- namics, ice edge ablation, meteorological observa-
tions and remote sensing. NASA/Goddard, Green- belt, Md., USA. (sir)
intent, MEDALPEX, in the western Mediter- ranean.I Bull. Soc. r. Sci. Lidge, 52(1):51-64. (In French, English abstract.)
Studying gyres, fronts, mesoscale eddies, upwellings, downwellings, and storm surges will contribute information to models that can be used in hydro- dynamics forecasting, pollution research and eco- system analysis. Objectives of the 13-month (Sept. 1981-Sept. 1982) project are outlined. (ahm)
84:1804 Dowden, J.N., 1983. The joint California-National
Ocean Survey program in California. Shore Beach, 51(3):38-39.
The program, begun in 1973 as a result of tideland litigation and the need to establish jurisdictional limits for the 1972 Federal Clean Water Act, is nearing completion. Notable achievements include: an increase in the number of tidal network stations (from 127 to 252), positioning of 1500 tidal bench marks with reference to MLLW, the connection of most of the network to the 1929 National Geodetic Vertical Datum, a technically reliable data base, improved accuracy for navigation, and detection of areas subject to substantial fluctuations in tidal range. Calif. Bd. of Registration for Prof. Engrs, Sacramento, Calif., USA. (hbf)
84:1805 Ehler, C.N and D.J. Basta, 1983. NOAA's strategic
assessment programme in the Gulf of Mexico. Viewpoint. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(9):325-334.
Data from NOAA's 'strategic' assessment program are used to identify and understand the relationships among economic activity, pollution and marine resources in the gulf. This essay discusses opera- tional discharges of oil from ships due to routine bilge water pumping, tank cleaning and ballasting. A model that predicts the 'likely location and mag- nitude of future operational and casualty spills in the gulf' will be presented in a subsequent column. Office of Oceanogr. and Mar. Serv., NOS, NOAA, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA. (msg)
F130. Institutions and services
84:1806 Anonymous, 1983. Conservation for Development
Register. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(9):323-324.
246 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (4)
The Conservation for Development Register (CDR) has been started to match experts in conservation with the demand for them in 'achieving conservation goals.' Specialists in the fields of natural resources management, protected area management, envi- ronmental education, public health, agriculture, range management, impact assessment and other 'conservation and development related disciplines' who are 'available for project work' should write to CDR, JES/IED, 1319 F Street NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20004, USA. (dgs)
FI70. Engineering and industry
84:1807 American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural
Division (Committee on Reliability of Offshore Structures of the Committee on Structural Safety and Reliability), 1983. Application of reliability methods in design and analysis of offshore platforms. J. struct. Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 109(10):2265-2291.
Permanent, bottom-supported offshore structures are considered with respect to the advantages and limitations of present reliability methods; the need for and direction of future research are outlined. Emphasis is directed toward increasing the under- standing of reliability methods by practicing design engineers.
84:1808 Georghiou, Luke, Glyn Ford, Michael Gibbons and
Glyn Jones, 1983. Japanese new teclmoiogs: creating future marine industries. Mar. Policy, 7(4):239-253.
Manganese nodule mining, OTEC, and uranium from seawater are examined as examples of Japan's commitment to new technology development. Mo- tives for development include decreasing Japan's dependence on imported resources, creating a national technical capability, developing export markets, and technological nationalism. The projects benefit from 'third sector' organizations which mediate between government and industry.
FIB0. Ships, submersibles, etc. 84:1809
Metaxas, B.N., 1983. Maritime economics: problems and challenges for the future. Marit. Policy Mgmt, 10(3): 145-164.
The trade cycle, the maritime evolution of devel- oping countries, and the increasing real cost to the
world community of maritime transport are targeted as the most important areas of challenge to the maritime economist. Sch. of Economics, Ealing Coll. of Higher Educ., St. Mary's Rd., Ealing, London W5 5RF, UK.
F190. Navigation, cartography, etc.
84:1810 Brady, F.B. (ed.), 1983. Global navigation systems.
Special issue. Proc, IEEE, 71(10):1123-1223; 12 papers.
This issue is devoted to those global positioning systems which are truly worldwide and are not ground-based line-of-sight systems. Papers cover Loran-C, Omega, NAVSTAR, inertial navigation systems technology, and modern celestial navigation techniques and equipment. Computers and navi- gation, the 'generation and distribution of ultra accurate time' as a navigation component, and the 'power of hand-held computers in navigation' are discussed. One paper describes radionavigation system comparative reliability and integrity; anoth- er, systems performance vs. civil aviation require- ments. The 'seemingly impossible problems of how to deal with the question of civil user participation in the cost of implementing and maintaining an extremely expensive military navigation system' also are addressed. (slr)
84:1811 Dodington, S.H., 1983. Navigation: an overview.
Proc. IEEE, 71(10):1125-1126.
