OLR 0985) 32 (10) 877

(minimum crossing 450 km) and one possible influx from Papua (600 km), involving 24 species (83 individuals) unable to reproduce on the island, and up to a further 27 species (73 individuals) among which there was strong circumstantial evidence of immigration and little or no local reproduction.

Sixty-seven species bred on the island. To sustain the observed rates of colonization, large numbers of migrants must be leaving potential source areas in northern Australia and New Guinea during periods of off-shore winds. CSIRO Div. of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

F. GENERAL

FI0. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

85:6073 Achituv, Y. and E. Vago, 1985. Hand-operated box

sampler for shallow water. Hydrobiologia, 122(3): 247-249. Dept. of Life Sci., Bar-Ilan Univ., Ramat-Gan 52100, Israel.

85:6074 Apel, J.R. and W.S. Wilson, 1984. A review of major

scientific results from U.S. satellite altimetry and projections for the future. Mar. geophys. Res., 7(1-2):1-16.

This brief overview of U.S. satellite altimetry discusses basic types of altimeter measurements, illustrative examples of results for the marine geoid, marine gravity anomalies, surface currents, surface wave heights, wind speed, and ice cap profiles, and satellite missions for the next decade. Appendices list altimeter sensors and acronyms. APL, Johns Hop- k.ins Univ., Laurel, MD, USA. (msg)

85:6075 Bennett, A.F., 1985. Array design by Inverse methods.

Prog. Oceanogr, 15(2): 129-156.

The arrays considered are combinations of points at which bottom pressures are observed (Cartwright, 1978), plus paths along which averaged barotropic velocities are observed. The barotropic M2 tide is used as an example of a field being observed by the array. The generalized inverse method for the objective analysis of deterministic fields is shown to be formally identical to the Gandin (1965) method for the objective analysis of random fields. Con- strnction of the generalized inverse requires the inversion of an Hermitian positive definite matrix. Array efficiency is characterized by the number of

significant eigenvalues of the matrix. Inst. of Ocean Sci., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.

85:6076 Broad, A.C., 1985. A light-weight, manually--operated

scoop for quantitative, littoral benthic samples. J. coast. Res., 1(1):71-73. Sundquist Mar. Lab., Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.

85:6077 Cheney, R.E., B.C. Douglas, D.T. Sandwell, J.G.

Marsh, T.V. Martin and J.J. McCarthy, 1984. Applications of satellite altimetry to oceanog- raphy and geophysics. Mar. geophys. Res., 7(1- 2): 17-32.

Sea surface height is equivalent to the geoid to first order approximation and highly correlated with submarine topography for wavelengths < 1000 km. Thus satellite altimeter images, enhanced with hill-shading techniques, can be used to depict seamounts, ridges, trenches, and fracture zones. Variations in oceanic dynamic topography due to eddy circulation can be calculated from repeated altimeter profiles. Absolute current velocity deter- minations await improvements in geoid modelling and orbit determinations. NOS, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. (msg)

85:6078 Delikaraoglou, Demitris, 1984. Adjustment and

filtering of Seasat altimetry with the least squares response technique. Mar. geophys. Res, 7(1- 2):33-54. Geodetic Surv. of Canada, 615 Booth St., Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9, Canada.

85:6079 Estes, J.E., R.E. Crippen and J.L. Star, 1985. Natural

oil seep detection in the Santa Barbara Channel,

878 F. General OLR(1985) 32 (10)

California, with shuttle imaging radar. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 13(4):282-284.

The Santa Barbara Channel was surveyed for oil seeps simultaneously from a light aircraft and by Shuttle Imaging Radar-A on November 13, 1981 in overcast weather and under calm sea conditions. A large slick, consisting of bubbling oil and gas, visible from the air, was also evident in the SIR-A image even though the imaging conditions were less than ideal. It is oil's calming effect on water by reducing surface tension and increasing surface viscosity which provides the basis for radar detection of an oil slick. Calm seas tend to specularly reflect radar signals forward instead of returning them to the receiver. This paper discusses a range of issues pertinent to this subject and concludes that orbital radar imagery promises to be a useful tool for detecting submarine oil seeps. Remote Sensing Res. Unit, Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. (wbg)

85:6080 Gardner, W.D., 1985. The effect of tilt on sediment

trap efficiency. Deep-Sea Res., 32(3A):349-361. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

85:6081 Goldberg, Bernard, W.H. Klein, D.L. Correll and

J.W. Pierce, 1984. Instrumentation for performing spectral ~ n t s in a marine environment, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 18(4): 17-22.

A scanning radiometer adapted for underwater measurements allows measurements of global irra- diance and beam transmittance to be made in 8 spectral bands, nominally 50 nm wide, from 400 to 800 nm. Global irradiance measurements have an accuracy of _+4% and a precision of 1:10,000. Smithsonian Inst., Environ. Res. Center, Rockville, MD, USA.

85:6084 Kato, Susumu, Hiroshi Hirobe and Tokuaki

Maegawa, 1985. On the essential seawater parameters to dJgctiminnte between red tide and non--ted tide by discrinainant analysis. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 51(1):7-12. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Environ. Sci. Inst. of Mie Prefecture, 4-8-12 Sinsyo, Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan.

85:6085 Kerr, A.J. and D.F. Dinn, 1985. The use of robots in

hydrography. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 62(1):41-52.

The use of remotely-controlled robots, already assisting or even replacing divers in some sub-sea operations, can reduce the danger to lives and allow for deeper work in hydrographic research, often at reduced cost. Uses of two kinds of submersible robot vehicles under development in Canada are de- scribed: offshore surveying under permanent ice cover and precision undersea surveying relevant to oil industry demands. The different requirements and technologies involved in the development of each system and the progress to date are discussed; successful sea trials of one remotely-controlled robot vehicle are reported. Canadian Hydrogr. Serv., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dart- mouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (wbg)

85:6086 Luck, GUnter, 1984. [Measurement techniques and

instrumentation for coastal engineering.! Kuste, 41:1-186. (In German, English abstract.)

Instrumentation presently used for current, wave and soil mechanics investigations in the coastal zone and in hydraulic models was surveyed. The material used for constructing the instruments is discussed, with special attention given to accepted measure- ment techniques. Guidelines for coastal engineers concerned with measurements are presented.

85:6082 Hess, F.R. and D.G, Aubrey, 1985. Use of radio-

controlled miniature aircraft for drifter and dye current stmfies in a tidal Inlet. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(2):426-431. WHOI, Coastal Res. Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

gS:60a3 H0ttemann, H. and Ch. Hemleben, 1985. An im-

proved rotating device for sputter preparation of SEM particulate speelmens. J. foram. Res., 15(2):I08-II0. Geol. Inst., Sigwartstrasse I0, 7400 Tubingen, FRG.

85:6087 Mastin, G.A., C.A. Harlow, O.K. Huh and S.A. Hsu,

1985. Metlmds of ~ offshore wind direc- tion and sea-state data from X-lmnd aircraft SAIl imagery of coastal waters. IEEE Jl ocean. Engng, OE-10(2): 159-174.

X-band SAR imagery of the Goto Islands of Japan was digitally analyzed to extract air-sea interaction parameters and to assess the potential of texture measures in analysis of SAR ocean imagery. Wind direction is extracted from wind rows, wind streaks, and random turbulence patterns; sea-state param- eters are either extracted directly or estimated using previously established empirical formulas. A method

OLR (1985) 32 (10) F. General 879

of digitally presenting imagery, local power spectra, and the extracted/estimated parameters is presented. Texture analysis based on gray-level co-occurrence (GLC) matrices is applied. The inertia measure is shown to extract similar information to the power spectrum; the cluster-shade measure is sensitive to image phase. Digital Image Processing Fac., Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.

85:6088 Moore, R.K., 1985. Radar sensing of the ocean. IEEE

Jl ocean. Engng, OE-10(2):84-113.

Principles of SAR imaging of moving targets, particularly the ocean surface, and wind-vector scatterometry are outlined. SAR wave imaging theory is the subject of considerable controversy, and some principles that can be used in evaluating the various theories are presented. Other uses are discussed briefly, with a theory to explain the bathymetric expression outlined. Remote Sensing Lab., Univ. of Kansas Center for Res., Inc., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.

85:6089 Reut, Z., N.G. Pace and M.J.P. Heaton, 1985.

Computer classification of sea beds by sonar. Nature, Lond, 314(6010):426-428.

The usual paper display contains less information than the signal creating it, because of its low dynamic range, and interpretation of sediment types is often difficult. A spectral analysis method insen- sitive to system gain calibration is developed. The method retrieves information that is well below the usual power spectrum point, thus effectively wid- ening the system bandwidth, and can discriminate between the signals returned from six sea-bed types. Sch. of Phys., Univ. of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.

85:6090 Smarr, L.L. et al., 1985. The computer issue. Science,

228(4698):401-470; 11 papers.

This year's computer issue has a few articles focused on specific activities or disciplines (organic chemical synthesis, economics, agricultural practice, sociology and the humanities). But the rest are concerned with more general matters: PC's on campus, 'intelligent' courseware, information databases, and the next generations of PC's: 'multi's' and 'workstations.' One article, 'An approach to complexity: numerical computations,' by L.L. Smarr, is abstracted sepa- rately in this issue of OLR. (fcs)

85:6091 Smarr, L.L., 1985. An approach to complexity:

numerical computations. Science, 228(4698):403- 408.

According to Garrett Birkoff, John von Neumann made the point almost thirty years ago that 'math- ematicians had nearly exhausted analytical meth- ods...[but] with high speed computers, one could substitute numerical for analytical methods, tackling nonlinear problems in general geometries.' It isn't that experiment or analysis have lost their places, only that 'complexity arises as theory advances' to deal with problems that shift to more degrees of freedom, or from ordinary to partial differential equations, or which demand multidimensional models, vector or tensor systems, high-order expan- sions or nonlinear equations. The approaches are not incompatible; a choice depends on goal. The use of supercomputers and color-imaging to present nu- merical computation is illustrated with a model of gas flow in the vicinity of a black hole. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. (fcs)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)

85:6092 Bickerton, I.B., 1984. Estuaries of the Cape [South

Africal. Part II. Synopses of available infor- mation on individual systems; Report No. 25: Heuningnes [Estuary] (CSW 19). CSIR Res. Rept, S. Afr~ 424:64pp.

85:6093 Dera, Jerzy (research group head) et al., 1983. [The

Polish Academy of Sciences' Second Antarctic Expedition: the marine environment of Ezcun'a Inlet, South Shetland lslands.l Oceanologia, Warsz, 15:5-220; 10 papers.

The Polish Academy of Sciences' Second Antarctic Expedition took place during the 1977-78 Antarctic summer. The main results of the investigation are presented here and include discussions of mete- orological variations, hydrochemistry, particulate matter, water flow variability, seawater optics, solar energy input, primary production, zooplankton biohiminescence, and shore and bottom geomor- phology. (msg)

85:6094 Garcia, M.A. and Antoni Ballester, 1984. Mete-

orolngy and marine cireulmiou In the River F, bm region [westent Mediterranean]. Investigacitn pesq., Barcelona, 48(3):469-493. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Pesq., Paseo Nac., s/n 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

880 F. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

85:6095 GonzAlez, Nicol~ls, J.M. Cabanas, M.L. Iglesias,

M.T. Nunes, J.J. GonzAlez and Jos6 Fumega, 1984. [A deep water mass and associated produc- tivity in the Rias Bajas and shelf area off NW Spain.] Bolt: Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 1(2):1-10. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Esp. de Oceanogr., Centro Costero de La Corufia, AP 130, La Coruha, Spain.

85:6096 Hendrickx, M.E., A.M. van der Heiden and A.T.

Granados, 1984. IResults of the SIPCO cruises to the continental platform off southern Sineloa, Mexico, on board the R/V E! Puma: hydrology and benthos.] An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol., Univ. nac. aut6n. M~x., 11(1):107-122. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Estacion de Invest. Mar. Mazatlan, ICML, UNAM, A.P. 811, Mazatlan 82000, Sinaloa, Mexico.

85:6097 Larsson, Ulf, Ragnar Elmgren and Fredrik Wulff,

1985. Eutrophication and the Baltic Sea: causes and consequences. Ambio, 14(1):9-14.

New estimates of the total nutrient (N and P) load to the Baltic Sea are considerably higher than earlier calculations. Estimated total N load is 1.2 x 106 tons/yr; total P, 77 x l i t tons/yr. These figures may still be too low; load may have increased about 4X for total N and about 8X for total P, due to human activities. Available data indicate that P is deposited in large amounts and that N is lost from the sediment through denitrification. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Stockholm, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.

85:6098 Montaggioni, L.F. et al., 1985. Geology and marine

biology of Makatea~ an uplifted atoll, Tuamotu hxchipelago, central Pacific Ocean. J. coast. Res., 1(2): 165-171.

An elevated (60 to 75 m) carbonate frame of Miocene to Late Pleistocene age, the island is morphologically and sedimentologically an atoll- shaped reef tract. Uplifted and faulted during Pleistocene times, it has recorded three high sea-level stands. The position of the Late Holocene peripheral fringing reef induces a marked paucity of marine flora and fauna. Algal turfs are dominated by Lobophora and locally Turbinaria, whereas Porolithon ridges flourish on the high energy reef fronts. Corals prosper along the outer slopes only. The distrib- utional pattern of molluscs is rather similar to those of the other Tuamotu Islands. Colobocentrotus is common; grapsids and xanthids predominate among crustaceans. Univ. Francaise de rOcean Indien,

97400 Reunion Island, France DOM, RCP/CNRS 510, France.

85:6099 Nunes, M.T. and M.L. Iglesias, 1984. [Annual

variations in some physico-chemicai parameters in the Ilia de Mures, an estuary in NW Spaln.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 1(2): 11-19. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Espanol de Oceanogr., Apt. 130, La Coruna, Spain.

85:6100 Rossignol-Strick, Martine, 1985. A marine anoxic

event on the Brittany coast, July 1982. J. coast. Res., 1(1): 11-20. Lab. de Palynol., USTL, 34000 Montpellier, France.

85:6101 Ten Haven, H.L., G.J. De Lange and G.Th. Klaver,

1985. The chemical composition and origin of the Tyro brine, eastern Mediterranean: a tentative model. Mar. Geol., 64(3-4):337-342.