The article discusses some non-technical factors influencing the choice of navigational systems for transoceanic aircraft and merchant ships: market- place, cost, redundancy, vulnerability, the 'insti- tutional' issue (an FAA term), and the Communi- cation, Navigation and Identification (CNI) factor. ITT Corp., York, NY 10022, USA.
F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)
84:1812 Cabelli, V.J., A.P. Dufour, L.J. McCabe and M.A.
Levin, 1983. A marine recreational water quality criterion consistent with indicator concepts and risk analysis. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 55(10): 1306-1314.
The historical development of marine recreational water quality standards based on detectable risk of
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 247
illness (using a limited amount of data) is discussed. The need for proceeding to guidelines based on acceptable risks as determined by complete epi- demiological study is explained. Derivation of such guidelines is described using data gathered from epidemiological-microbiological studies carried out in 1972-79. Final criteria and limitations of this study, but not detailed results, are considered. (mjj)
84:1813 Southward, A.J., 1983. Poisons of delight [one
organism's meat is another's poison]. Editorial. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(9):321-322.
Environmental conditions near hydrothermal vents and in anoxic sediments are described, and the low diversity communities composed of opportunistic species which thrive under such seemingly hostile conditions are discussed. Symbiotic relationships with internal colonies of autotrophic bacteria are common in tube worms and bivalve molluscs. Effects of pollution discharge are likened to the much greater effects of discharges from hydro- thermal vents. All pollution should not automatically be regarded as 'bad'. (mjj)
F260. Resources, management, econom- ics
84:1814 Amy, D.J., 1983. The politics of environmental
mediation. Ecology Law Q., 11(1):1-19.
Proponents of environmental mediation argue that mediation is an effective and equitable process; opponents argue that 'bias and co-optation' are an intrinsic part of mediation. Examined here is the possibility that mediators create a seductively con- genial atmosphere in which pro-development inter- ests, backed by political and economic power, 'extract unfair concessions from environmentalists.' The author concludes that environmentalists should have a 'healthy suspicion of mediation,' but also bear in mind that 'mediation can sometimes benefit environmentalists.' Dept. of Politics, Mount Holyoke Coll., Mass., USA. (msg)
84:1815 Appleyard, W.P., 1983. Joint ventures: a changing
scene. Viewpoint. Mar. Policy, 7(4):313-314.
For more than 2 decades, some have talked of joint ventures as the only means of developing commer- cial fisheries in developing countries while others have talked about nothing but disaster and tribu- lation in the world of joint ventures. The truth lies somewhere between. Bournemouth, UK.
84:1816 Baez, A.V., 1983. Some educational implications of
the World Conservation Strategy. Environ. Conserv., 10(2): 165-166.
Both personal and institutional efforts are necessary to achieve a world environmental education strategy. Individuals should take action to prevent a nuclear holocaust, and also should 'try to expand the boundary conditions of [their] environmental think- ing so that they broaden daily to the point...of global implications....Accurate knowledge' is the 'firm scientific foundation of ecology' and science as an institution must play a role in environmental education. IUCN Comm. on Education, World Conserv. Centre, Ave. du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. (dgs)
84:1817 Caddy, J.F. and J.A. Gulland, 1983. Historical
patterns of fish stocks. Mar. Policy, 7(4):267-278.
To be successful, fishery assessment and manage- ment must take the natural patterns of variation in fish stocks--steady, cyclical, irregular and spas- modic--into account. This may involve some mod- ifications of traditional methods. Spasmodic stocks (e.g., some anchovy and sardine stocks) raise particular problems. Mar. Res. Serv., FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
84:1818 Cummings, R.G. (ed.), 1982/83. Symposium on
environmental management: the policy perspec- five. (New York City, 28-30 December 1982.) Nat. Resour. J., 23(3):517-696; 13 papers.
The past decade has seen an enhanced awareness of management problems related to atmospheric and waterborne residuals and the recognition of new environmental concerns. The symposium treated 3 aspects of policymaking problems: environmental policy issues, including 'prospects for using decen- tralized markets (for pollution-related rights)'; meth- ods for evaluating benefits of environmental regu- lations; and specific problems relating to environ- mental risks and public willingness to pay for policies limiting them. (hbf)
84:1819 Flynn, K.C., 1983. Chesapeake Bay action: the
critical role of the states. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 55(10): 1224-1227.
The Chesapeake Bay drainage area touches 7 states and the District of Columbia so a cooperative program is essential to 'take into account the variety of state programs and differing interests of each state.' State participation in management of the bay
248 F. General OLR (1984) 31 (4)
is at an all time high, with committees examining habitats, fisheries' declines, monitoring strategies, and land and water activities. Recent EPA research also has provided much needed information. The Chesapeake Bay Management Committee, originally scheduled for dissolution in Fall 1983, may be revised and provide the forum the states need to continue this cooperative venture. (dgs)
84:1820 Fosberg, F.R. and M.-H. Sachet, 1983. Henderson
Island [South Pacific] threatened. Environ. Conserv., 10(2): 171-173.