The Tyro Basin (within the Strabo Trench) is an anoxic, brine-filled depression at a depth of 3300 m. Brine chemistry is similar to that of the Orca Basin, although somewhat concentrated and with higher SO 4 content. Composition is likely determined by an outcropping Messinian evaporitic sequence from gypsum up to soluble salts. Dept. of Geochem., State Univ. of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.

85:6102 Wadie, W.F., 1984. The effect of regulation of the

Nile River discharge on the oceanographic con- ditions and productivity of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Acta adriat., 25(1-2):29-43.

Decreased discharge and an altered discharge cycle following the damming of the Nile River (t964- 1968) have resulted in an array of physicochemical and biological changes in the SE Mediterranean including increased salinity and transparency and decreased surface water stability, sea current veloc- ity, silicates (80 fold), phosphates (100 fold), and oxygen saturation. These changes presumably re- suited in the observed reductions in phytoplankton (100 fold), pelagic fish, and commercial crustaceans. Recent increases in catches of sardines and shrimp are attributed to increased discharge following the filling of Lake Nasser. Inst. of Oceanogr. and Fish., Alexandria, Egypt. (gsb)

85:6103 Yamashita, Kouichi, Akihiro Ishimaru and Tetsuo

Takiyama, 1984. Bmhymetrical and hydrograph- ical studies of the Udara River and head of the

OLR (1985) 32 (10) F. General 881

Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Okinawa. J. Fac. mar. Sci. Technol~ Tokai Univ~ 19:37-48. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

05:6104 Zore-Armanda, Mira, 1984. Hydrographic and pro-

ductivity conditions of the PalagruLa region in the middle Adriatic. Acta adriat., 25(1-2):119-138. Inst. of Oceanogr. and Fish., Split, Yugoslavia.

F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.

85:6105 Caulet, J.-P., Pierre Cltment and Pascal Milleliri,

1984. GEOCORES: a computerized information file for ~ rocks and marine sediments from the collections of the Mnstum national d'Histoire naturelle [Paris, Francel. Bull. Mus. hath. Hist. nat, Paris, (4)6(C, Sci. de la Terre, 3):215-243. (In French, English summary.)

The marine geological sampling center's collection contains samples from ~500 coring or dredging stations from the Indian and Atlantic oceans and the Mediterranean and Red seas. Computer listings of samples along with charts of the ship's track are presented here. Descriptions are summarized, grouped according to ship, and arranged chrono- logically for each cruise leg. Lab. de Geol., Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., 43, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. (lit)

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

85:6106 Jappelt, Wolfgang, 1984. Outline of the [Federal

Republic of Germany] 'joint federal/state moui- toting programme for the North Sea.' Publ. Ser. Neth. Inst. Sea Res., 10:229-235.

Still in its initial phase, the program involves sampling and analysis of water, sediment and mussels from selected sites in estuaries, coastal waters and the open sea. Important components (particularly biological) have yet to be integrated into the programme. Progress and development in the coming years are dependent upon the availability of funds. Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Wasser- wirtschaft, Langelinienwall 26, 3200 Hildesheim, FRG.

85:6107 Woods, J.D., 1985. The World Ocean Circulation

Experiment. Nature, Lond., 314(6011):501-511.

The international oceanographic community is preparing for an ambitious five-year experiment. Starting in 1990, it will provide the first compre- hensive global survey of physical properties of the oceans. The resulting data set will be used to test computer models of the ocean circulation needed for predicting decadal climate change. The results will also benefit research in marine chemistry, biology and geology. This review looks at the climatological problems that motivated the project and discusses new observing techniques, from space and in-situ, which make it timely to embark on this major step in physical exploration of the ocean. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D 2300 Kiel 1, FRG.

F160. Applied oceanography

85:6108 Greenhow, Martin and Mike Simon, 1985. A note on

the equivalent wavemaker method. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(2): 107-112. Math. Dept., Univ. of Man- chester, UK.

85:6109 Naess, Arvid, 1985. Combined wind, wave and current

forces--extreme value analysis of a simplified model. Engng Struct., 7(2):105-113.

Typically, studies of marine structures under ex- treme loads involve calculating the loads from the several individual causes and then summing them by a 'more or less arbitrary' rule. Here, the extreme values of compounded stochastic processes are studied, and the differences of the two approaches discussed in the context of single and simultaneously acting wind, wave and current forces. Ship and Ocean Lab., Norwegian Hydrodynamic Lab., Hakon Hakonsons gt 34 P.O.B. 4118 Valentinlyst, N-7001 Trondheim, Norway. (fcs)

85:6110 Williamson, C.H.K., 1985. In-line response of a

cylinder in oscillatory flow. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(2):97-106. Guggenheim Aeronautical Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

F170. Engineering and industry 85:6111

Birkemeier, W.A., 1985. Field data on seaward limit of profile change. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean

882 t. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 111(3):598-602. U.S. Army WES, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, Duck, NC 27949, USA.

85:6112 Green, M.B., 1985. Experience with fatigue analysis

and inspection results in the North Sea. J. Petrol. Technol., 37(4):661-670. Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.

85:6113 Hambly, E.C., 1985. l~mch-through instability of

jack-up on seabed. J. geotech. Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 111(4):545-550. Edmund Hambly, Ltd. Consulting Engrg., Berkhamsted, Hert- fordshire, UK.

85:6114 Huguenin, J.E. and S.S. Huguenin, 1984. Materials

and design considerations for small seawater intake screens. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 18(4):35- 41. Woods Hole Engrg. Assoc., Inc., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:6115 Kobayashi, Nobuhisa and B.K. Jacobs, 1985. Riprap

stability under wave action. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 111(3): 552-566. Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Dela- ware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.

85:6116 Leonard, J.W. and R.A. Young, 1985. Coupled

res~nse of compliant offshore platforms. E.ngng Struct~ 7(2):74-84. Ocean Engrg. Prog., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

85:6117 Mei, C.C., R.W. Yeung and Ko-Fei Liu, 1985.

Lifting of a large object from a porous seabed. J. Fluid Mech~ 152:203-215.

The time required to pull a large object from a sandy seabed is estimated assuming a porous but rigid seabed. Breakout (sudden release) is shown to occur without the assumption of elasticity of the soil skeleton (Foda 1982). A new case of wedge-shaped gap is also studied, and compared to a uniform gap. Laboratory experiments support the theory. Dept. of Civil. Engrg., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.

FIB0. Ships, submersibles, etc.

85:6119 Anonymous, 1985. Remotely operated vehicles. Spe-

cial reports. Offshore, 45(4):55-69; 4 papers.

Four special reports on remotely operated vehicles discuss the increase in number and sophistication of ROV's, interfacing ROV's with other kinds of subsea equipment, a training center for ROV personnel in Houston, Texas, and a 3-camera system aboard Sprint 101 that eliminates parallax errors with a single viewing lens. (msg)

F190. Navigation, cartography, etc.

85:6120 Haslam, D.W. and F.A. Pielou, 1985. Present state

of hydrographic surveying of the North Sea and English Channel. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 62(1):2-30.