Owned by Britain, Henderson Island is 'one of the few almost primitive, small oceanic island micro- cosms remaining in the world.' A businessman has applied to British authorities to construct a house, landing facilities and an airstrip on the island; the 'rumor' is that he plans to build an airstrip on neighboring Pitcairn Island. Before the British authorities make a decision, 'careful and detailed ecological surveys of Henderson should be carried out.' Natl. Mus. of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 USA. (dgs)
sensitivity within the fishing industry. Environ- mentalist, 3(3): 199-208.
Resources for Cape Ann, a local organization founded by the Massachusetts Audubon Society, 'pursues cooperative political alliances [with the fishing industry] on issues of common concern' such as shellfish flat pollution and fossil fuel exploration on the continental shelf. The organization credits its success with fishermen to its policy of 'intense personal contact ' to promote cooperation and understanding; its problems with fish processors are attributed to insufficient communication with that segment of the industry. Res. for Cape Ann, Mass. Audubon Society, 159 Main St., Gloucester, Mass. 01930, USA. (msg)
program: a critical analysis. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 11(3):219-248.
Florida's coastal management plan is hampered by a lack of coordination among state agencies and a lack of local public and government support. The plan is compared to that of other states; recommendations for the effective implementation of the existing legislation are presented. (msg)
84:1823 Knamiller, Gary, 1983. Environmental education for
relevance in developing countries. Environmen- talist, 3(3): 173-179.
Education in the Third World 'remains bookish, oriented toward entrance requirements for higher education, and biased toward a model urban environment.' The schools, however, 'should concern [themselves] not only with certification, but with local community issues,' so that young people can relate what they learn to their own socioeconomic environments. 'Attempts to achieve curricular rel- evance' have had limited success; 'issue-based environmental studies may bridge the gap between' pure academics and educational relevance. Overseas Education Unit, Sch. of Education, Univ. of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. (dgs)
84:1824 Lawson, Rowena and Michael Robinson, 1983.
Artisanal fisheries in West Africa: problems of management implementation. Mar. Policy, 7(4): 279-290.
West African artisanal fisheries structure is de- scribed and the sociological background is outlined. Control over effort and import, closed seasons, taxes and subsidies, and the relevance of such manage- ment measures to the West African context are analyzed. Changes in the supply of competing protein imports, indirect control through the fish market, and management through traditional insti- tutions are discussed. Centre for Fish. Studies, Humberside Coll. of Higher Education, Cottingham Rd., Hull, HU6 7RT, UK.
84:1825 Nassauer, J.l., 1983. Oil and gas development in a
[Louisiana] coastal landscape: visual preferences and management implications. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 11(3):199-217, Dept. of Horticult. Sci. and Landscape Architect., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA.
84:1826 Park, C.C., 1983. Problems, priorities, and prospects
in environmental education. Environ. Conserv., 10(2):133-139.
Environmental education has not developed as quickly as might have been expected when the environmental issue gained public interest in the 1960's. Some factors causing this are 'the failure of environmentalism as a movement to act as a catalyst for environmental education, and the problems of attempting to appeal to a wide audience of both specialists and non-specialists who each expect
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 249
different things of environmental education.' The author notes priority problems but adds that 'there are few, if any, insurmountable constraints to hinder...environmental education.' Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YR UK. (dgs)
84:1827 Scogin, W.M. Jr., 1983. The licensing of marine
recreational fishermen. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt, 3(3):276-282.
The present status of licensing of marine recreational fishermen in coastal states, and attitudes of state officials are reviewed. A separate saltwater fishing license is deemed the best way to provide funding for data collection and marine recreational fisheries management. Principles for levying fair user charges are presented. NOAA, NMFS, Fish. Statistics Program, F/S21, Washington, D.C. 20235, USA. (m j j)
84:1828 Smathers, W.M. Jr., C.F. Jordan, E.G. Farnworth
and T.H. Tidrick, 1983. An economic produc- tion-function approach to ecosystem management. Bioscience, 33(10):642-646.
A theoretical linkage is developed between the emerging ecological-perturbation theory and the well-developed, economic production-function the- ory. Combined, these theoretical constructs provide analysts and practitioners with guidelines for de- termining efficient levels and ranges of ecosystem perturbations. Dept. of Agric. Econ., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA.
prizes--but also strife. The controversy is be- tween treasure hunters and archaeologists, who want the wrecks preserved. Smithsonian, 14(7): 78-89.
84:1830 Weatherley, L.R., 1983. Protein via fish farming.
Application of chemical technology to an emerg- ing biological system. Chem. Technol., 13(10): 614-620.
Intensive use of technological methods instead of traditional fish farming techniques reduces space requirements, lowers water demands and allows environmental conditions to be regulated. However, such methods produce higher oxygen consumption and waste product increases. Discussion is included on fish culture systems that utilize recirculation and
water filtration and treatment. Heriot-Watt Univ., Chembers St., Edinburgh, EHI 1HX, UK. (ahm)
F280. Policy, law, treaties 84:1831
Amin, S.H., 1983. The law of fisheries in the Persian/Arabian Gulf. J. marit. Law Commerce, 14(4): 581-593.