After presenting some background information (the development of modern instruments such as the echo-sounder, sidescan sonar, and electronic posi- tioning systems, etc.) and recent factors which produced the need for navigation charts with enhanced bathymetric data, this paper discusses problems and issues related to hydrographic sur- veying in the North Sea and English Channel. The extent of international cooperation is described along with the work of the North Sea Hydrographic Commission. Those aspects of hydrographic knowl- edge which have been traditionally shared among nations to further the goals of safe navigation and protection of the high seas from pollution are emphasized. Hydrographer of the Navy, Ministry of Defence, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DN, UK. (wbg)

85:6121 Teunon, I.C., 1985. Recent developments in high-

accuracy microwave positioning systems. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 62(1):73-82.

Most significant sources of position error are analysed. Techniques to reduce these errors are proposed and practical results compared with the theoretical analysis to demonstrate the improvement in accuracy over existing methods. Racal Positioning Systems Ltd., Kingston Rd., Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7ND, UK.

85:6118 Sohal, I.S. and W.F. Chen, 1985. Large bending of

pipes. Engng Struct., 7(2):121-130. Sch. of Civ. Engrg., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

F220. Medicine and public health

85:6122 Yasumoto, T., M. Murata, Y. Oshima, M. Sano,

G.K. Matsumoto and J. Clardy, 1985. Diarrhetic

OLR (1985) 32 (10) F. General 883

shellfish toxins. Tetrahedron, 41(6):1019-1025. Fac. of Agile., Tohoku Univ., Tsutsumidori, Amemiya, Sendal 980, Japan.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

85:6123 Ayers, R.C. Jr., T.C. Sauer Jr. and P.W. Anderson,

1985. The generic mud concept for NPDES [National Pollution Discharge Elimination Sys- tem] permitting of offshore drilling discharges. J. Petrol. Technol., 37(3):475-480.

Disposal of drilling muds from petroleum explo- ration and production drilling requires an NPDES permit from the U.S. EPA. To permit discharge without repetitive bioassays, eight basic mud types were defined and a toxicity bioassay developed. All eight water-based muds have low toxicity and can be discharged under a generic permit. Specialty chem- icals (e.g. lubricants, defoamers, etc.) are being permitted separately under an approved additives list. The generic mud concept permits control over toxicity of discharged mud while allowing sufficient flexibility to the operator to make on the spot drilling decisions. SPE, Exxon Prod. Res. Co. Cowt)

85:6124 Brown, B.E., 1985. Viewpoint. Marine pollution

research in Southeast Asia. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(3):95-97.

Research interests in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore are broadly summarized, and efforts at coordination of themes among countries are sketched. Accelerated sedi- mentation from agricultural and forestry practices; dredging and submarine mining; combined sedi- mentation and metal enrichment from tin mining; and organic pollution from domestic and agricul- tural wastes are the greatest environmental problems in Southeast Asia. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. (mwf)

85:6125 Coughtrey, P.J. (ed.), J.N.B. Bell and T.M. Roberts

(assist. eds.), 1983. Ecological aspects of radi- onucllde release. Spec. Publ. Br. ecol. Soc~ 3:1-279.

Although the majority of papers refer to terrestrial environments, seven are concerned with coastal or marine systems. Topics covered are: plutonium

behavior in intertidal sediments; levels and varia- tions of radionuclides in a salt marsh; technetium in environmental waters; an assessment of accidental releases of radionuclides to the marine environment; and transfer of radionuclides from the sea to land. Two overview papers, on the transfer of radionu- clides from the seabed to the sea surface and processes in labelled coastal and estuarine ecosys- tems are included. Associated Nuclear Serv., 123 High St., Epsom, Surrey KTI9 8EB, UK. (msg)

85:6126 Heath, G.R. et al., 1984. Oceanographic studies

supporting the assessment of deep-sea disposal of defueled decommi~ioned nuclear submarines. Environ. Geol. Wat. Sci~ 6(4):189-199.

The need to dispose of decommissioned nuclear submarines has led to a search for potential ocean disposal sites. Using International Atomic Energy Agency criteria, a deepwater location in the NE Pacific, south of the Mendocino Fracture Zone and within 200 nautical miles of the United States, was assessed. Water column measurements and sediment structure data can be used to compare deep-sea disposal with land burial. Results also provide new insights into the deposition and early diagenesis of distal hemipelagic sediments. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (bwt)

85:6127 Jarmul, David, 1985. Routine sources responsible for

most oil pollution in seas. News rept, U.S. NAS, 35(4):4-8.

This update of a 1975 U.S. National Research Council study of the effects of petroleum in the marine environment reports no findings of large- scale irreparable damage from large oil spills and suggests that the marine environment is less fragile, and the ability of organisms to metabolize and excrete petroleum compounds greater, than pre- viously believed. No important fish stocks have been severely affected; however, studies to date have been in temperate climates and there is little knowledge of petroleum/water interactions in arctic or tropical regions. Also, gradual accumulation of petroleum from tankers, harbors, industry, etc., has not been adequately studied; chronic effects may be more important, if less dramatic. More research in these areas is recommended. (fit)

85:6128 Kuo, A.Y., C.S. Welch and R.J. Lukens, 1985.

Dredge induced turbidity plume model. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 111(3):476-494.

884 F. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

The model predicts the suspended sediment con- centration within the plume and the resulting sediment deposition alongside the dredged channel. It applies to a dredging operation where the current is primarily along the channel axis and the channel depth is large enough that no significant suspended sediment reaches water surface. Results of field measurements are compared with the model; the model describes the qualitative feature of prototype data and the calibrated parameters agree with independent observations. Sch. of Mar. Sci., Coll. of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA.

85:6129 Marcus, H.S., 1984. Incinerator ships: the difficulty in

optimizing the system versus optimizing the vessel design. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 18(4):28-34. MIT, Ocean Engrg. Dept., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

85:6130 Moldan, A.G.S., L.F. Jackson, S. McGibbon and J.

Van der Westhuizen, 1985. Some aspects of the Castlllo de BeUver oilsplll. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(3):97-102.

Not only was this the largest spill to date in South Africa (160,000-190,000 t of crude oil), but it occurred near an area of great ecological sensitivity, and in the vicinity of important commercial fishing grounds. Despite this, observations during the spill and on subsequent surveys indicated that envi- ronmental damage was minimal. This can only be attributed to the favourable wind direction which caused the slick to move offshore and into the Benguela Current, thus allowing for its natural dispersion. Some concern remains over oil still trapped in the sunken stern section. Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, 8012 Roggebaai, South Africa.

85:6131 Smith, Ronald, 1985. Should sewage be discharged at

the water surface or n e a r the bed? J. Fluid Mech., 152:443-454.

Bacterial mortality in sewage discharges into shallow seas is strongly influenced by light and varies with distance from the surface. A criterion is derived for deciding between the opposing strategies of getting rapid bacterial decay by directing the sewage up to the surface at the sacrifice of initial dilution, or of achieving high initial dilution with a distributed source along the bed perpendicular to flow direction. Dept. of Appl. Math. and Theor. Phys., Univ. of Cambridge, Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EW, UK.

85:6132 Wilkinson, D.L., 1985. Seawater circulation in

sewage onffall tunnels. J. hydraul. Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 111(5):846-858. Water Res. Lab., Univ. of New South Wales, Manly Vale 2093, Australia.