The laws governing fishing rights and the EEZ's of the individual Gulf States are discussed; the appro- priate principles of customary international law and traditional Islamic law are reviewed. The Gulf States agree 'in principle' that the median line should be the method of boundary delimitation; in some cases, this method has been modified to take islands and oil and gas deposits into account. The delimitation of fishing zones should reflect the continental shelf boundaries; boundary disputes between Iraq and the states of Iran and Kuwait may 'be a source of further conflicts in the area.' College of Tech., Glasgow, Scotland, UK. (msg)
84:1832 Harvey, Susan, 1983. Title III of the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act: issues in program implementation. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 11(3):169-197.
Implementation of the marine sanctuary program is reviewed with emphasis on the Channel Islands, Point Reyes-Farallon Islands, Flower Garden Banks and Georges Bank's sanctuaries. A major conflict is the multiple use management philosophy embodied in Title I I I - - a philosophy vastly different from the 'conservationist profile' of the national parks system. Other issues associated with implementation are sanctuary site selection and the relationship of Title III to other environmental legislation. Natl. Mar. Pollution Program Office, NOAA, Washington, D.C., USA. (msg)
84:1833 McDorman, T.L., 1983. National legislation and
[Law of the Seal Convention obligations: Cana- dian vessel-source pollution law. Mar. Policy, 7(4): 302-312.
The dilemma facing Canada in view of its stringent vessel-source pollution legislation and its support for the Law of the Sea Convention (which does not permit such strict legislation) is examined. The Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act and Part XX of the Canada Shipping Act are described and compared with relevant sections in the
250 F. General OLR (1984)3114)
Convention. Options open to states with incompat- ible national legislation which nevertheless intend ratifying the Convention are considered. Ocean Studies Programme, Dalhousie Univ., 1321 Edward St., Halifax, NS B3H 3H5, Canada.
84:1834 Symmons, C.R. and P.R.R. Gardiner, 1983. Marine
scientific research in offshore areas: Ireland and the Law of the Sea Convention. Mar. Policy, 7(4):291-301.
The Irish standpoint on marine scientific research at UNCLOS III is outlined; attention is paid to its role as a bridge between the Third World viewpoint and that of the developed states. Current Irish practice on the 'consent' formula and its effect on Irish security are described and related to the relevant provisions of the LOS Convention. Faculty of Law, Univ. of Bristol, Queens Rd., Bristol BS8 1RT, UK.
F290. International concerns and or- ganizations
84:1835 Slatyer, R.O. et al., 1983. ]World Heritage Conven-
tion at work.] Special issue. Ambio, 12(3/4): 137- 215; 16 papers.
More than a decade ago the World Heritage Convention was adopted by UNESCO. The con- vention was ratified in 1975 to protect 'outstanding examples of the world's natural and cultural heri- tage....Shared concern and responsibility' are implicit in the convention; international awareness about many environmental issues has increased. The convention acknowledges that some of the countries where these outstanding properties exist are not economically prosperous and, as such, need help in protecting their 'treasures.' Guidelines for inclusion on the World Heritage List are given; areas dis- cussed in this special double issue range from the Galapagos to the Everglades and Ethiopia. Presently 136 properties are on the list and two are on a special endangered list. (dgs)
84:1836 Slatyer, R.O., 1983. How the World Heritage Con-
vention works. Ambio, 12(3/4): 140-145.
The World Heritage Convention is an evolving, functional mechanism for safeguarding 'outstanding examples' of the world's natural and cultural heritage. The Convention already has been ratified or accepted by 76 states, but more needs to be done to muster support from the international community
so that the Convention can function as a truly international conservation device. The article details the properties comprising the World Heritage List and the criteria for inclusion in the list. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Australian Natl. Univ., Box 475, PO Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia.
F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)
ity: the federal role. Science. 222(4620): 133-135.
Access to data is critical for both R&D and advanced manufacturing processes. The federal government should not only fund R&D, but should also ensure the 'evaluation, integration and end user packaging' of resulting new knowledge. Proposed here is a six-point national science and technology data policy dealing with R&D productivity and provision of unrestricted access to data produced by government funding. IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y. 10504, USA. (mjj)
84:1838 Keller, E.F., 1983. Feminism as an analytic tool for
the study of science. Academe, 69(5):15-21.
'Objectivity, reason and mind' are seen in our culture as masculine, whereas 'subjectivity, feeling, and nature' are seen as feminine. Concepts of power and domination influence our attitudes toward both science and gender, and affect the attainment of scientific knowledge. Psychological, historical and scientific analyses are used to support this premise. Rejection of the mother (and love) is seen to offer the son power and domination--goals often con- fused with scientific objectivity such that nature is something to be mastered and attacked. 'Excavation of the erotic dimension of science' and introduction of love as a component of power are seen as necessary for better science and a happier world. Dept. of Math., Northeastern Univ.. Boston. Mass.. USA. (mjj)
84:1839 Madan, D.B., 1983. Inconsistent theories as scientific
objectives. Philosophy Sci., 50(3):453-470.
In an extension of Feyerabend's reasoning, a view is presented in which factually adequate but incon- sistent theories are to be not only tolerated, but sought with the objective of developing maximal inconsistency. Such a view 'may be considered radical' but is 'more descriptive of what [actually]
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 251
goes on in the social sciences,' and more appropriate to any area of scientific study (e.g., resource management) where a goal of such study is to change the very system under study. Dept. of Economic Statistics, Univ. of Sydney, Australia. (fcs)
84:1840 Murrell, J.N., 1983. Controversies. What a stupid way
to do research--or is it? Chem. Br., 19(10):821- 822.
'I have a confession to make: I cannot do some of the things my students can do.' Another confession: 'I know of no better way of clarifying my thoughts on a topic than having to explain it, and justify its importance to students.' Could it be that research and teaching don't really conflict as much as sometimes is claimed? Sch. of Chem. and Molecular Sci., Univ. of Sussex, UK. (fcs)
84:1841 Thomas, S.A., 1983. Third World science at the
crossroads: another view. Chem. Br., 19(10):833- 834.
'Relevance' is indeed an appropriate buzzword for describing the kind of science the Third World should be undertaking, but there are other, intrinsic, problems which must be solved before much science and technology can be brought to bear on Third World needs. These have to do with social attitudes inimical to, or ignorant of, science's potential, with bureaucracies whose last goal is science, and with a general lack of research leadership. Such problems must necessarily be solved indigenously. Dept. of Chem., Ahmadu Bello Univ., Zaria, Nigeria. (fcs)
September 1983l affects Soviet-U.S. exchanges. Science, 222(4621):p.305.
U.S.-Soviet scientific exchange programs had al- ready been reduced, but since the Soviets shot down a Korean civilian airliner which had penetrated Russian air space there have been further cutbacks. The Soviets ordered 20 scholars to return to Russia citing 'an atmosphere of recrimination' in this country. Ironically, the U.S. broke off a joint program on transportation research that concen- trated on air safety including work on navigation aids. (fcs)
F320. Literature of science
84:1843 Reynolds, S.A. and K. Subramanyam, 1983. An
entry to foreign literature. Chem. Technol., 13(10):582-584.
When faced with papers they would like to read but can't because of a language barrier, scientists might find help in the form of cover-to-cover translations (a 1979 British survey showed scientists unaware that '22% of the journals they wanted to see were translated already'). Chemistry journals translated from Russian are listed herein along with their publishing information. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. (ihz)
F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)
84:1844 Johnson, J.W., 1983. Pioneers in coastal studies. V.
Captain George Vancouver. Shore Beach, 51(3): 3-9.
One of a series of biographical sketches on scientists who studied the coasts, this summary of George Vancouver's endeavors describes his voyages in the late 1700's along western North America and the charts he made 'with considerable accuracy' of several thousand miles of shoreline. In 1798, his Voyage of Discovery was published in 6 volumes with a separate atlas. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., USA. (dgs)
84:1845 Neu, John, 1983. One hundred seventh critical
bibliography of the history of science and its cultural influences (to January 1982). Isis, 73(270)(Crit. Bibliog. 1982): 198pp. Includes a 20 page index. Memorial Library, Univ. of Wis- consin, Madison, Wisc., USA.
F360. Science education
84:1846 Anonymous, 1983. Quality of [U.S.] science students
may have improved. Chem. Engng News, 61(44): 5-6.
A survey of 'senior academic officials' asking for subjective impressions reveals that most believe there is no change from five years ago in the quality of
252 I: General OLR (1984)31 (4}
current U.S. science and engineering students. Most of the rest perceive some degree of improvement. (fcs)
84:1847 Dalrymple, G.B., 1983. Radiometric dating and the
age of the Earth: a reply to scientific creationism. Fed. Proc., FASEB, 42(13):3033-3038.
'So far I have read more than 25 books and articles written by creationist authors who claim to give scientific evidence for their views." Their work 'invariably falls short of even the minimum stan- dards of scholarship, accuracy, and objectivity.' This particular paper discusses radioactive dating, and criticizes creationist 'scientific' techniques and al- leged 'scientific' evidence for a very young Earth. USGS, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, USA. (fcs)
Debate over the quantity, quality and presentation of science education continues in the U.K. as well as in the U.S.; the ability of students to translate scientific data into real world situations is questioned. There seems to be a broad consensus that science should be taught in a less abstract way; various people, from Britain's Secretary of State for Education and Science to teachers' associations, are putting together proposals to improve the appli- cability of science education to the real world. (ecs)
84:1849 Gutirrrez-Vgtzquez, J.M., 1983. Michoac~in Centre
for Science and Technology Education lMexico]. A summary of the project. Environmentalist, 3(3):209-211. Dept. de Invest. Educativas, Cen- tro de Invest., Jose Maria Velasco 101 03900, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
84:1850 Jukes, T.H. (chairman), 1982/83. The creationist
attack on science. (Symposium, New Orleans, 19 April 1982.) Fed. Proc., FASEB, 42(13):3022- 3042; 5 papers.