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

85:6133 Bruun, Per, 1985. Cost--effective coastal protection

with reference to Florida and the Carolinas, U.S.A.J . coast. Res., 1(1):47-55.

This paper reviews coastal protective measures, including structural and artificial replenishment. Although progress made during recent years focuses on nourishment procedures, conservative steps in- eluding dune-building and vegetative maintenance have also become popular. As an adjunct to beach and dune maintenance, beach scraping is practical if undertaken in a responsible, professional manner. Dept. of Port and Ocean Engrg., Norwegian Inst. of Teeh., Trondheim, Norway.

85:6134 Coutant, C.C. (symposium chairman), 1985. Striped

bass: environmental risks in fresh and salt water. Symposium papers from 112th annual meeting of AFS [American Fisheries Society], South Carolina. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 114(1):1-151; 16 papers.

Although not yet officially 'threatened' or 'endan- gered', the striped bass population is declining; thus hypotheses about potential risks were a major focus of the symposium. The first three papers described the status of stocks on each coast and in freshwater. The remaining contributions were organized around hypotheses concerning habitat 'squeeze' on adults, stress from toxins, and meteorological controls of living space and food. Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. (mwf)

85:6135 Finnell, G.L. Jr., 1985. Intergovernmental relation-

ships in coastal land management. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1):31-60.

Historically, federal regulation of coastal areas has been confined to activities affecting navigation, but programs such as the 1972 C Z M A have led to an increase in federal/state concurrent jurisdiction, significantly influencing the design of state/local programs. The evolution and judicial history of

OLR 0985) 32 (10) F. General 885

programs in Florida and California are examined and guidelines for evaluating nation/state rela- tionships in coastal land management are suggested. It is concluded that sensitive areas such as coastal marshes, energy facility placement, and projects affecting national security require centralized con- trol, but that xvherever feasible, the Florida/Cali- fornia model of a strong local government regulatory role should be adopted. Dept. of Law, Univ. of Houston, TX, USA. (llt)

85:6136 Guruswamy, Lakshman, 1985. Environmental man-

agement in a North Sea coastal zone: law, institutions and policy. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1): 233-242.

A project is proposed to examine the feasibility of coordinating conservation of North Sea natural resources by the World Conservation Strategy. The proposed study would research the applicable law and then analyze, clarify, and restate it for a small specific area that encompasses many of the problems encountered in larger industrialized zones. The coastline of Teeside, one of the most polluted estuaries in the United Kingdom, was selected for the project. Lecturer in Law, Univ. of Durham, UK. (mwf)

85:6137 Hildreth, R.G. and R.W. Johnson, 1985. CZM in

California, Oregon, and Washington. Nat. Resour. J , 25(1):103-165.

The coastal zone management programs of Wash- ington, Oregon and California (including the special San Francisco Bay program) are compared in terms of process: i.e., degree of public participation, local and state government relationships, enforcement, and federal consistency. Significant changes in the pattern of coastal resources use are also discussed. Though the legal framework and administration in each state differ, all four programs use water dependency as a criterion for allowing shoreline development. If federal funding is decreased, the future of these programs will depend on judiciary attitudes, and the interest and expertise of local governments and private organizations. Dept. of Law, Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. (llt)

85:6138 Jacobs, R.S., Paul Culver, Ronald Langdon, Timo-

thy O'Brien and Steven White, 1985. Some pharmacological observations on marine natural products. Tetmhedron, 41(6):981-984.

Three natural marine products that have been intensively studied by the authors are described:

lophotoxin, a paralytic substance that binds pref- erentially to a nicotinic receptor subunit; manoalide, a sesterterpenoid with anti-inflammatory ability; and stypoldione, an inhibitor of the first cleavage in sea urchin eggs. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. (msg)

85:6139 Kemf, Elizabeth, 1985. Antarctic fisheries collap6e?

Amble, 14(1):54-55.

Reports at the third annual meeting of the Com- mission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in Australia last September were that two major commercial fisheries, the finfish Notothenia rossii, or Antarctic cod, and krill, are being exploited to the point of collapse. Conser- vationists doubt the efficacy of CCAMLR proposals to help the finfish stock recover (closed fishing zones, minimum fish sizes) since the USSR, which takes the largest haul, has been observing these restraints since 1980, a period of further decline in the stock. The kriU were subjected to an increase in takes (from 3000 to 1,000,000 metric tons in less than l0 years) similar to those of the finfish. The solution may be the establishment of sanctuaries for kriU and a fishing pause for the tip.fish. Kemf is the Editor of WWF News. (wbg)

85:6140 Kinsey, D.N., 1985. CZM from the state perspective:

the New Jersey experience. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1):73-102.

A case history of the New Jersey experience with the Coastal Zone Management Act is presented. The value of three significant CZMA incentives--fund- ing, federal consistency and symbolism--is de- scribed. Although federal consistency has been watered down to only 'an exhortation,' the funding and the implementation efforts have produced a coastal zone management program that is both realistic and effective. Kinsey Associates: Planning, Coastal Mgmt., and the Environ., Princeton, N J, USA. (bwt)

85:6141 Lens, Santiago, Hector Quiroga and Manuel Alonso,

1984. [Whaling activities in Spain, 1983: fishing effort, biological data, whale sightings.] Infmes Fec. Inst. esp. Oceanogr., Madria~ 26:24pp. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Espanol de Oceanogr., Centre Costero de Vigo, Avda. de Orillamar 47, Vigo, Spain.

85:6142 O'Connell, D.W., 1985. Florida's struggle for ap-

proval under the Coastal Zone Management Act. Not. Resour. J., 25(1):61-72.

886 F. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

Five years after the first CZM program was des- ignated for Washington State, federal approval was granted to the coastal management program of Florida, which has 11,000 miles of tidal coastline and faces intense pressures for coastal development. The prolonged 'doubtful' status allowed time to create incrementally a successful program despite political odds against allocating power away from the local level. 'National coastal legislation should not forsake this incremental approach, however untidy, for some notion of uniform CZM standards.' O'Connell & Cooper, P.A., West Palm Beach, FL, USA. (mwf)

85:6143 Orson, Richard, William Panageotou and S.P.

Leatherman, 1985. Response of tidal salt marshes of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts to rising sea levels. J. coast. Res., 1(1):29-37.

A marsh's ability to maintain surface elevations with respect to mean high water is crucial; other influ- ences include local submergence rates, floral density and composition, and type and intensity of cultural modifications. Acceleration of sea level rise will likely result in increased wetlands losses; substantial losses are projected if sea level rise exceeds 10 mm/yr. Due to the complex and interrelated nature of the influences involved, however, each marsh must be assessed individually. Conn. Arboretum, Conn. College, New London, CT, USA.

85:6144 Ragan, M.A., 1984. Bioactivitios in marine genera of

Atlantic Canada: the unexplored potential. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., 34(2):83-132.

Bioactive metabolites are known to exist in 160 genera of marine algae, invertebrates, and tunicates of these waters. As yet chemically uncharacterized, they are of potential chemotherapeutic or marine- ecological interest and possess properties such as antiviral, antifungal, cytotoxic, chemoattractant, and so forth. Includes extensive tables of species and their bioactive metabolites. Atlantic Res. Lab., NRCC, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Zl, Canada. (mwf)

85:6145 Scheuer, P.J. (guest editor), 1985. The organic

chemistry of marine products. Tetrahedron, 41(6):979-1108; 15 papers.

This symposium-in-print reflects marine chemistry's greater interest in invertebrates as research targets as opposed to terrestrial work where invertebrates, except for insects, have largely been ignored. Marine organic chemists explore more than the struc- ture/activity relationship, with research interests

extending to biosynthetic questions and ecological relationships. Topics here include: diarrhetic shell- fish toxins; pharmacology of marine natural prod- ucts; antineoplastic agents in the marine bryozoan A mathia convoluta; new prostanoids from soft corals; biosynthetic studies on marine lipids; palytoxins; and pavoninins, shark-repelling and ichthyotoxic steroid N-acetylglucosaminides from the fish Parda- chiruspavoninus. Univ. of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA. (msg)

85:6146 Schnute, Jon, 1985. A general theory for analysis of

catch and effort data. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(3):414-429.

Almost all previous methods are shown to be special cases. The theory here is based on natural equations for an age structured population and provides a general model that can be tailored to any particular fishery. The problem of determining the appropriate special case is conceptually identical to the model identification problem described by Box and Jenkins in the context of time series analysis. The paper defines a suitable class of models, unique to fisheries, complete with mathematical proofs and biological explanations of all important equations. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Pacific Biol. Lab., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada.

85:6147 Sumi, Kazuo and Ken Hanayama, 1985. Existing

institutional arrangements and implications for management of Tokyo Bay. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1):167-193.

Although located in the temperate zone (35-36°N), Tokyo Bay is significantly affected by the warm Kuroshio Current. The estuaries of the Edo, Ara and Tama rivers provide two-thirds of its water volume. Since the mid-eighteenth century Tokyo Bay has provided fishing and transport for large city popu- lations and is now one of the most densely indus- trialized areas in the world. Although needed, a single comprehensive agency to handle problems such as eutrophication is not as politically feasible as development of inter-prefectural forums to promote cooperative efforts in dealing with degradation of water quality and resource management in the bay. Dept. of Intl. Law, Yokohama City Univ., Japan. (llt)

85:6148 Thomas, C.E., 1985. The Cape Cod National Sea-

shore: a case study of federal administrative control over traditionally local land use decisions. Boston Coll. environ. Affairs Law Rev., 12(2): 225-272.

OLR (1985)32 (!0) F. General 887

The beauty and solitude of Cape Cod (Massachu- setts), which in 1864 so impressed Henry David Thoreau, are threatened by the >5 million annual visitors to the Cape Cod National Seashore alone, an area with 39 miles of beach on the Atlantic side and 14 miles along Cape Cod Bay and Nantucket Sound. The 1961 Seashore Act preserves this area and represents a unique method of 'site specific' federal land use management, whereby the Secretary of the Interior has the right to condemn private property within its boundaries, thus allowing federal control of local zoning and land use decisions. This 'Cape Cod Formula' and the National Park Service administration are evaluated, and suggestions for improvement are offered. Gratz, Tate, Spiegel, Ervin and Ruthrauff, Philadelphia, PA, USA. (lit)

85:6149 Valencia, M.J. and A.B. Jaafar, 1985. Environmental

management of the Malaeca/Singapore Straits: legal and institutional issues. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1): 195-232.

Because of the disparate concerns of the Malac- ca/Singapore Straits states (Malaysia is concerned with navigation and pollution, Indonesia with the security of its archipelagic claims, Singapore with free transit and the balance of power), there is little chance of joint action solely for environmental purposes. Intersectoral trade-offs may be required. Possible administrative arrangements (existing or- ganizations, a regional organ, a joint commission or joint authority) which could lead to the resolution of transnationai and legal issues are proposed; a joint authority modelled on the Thai-Malaysia Joint Development Authority is viewed as the best option. Resource Systems Inst., East-West Center, Hono- lulu, HI, USA. (wbg)

85:6150 Wolf, M.A. (coordinating editor), 1985. Symposium

on coastal zone management. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1):7-242; 9 papers.

Efforts to achieve energy independence and con- serve natural resources resulted in the 1972 passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). The twelve-year history of CZMA is reviewed in these symposium papers; some U.S. programs are exam- ined (Florida, New Jersey, California, Oregon, Washington); and programs in economically impor- tant and environmentally sensitive coastal areas abroad (Tokyo Bay, Japan, Malacca/Singapore Straits, North Sea) are discussed. Scheduled for reauthorization in 1985, the CZMA's future depends on the judiciary's interpretation of its language and the Reagan Administration's commitment to envi- ronmental protection. 0It)

85:6151 Wright, I.L.C., 1984. Biologically active marine

metabofites: some recent exaaples. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci~ 34(2):133-161.

In the last ten years the investigation of marine organisms for metabolites with biological activity has become an important aspect of natural product chemistry. This research has been rewarded with the discovery of some unique chemical structures posses- sing important biological activity. Some recent examples are reviewed. Atlantic Res. Lab., NRCC, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3ZI, Canada.

F280. Policy, law, treaties

85:6152 Boyle, A.E., 1985. Marine pollution under the Law of

the Sea Convention. Am. J. int. Law, 79(2):347- 372.

Although serious consideration of the complex problem of marine pollution only began with the 1972 U.N. Conference on the Human Environment and the 1973 Third Law of the Sea Conference, the control of marine pollution has emerged as a major issue of contemporary international law. Articles from part twelve of the LOS Convention which establish the obligations, responsibilities and powers of individual states on all matters of marine environmental protection are discussed here. For the first time, states have the duty to cooperate globally to control pollution. Fac. of Laws, Queen Mary Coll., Univ. of London, UK. (bwt)

85:6153 Chasis, Sarah, 1985. The Coastal Zone Management

Act: a protective mandate. Nat. Resour. J., 25(1):21-30.

The history of the Coastal Zone Management Act, passed in 1972 and subsequently amended in 1976 and 1980, is reviewed. The act and later amendments emphasize the 'important ecological, cultural, his- torical and aesthetic values of the coastal zone'; the importance of this theme is highlighted. Provisions of the Act, its implementation and its weaknesses are discussed. Chasis is an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (bwt)

85:6154 Kindt, J.W., 1985. Particulate pollution and the Law

of the Sea. Boston Coll. environ. Affairs Law Rev., 12(2):273-311.

Following a review of different plans and techniques for seabed mining and the response of UNCLOS III

888 F. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

to the threat of pollution from mining ventures, the major issues of particulate pollution are examined using McDougal and Lasswell's decision model. It is concluded that the burden of environmental pro- tection should rightly be borne by the developer. The reduced profits which would accompany such a decision would also serve to decrease 'the vehement rhetoric which encompasses deep seabed mining.' Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA. (msg)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)

85:6155 Crawford, Mark, 1985. Spotlight falls on U.S. science

policy. Science, 228(4700):691-692.