The first 4 papers discuss the magnitude of the creationist threat to science; the 'manufactured controversy' between evolution and young-earth creationism; evolution in a religious perspective; and radiometric dating and the Earth's age. The final contribution analyzes the Arkansas creationism trial. (msg)
84:1851 Marsden, G.M., 1983. Commentary. Creation versus
evolution: no middle way. What is it about society in the United States that led to such complete polarization between the creationists and evolutionists? Nature, Lond., 305(5935): 571-574.
The author has compiled a brief history of crea- tionism and biological evolution, stating that in the United States there exists a polarization that will not allow evolution to be part of traditional Christianity. Noting that 'most modern evangelical theologians have agreed that a strict reading of Genesis does not rule out all evolutionary developments,' Marsden wonders why 'creation scientists insist[ed] on this polarization, and why have such dichotomized views been so popular in the U.S.?' In answering these questions the author covers more than 100 years of American culture from the post Civil War Southern view of evolution as a Northern philosophy to William Jennings Bryan's 'colourful leadership' that helped polarize the issue after 1918. Dept. of Hist., Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Mich. 49506, USA. (dgs)
84:1852 Novik, J.D., 1983. Litigating the religion of creation
science. Fed. Proc., FASEB, 42(13):3039-3042.
The Arkansas creationism case is discussed by one of the lawyers who successfully argued at the trial that the teaching of creationism is unconstitutional. The lawyers demonstrated that creationism (1) is religiously inspired and, therefore, in violation of the First Amendment, and (2) does not meet the requirements of a science because it is not testable or 'tentative' and is not based on natural law. The author suggests that inadequate and dogmatic science teaching (children are not taught 'what scientific inquiry is or how scientists work') leaves people without the 'basic analytical skills necessary to perceive the non-science of creationism and all too willing to embrace a movement calculated to exploit their distrust of science and scientists.' American Civil Lib. Union, New York, N.Y. 10036, USA. (msg)
Could non-protein coding, non-gene DNA really be 'junk,' as recently suggested? It comprises as much as
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 253
99% of total DNA, and 'increased enormously during evolution, while the genes themselves re- mained rather stable.' Also, evolution is typically thought of as applying only to living organisms, but actually is a process applying to all chemical compounds. It is suggested that non-gene DNA is 'conformationar DNA which 'responds to changes in the electrostatic environment according to ther- modynamic laws,' and embodies a 'thermodynamic code' which controls the formation and diversifi- cation of organisms by reacting to physical and chemical gradients. Includes 4 pages of references. Fachbereich Biol. der Univ., Kaiserslautern, FRG. (fcs)
84:1854 Rowan, A.N., B.E. Rollin, Theodore Cooper and
J.C. Stucki, 1983. Animal research--for and against: a philosophical, social, and historical perspective. (Commentary follows.) Perspect. Biol. Med., 27(1):1-21; 2 papers.
The long history of animal research is summarized, as is the history of opposition to animal research based on moral and philosophical grounds. Emo- tionally based antivivisectionism has been replaced today by the more rational attitudes of scientifically knowledgeable people who offer constructive sug- gestions for change. Increased awareness already has resulted in efforts within the scientific community to improve animal welfare without precluding animal research. Suggested reforms and possible future trends are discussed; a continued and expanded dialogue between proponents and opponents is foreseen. (mjj)
84:1855 Thompson, Paul, 1983. Historical laws in modern
biology. Acta biotheor., 32(3): 167-177.
Historical laws, i.e., generalizations which relate a present 'property or event to a developmental sequence of properties or events,' have had an important place in evolutionary biology. Historical laws are shown here as failing to meet the 'inte- gration criterion' in that they cannot be deduced from higher level generalizations. Therefore, such historical laws are unacceptable within modern biology. Div. of Humanities, Univ. of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, West Hill, Ont. MIC IA4, Canada. (mjj)
F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)
new family of sharksl. New Scient., 100(1381): p.266.
Megachasma pelagios does not resemble any of the 350 known sharks--bulbous head, huge and blub- bery lips, exceptional protrusion of its gaping jaw. Found entangled in a parachute off Hawaii, the specimen is an adult male filter feeder, 4.46 m long, weighing 750 kg, with distinctive fins, skeleton and intestines. However, megamouth's most distinguish- ing characteristic by far is its mouth spanning 1025 mm when retracted; it has a huge tongue, closely packed gill takers and a 'bright silvery lining' (to attract prey?). Megamouth is speculated to be a 'slow weak swimmer' and to inhabit the 150-500 m depth zone. (ihz)
84:1857 Anonymous, 1983. Are scientists brighter? (Report.)
New Scient., 100(1378):p.14.
A survey of Cambridge undergraduates (reported in the J. of Biosocial Science, V. 15) indicated that science majors had significantly higher I.Q.'s (on average) than those majoring in other subjects. There was also a positive correlation between birth order and I.Q., but no significant relation between I.Q. and sex, blood group, smoking habits, season of birth, or type of schooling before university education. (fcs)
84:1858 Anonymous, 1983. If iron rusts, what shall ceils do?
(Report.) New Scient., 100(1378):p.14.
Ferritin--biology's anticorrosion protein--may pro- vide a key to steel corrosion in seawater. The manner in which ferritin's protein shell assists in the formation of its iron core appears to be the same as the way steel corrodes in seawater. (msg)
Changes in the design of surfboards which reduced their length by a meter and allowed the surfer's hands and legs to flap in the water have managed to confuse sharks into viewing surfers as seals. In the decade since the design change, 13 surfers have died off Oregon and northern California in waters frequented by seals. John McCosker, director of San Francisco's Steinhart Aquarium, advises people to avoid surfing near seal rookeries. (dgs)
254 F. General OLR (1984)31 (4)
84:1860 Blake, Barry, 1983. Threats to birds of the sea. New
Scient., 100(1380):210-211.
While oil spills and chronic pollution do decimate seabird populations, decreases in food supply may be an even more serious problem. A combination of food species migration to other areas and increased commercial fishing contributes to reduced food availability. Further expansion of fisheries should incorporate knowledge of fish population dynamics and seabird dependence on fish as a major food source. (ahm)
84:1861 Dietz, Robert, 1983. In defense of drift. The evidence
that continents wander is elegant, if circum- stantial. Sciences, N.Y., 23(6):22-26.
Dietz summarizes for the layman the evidence for continental drift, and the historical benchmarks in the evolution of plate tectonic theory. Paul Lowman's arguments (made in the last issue of The Sciences) that seafloor spreading does not have to imply drift, and that the evidence for drift is weak, are refuted. While it may be possible to explain continental parallelism by some other mechanism, no process except drift explains the equidistance of the margin loci from the M.A.R. 'Why accept a theory that leaves so much to chance?' Arizona State Univ., Tempe, Ariz., USA. (fcs)
84:1862 Jones, Glyn, t983. Oil platforms head for the sea bed.
New Scient., 100(1381):272-275.
Design engineers have proposed 2 possible solutions to extending undersea production to depths far below the existing North Sea structures' 200-300 m. A floating tension leg platform anchored by strong steel tethers to piles driven into the seafloor, theoretically useful in 500-600 m of water, is soon to be tested by Conoco. The Deep Sea Production System, consisting of 5 interlinked concrete cham- bers, would contain crew quarters and a complete production plant on the ocean floor at depths as great as 1000 m. (hbf)
84:1863 Kerr, R.A., 1983. Carbon dioxide and a changing
climate. Research news. Science, 222(4623): p.491.
The U.S. National Research Council's committee on CO 2 assessment has spent 2 years comprehensively reviewing past research and commissioning new analyses and studies. Its recently issued report 'is pessimistic about the chances of avoiding' the predicted doubling of atmospheric CO 2 and the
consequent warming, and suggests that solutions will involve adaptation to certain inevitable changes. The report recommends flexibility and keeping response options varied; the approach for now should be cautious, incorporating 'research, monitoring, vigi- lance, and an open mind.' Copies of the report, Changing Climate, are available for $29.50 from the National Acad. Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20418, USA. (sir)
84:1864 Maugh, T.H. II, 1983. Carbon may break the octet
rule. (Report.) Science, 222(4622):p.403.
Organic chemistry's octet rule, i.e., that elements in the first row of the periodic table prefer to be surrounded with 8 electrons, 'may not be as immu- table' as previously thought. Recent findings by Pople et al. (1983) of 5 or 6 lithium atoms stably bonded to a single carbon atom may presage some modifications of valency concepts. (ihz)
84:1865 Moore, P.D., 1983. Animals as nutrient carriers.
(Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5937):p.763.
Non-random patterns of grazing and defecation by aquatic animals may, as is the case for some terrestrial animals, result in significant transfers of nutrients from one area to another. Nutrient trans- fers by fish raised in aquaculture systems, and by free-living fish in coral reefs, are documented as examples; nutrient transfer by reef fish enhances coral growth. Dept. of Plant Sci., King's College, 68 Half Moon Lane, London SE24 9JF, UK. (mjj)
84:1866 Schiff, H.I., 1983. Ups and downs in ozone prediction.
(Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5934):471-472. Dept. of Chem., York Univ., 4700 Keele St., Downsview, Ontario M31 IPS, Canada.