A bipartisan House Science and Technology Com- mittee is reviewing federal science programs and will circulate 2000 copies of a draft report on their findings and recommendations to the scientific community next spring. A major focus is expected to be on improving research ties between government and industry. Funding the next generation of accelerators for high-energy particle physics may be an uphill battle. (mwf)

85:6156 Dickson, David, 1985. Summit calls for research

integration. Science, 228(4701):825-826.

One spin-off from the recent economic summit meeting in Bonn, Germany, was the steps taken to ensure greater integration of scientific and tech- nological work at the international level. The focus was placed on the suggestions of the TGE group (technology, growth and employment), also known as the Versailles working group. Instead of a 'division of labor' approach originally proposed by France, the emphasis has shifted to a system of uniform norms and standards in a wide range of fields (high energy physics, materials science, genetic engineering, etc.). Overall, there has been significant progress in 18 identified research areas despite competitive economic pressures. Environmental risk assessment and the social and ethical implications of biomedical research are two areas receiving atten- tion. (wbg)

85:6157 Herman, Ros, 1985. Researching o the researchers lnew

methods for allocating fundsl. New Scient., 106(1452): 10-11.

The 'ecology' of 5 scientific disciplines (ocean currents, protein structure determination, mathe- matics, cognitive psychology, and protein digestion in ruminents) has been analyzed in studies funded jointly by the U.K.'s Department of Education and Science and the Economic and Social Research Council. Co-citation, 'co-word', and citation count analyses might help form science policy by showing how subdisciplines interrelate and by identifying centers that produce highly cited, or 'better', papers. Studies are now underway comparing the level of investment of people and money by various gov- ernments in civil science research. (mwf)

85:6158 Lewin, Roger, 1985. Evidence for scientific crea-

tionism? Science, 228(4701):p.837.

'Scientific creationism' is supposedly marked by 'reliance only on scientific data' to support its claims. However, a SCISEARCH scan of 1000 journals over 3 years for such articles turned up nothing, and an author search of 28 prominent creationists (some of them scientists) turned up only 6 articles, but none on creationism. Creationists complain of scientific censorship, but only 18 manuscripts on creationism were submitted to 68 refereed journals which received 135,000 manu- scripts total in the same 3-year period. True, none of the 18 was accepted, but the manuscripts appeared to have been written by laymen with no under- standing of the requirements for presentation of data or defense of arguments. It would appear the scientific evidence is still sparse--or somehow being kept secret. (fcs)

85:6159 Peterson, I., 1985. The trouble with technical data.

Sci. News, WashingWn, D.C., 127(16):p.247.

Difficulties in attempting to control the export of technical but unclassified information with potential military application continue. The Department of Defense has been polite but insistent that the dissemination of such information be brought under control. Several societies have voluntarily introduced 'export control sessions' open only to U.S. citizens and invited others. The compliance of individual scientists with DOD directives has been highly variable. In general, says R. Barry Johnson of the International Society for Optical Engineering, eve- ryone must understand that international presen- tations of sensitive findings must be cleared in advance. (fcs)

85:6160 Sun, Marjorie, 1985. China plans sweeping reforms in

science. Science, 228(4699):559-560.

OLR (1985) 32 (1O) F. General 889

Reforms such as decentralized control and funding, an emphasis on applied instead of basic research, and even the introduction of the profit motive, are aimed at quadrupling China's gross national product by the turn of the century. Details reported here include plans to (1) invigorate research (by bringing in young scientists and providing for the early retirement of others, the institution of postdoctoral programs, etc.); (2) boost the number of scientists through cooperative exchanges (the U.S. and China already cooperate in research on fossil fuels, map- ping and surveying, earthquakes, cancer, and 21 other fields); and (3) increase funding. One concern is whether the increase in applied research will be at the expense of basic research. (wbg)

F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)

85:6161 Coggeshall, I.S., 1985. Oceanic engineering: the

making of an IEEE society. IEEE Jl ocean. Engng, OE- 10(2):63-83.

The history of electrical engineering in relation to the world's oceans (with emphasis on 1960--present) is traced. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which celebrated its centennial in 1984, encompasses many cross-disciplinary interests. The various societies and professional groups and their activities (organization, meetings, publications, conferences sponsored), tokens of recognition, and adaptations to new technologies are discussed. The future of the recently organized IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society is assessed. 3 Murphy Circle, Middletown, RI 02840, USA.

85:6162 Kaufmann, W.J., 1985. General relativity stands the

test of time. New Scient., 105(1450):12-15.

It was Einstein himself who suggested many of the experiments which could confirm general relativity. Indeed, many were conducted in the years imme- diately following Einstein's work. However, uncer- tainties associated with the experiments gave alter- native space-time geometries a lease on life that only recently came due. It was during the 1970's that most such experiments acquired accuracies irrefutably supporting Einstein. Several of the tests (for gravi- tational redshift and light deflection, motion of Mercury's perihelion, light passage time delay, evidence of gravitational waves) and their histories are described. San Diego State Univ., CA, USA. (fcs)

F340. Biographies, obituaries, etc.

85:6163 Harwood, Michael and Mary Durant, 1985. In

search of the real Mr. Audubon: celebrating the 200th anniversary of the birth of John James Audubon. Audubon, 87(3):58-113.

Two hundred years after John James Audubon's birth, we know more about the facts of his life than did his contemporaries (and more of the flights of fancy he indulged in when speaking of himself). His early passion for nature and his journey from 'riches to rags to fame' are well documented. Audubon himself remains elusive; conflicting stories abound concerning his character, personality, and even his stature. The National Audubon Society pays tribute to its mentor, inspiration, and namesake in a text lavishly illustrated with Audubon's work. (msg)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

85:6164 Naya, Antonio and Miguel Ballester, 1983. [Heat

exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, upwelling, and applications to f[cJh|ng.] Revta Real Acad. Cienc. exact, fis. nat. Madr, 77(4):778-782. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Nac. de Meteorol., Madrid, Spain.

85:6165 Roman, M.R. and K.R. Tenore et al., 1984. Detritus

dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Symposium, Savannah, Georgia, November 1983. Bull. mar. ScL, 35(3):257-614; co 29-

As evidenced by these papers, new insights into the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and advanced techniques to measure detritus decomposition, chemistry and utilization have led to a greater understanding of the role of bacteria in detritus formation and decomposition, the effects of detritus chemistry on its utilization, and detritus transport and incorporation into marine and freshwater sediments. Representative topics include: the effect of salt marsh chemical composition on decay rates and consumer feeding; the role of POM in benthic invertebrate nutrition; different microbiota and substrata as suppliers of specific nutrients; the productivity of trophic vs detrital food webs; a kinetic model for detritus nitrogen; stable isotope composition and amino acid content during seagrass and mangrove decomposition; bacterial growth estimated from plant detritus; fecal products of pelagic tunicates; dual-gradient concept of detritus

890 F. General OLR (I 985) 32 (10)

transport and processing in estuaries; and models of interactions among carbon substrates, bacteria and consumers in a salt marsh estuary. Horn Point Environ. Lab., Univ. of Maryland, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA. (msg)

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

85:6166 Anderson, Ian, 1985. Oil and geological chaos found

off Antarctica. New Scient., 106(1452):p.9.