84:1867 Scott, .I.E., 1983. Selection in the soup. Before life
began, chemical predators stalked chemical prey in the primordial seas. Sciences, N.Y., 23(6):38- 42.
Since the Earth's primitive atmosphere had no oxygen, high levels of ultraviolet radiation would have reached the surface of the sea and produced many hydrated electrons. These negatively charged 'chemical predators' would have selectively attacked some of the chemicals (abiotically-formed in the 'primordial soup') depending on their ionic charge, 3-D molecular conformation, and chemistry. Dis- cussed are the processes by which such selective attacks by hydrated electrons could have favored
OLR (1984) 31 (4) F. General 255
development of chemicals and even organelles and transport systems common in living organisms today: polyanions, polysaccharides, vesicles, etc. (mjj)
Suspect terranes are considered evidence that plate tectonics is indeed a 'messy' process. The suggestion that suspect terranes are important for mountain- building leads to the hypothesis that Andean and Himalayan orogenies are not two distinct orogenic types but instead different evolutionary stages. Silver and Smith's (1983) work on the analogies between western North America and SE Asia, viz., spreading rates, highly oblique subduction, craton size, trenches and faults, argues for the study of suspect terranes as a means to interpret the Earth's paleo- tectonic history. Dept. of Earth Sci., Open Univ., Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. (ihz)
F390. Educational literature
84:1869 Francis, Peter and Stephen Self, 1983. The eruption
of Krakatan. Scient. Am., 249(5):172-187.
Volcanic deposits and the timing of air and sea waves may explain the explosions that obliterated most of the Indonesian island 100 years ago.
84:1870 Hibbs, A.R. and W.S. Wilson, 1983. Satellites map
the oceans. High-flying sensors can measure currents, map the ocean floor, plot winds at sea, and identify prospective fishing grounds. IEEE Spectrum, 20(10):46-53.
The disastrous effects of an actual unpredicted extratropical cyclone (September 1978) are cited as an example of damage which might be averted if timely Seasat-type data were available for fore- casting oceanic storms. NASA is currently consid- ering placing a radar scatterometer aboard the Navy's NROSS satellite. Other remote scanners (radar altimeters, color scanners, microwave radi- ometers) will continue to be used on satellites to detect subtle variations in the sea surface and water components which reflect current movements, biota, ice cover, etc. Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., USA. (hbf)
84:1871 Laurie, Andrew, 1983. An ill wind for iguanas. (This
year, E1 Niho has been a disaster for the marine life of the Gal~tpagos Islands.) New Scient., 100(1379):p.108.
Flooding (due to excessively heavy rainfall) and the disappearance of certain seaweeds (iguanas' normal food) have resulted in underweight iguanas, and in some cases, dead animals (over one-half of some populations). New algal species that are replacing the previous ones appear undigestible and possibly toxic to the iguanas. However, the sea temperature is dropping and may signal a return to more normal conditions. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Cambridge, UK. (ahm)
84:1872 Mathews, Richard and Michio Hoshino (photog-
rapher), 1983. Where male walruses spend their summer vacation. While the females are raising their young far to the north, Round Island [off SW Alaska] is where the boys are. Smithsonian, 14(7):68-75.
F420. Miscellaneous
84:1873 Brin, G.D., 1983. The 'Great Silence': the contro-
versy concerning extraterrestrial intelligent life. Q. Jl R. astr. Soc., 24(3):283-309.
The debate between the 'Contact Optimists' with a philosophical underpinning in the 'Cosmological Principle' or 'assumption of mediocrity' long taught to scientists (astronomers in particular) and the 'Uniqueness Advocates' supported by the 'Anthropic Principle' is reviewed. The big problem of the moment is the 'Mystery of the Silence' which came about with the realization that other intelligences would not have remained 'islands' but would have explored the Universe at least with yon Neuman machine surrogates. Where are they? The debate is broken into logical elements and the possibilities are discussed. To no other area except 'xenology,' do 'philosophical issues butt heads so dramatically' in an 'eclectic array of speculations combining biology, chemistry, sociology and astrophysics.' Calif. Space Inst., Univ. of Calif., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (fcs)
256 F" General OLR (1984)31 (4)
84:1874 Loeb, A.L., 1983. Synergy, sigmoids and the seventh-
year trifurcation. (Model for periodic critical decision points in a career.) Environmentalist, 3(3):181-186.
Sigmoid curves are used metaphorically to analyze career decisions, to realize the 'critical moments when decisions are inevitable,' and to view one's life 'in terms of relatively quiet periods separated by fairly radical transitions....Decision points corre-
spond to a trifurcation, leading to renewed sigmoidal growth, saturation, or a rapid phase-out. ' The concept of the Renaissance Man is dismissed in favor of the 'Synergetic Person' who has a 'certain minimal skill in a variety of interests '--a condition superior to having the same 'interests and skills distributed over several separate persons.' Dept. of Visual and Environ. Studies, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (ihz)