The fruits of a year-long voyage of the USGS- operated research vessel S.P. Lee (from the Bering Sea through the central Pacific to Antarctica and back to Hawaii) include the discovery of a magma chamber rich in Zn-, Cu-, and Fe-sulfides (Tonga); Pt and Cu associated with volcanics (Oregon, Vanuatu); Mn and Co on undersea mountains (Line Islands); and thermal layering of seawater sufficient for the generation of electricity (American Samoa). Around Antarctica sedimentary basins with good oil potential, evidence of marine iceberg gouging at depths of 400 m, and young submarine volcanoes and faulting suggestive of new rifting were discov- ered. Depressed markets for oil and minerals, the difficulties of recovering ore and hydrocarbons in deep-water adverse environments, and opposition from environmentalists are likely to delay devel- opment of the newly discovered resources. (hbf)

85:6167 Barnes, L.G., D.P. D o m i n g and C.E. Ray, 1985.

Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Mar. mature. Sci., 1(1):15-53.

The 30-year renaissance on fossil marine mammal research has uncovered many 'missing links' and further advances continue at a rapid rate, including: descriptions of the most primitive otariid and archaeocete cetacean, recovery of new material from the most primitive desmostylian, a proposed phyletic lineage of the sirenian subfamily Hydrodamalinae, and an analysis of the zoogeography of the true seals. Includes ca. 150 references. Sect. of Vert. Paleont., Nat. Hist. Mus., 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA. (mwf)

85:6168 Benton, M.J., 1985. Interpretations of mass extinc-

tion. Nature, Lond, 314(6011):496-497.

This paper organizes the thinking about cyclicity in mass extinctions for the last 250 Myr, in terms of four major possibilities: (1) each extinction event

had the same external, direct cause, (2) there is a correlation between the cyclical pattern of events and some earthly physical phenomena (sea level or temperature changes perhaps) which are caused by a third external factor, (3) the cause for these events is found in the internal dynamics of the biological system, and (4) the apparent cyclicity is an artifact resulting from inadequacies in the fossil record. The evidence for and against each view is discussed but more detailed analyses of the fossil data and improved dating techniques are necessary to select the correct one. Dept.of Geol., Queens Univ., Belfast BT7 INN, Northern Ireland, UK. (wbg)

85:6169 Broecker, W.S., D.M. Peteet and David Rind, 1985.

Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Review. Nature, Lond., 315(6014):21-26.

The climate record obtained from two long Green- land ice cores reveals several brief climate oscil- lations during glacial time. The most recent, also found in continental pollen records, has greatest impact in the area under the meteorological influ- ence of the North Atlantic, but none in the United States, suggesting that the oscillations are caused by fluctuations in the formation rate of deep water in the North Atlantic. As the present production of deep water in this area is driven by an excess of evaporation over precipitation and continental run- off, atmospheric water transport may be an impor- tant element in climate change. Changes in the production rate of deep water in this sector may push the climate system from one quasi-stable mode of operation to another. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

85:6170 de Groot, Peter, 1985. Crustaceans monitor marine

pollution. New Scient., 106(1452):p.22.

Results of a five-year faunal survey in the Southern Bight of the North Sea show regions devoid of benthic harpacticoid Crustacea. Further compari- sons in the Western Scheldt and Ems-DoUard estuaries indicate that number and diversity of harpacticoids are directly related to heavy metal concentrations. It is suggested that these animals might serve as a monitoring system for heavy metal contamination. (bwt)

85:6171 Irving, E., 1985. Whence British Columbia? Report.

Nature, Lond., 314(6013):673-674.

In this issue of Nature, Chamberlain and Lambert 'step back from the local scene to examine the

OLR (1985) 32 (10) F. General 891

Laramide event in its entirety.' By their reckoning, the geological patchwork of British Columbia, dubbed 'Cordilleria,' underwent some 2000 kin of northward strike-slip motion along the Rocky Mountain Trench, concurrent with the Laramide (Rocky Mountain) orogeny. The Malton gneiss, spanning the trench as it does, has been cited by others as evidence there has been no strike-slip movement there, but Chamberlain and Lambert demonstrate geochemical and age disparities normal to the trench axis. While 'it is not difficult to pick holes in their scbeme...they are looking at the problem the correct way.' Pacific Geosci. Centre, Box 6000, Sidney, BC VSL 4B2, Canada. (fcs)

85:6172 Kerr, R.A., 1985. Earthquake forecast endorsed.

Science, 228(4697):p.311.

The National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council and the California Earthquake Prediction Council have endorsed, for the first time, the prediction of a moderate earthquake near Parkfield (central California) within several years of January 1988. Earthquakes of moderate magnitude have occurred at approximately 22-year intervals since 1857, rupturing the same 20-kin of the San Andreas fault. The USGS director, Dallas Peck, cites a 95% confidence interval of + 5 years for the timing of the event, which, if it were to trigger an extension of the Parkfield fault 40 km to the south, could be much larger than other events during the past century. 0~bf)

85:6173 Lockwood, J.G., 1985. Ice calving, carbon dioxide

and the control of ice ages. Prog. phys. Geogr., 9(1):89-96.

Pollard's (1982, 1983) ice-sheet calving mechanism, meltwater discharge to the oceans, slumping of glacier profiles over soft sediments, and atmospheric CO2 variations are explored as possible causes for the rapid retreat of continental ice sheets. It is concluded that atmospheric CO 2 variability may be an alternative or additional mechanism to Pollard's theory. Sch. of Geogr., Univ. of Leeds, UK. (msg)

85:6174 Somers, M.L., 1985. Sonar classification of sea beds.

Nature, Lond., 314(6010):p.406.

It has proved difficult to separate numerically and to classify different kinds of sea beds from the backscattered sound in sonographs produced by sidescan sonar, though experienced human observers can do so. Based on the assumption that there are some clues in the backscatter (which is a complex

function of the grazing angle of the signal, sea bed texture, and the acoustic impedance of the sea bed material), Reut et al. (p.426 of this same issue) have proposed a way of classifying six sea bed types: mud, sand, clay, gravel, stones, and boulders. And, their method apparently works, having correctly classified 120 sea bed areas with overlap only between gravel and stone beds. Other possible tests and uses of the method, including commercial applications, are proposed. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB, UK. (wbg)

85:6175 Tooley, M.J., 1985. Sea levels. Prog. phys. Geogr,

9(1): 113-120.

A review of changes in sea level over very long (4000-15,000 years) time scales is presented. Ad- vances in methodology associated with studies of sea-level and paleotidal changes are emphasized. The various mechanisms, including changes in the geoid, volume of the ocean basins, and retention of glaciers, are discussed. Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of Durham, UK. (who)

85:6176 Weisburd, S., 1985. Serf--reversing minerals make a

comeback. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 127(15):234-236.

New discoveries of a supposedly rare mineral, titanohematite, which becomes magnetized in a direction opposite to the Earth's magnetic field, have been reported from the western U.S., in lava flows around Mr. Shasta and in the thick sediments of the San Juan and Big Horn basins. Titanohematite is found in the field in association with minerals formed in highly oxidizing environments and can be produced in the laboratory by rapid cooling of a heated mixture. It has been suggested that titano- hematite is generated by explosive eruption of highly oxidized magma or magma interacting with an oxidizing atmosphere. Lava beds containing the mineral are readily eroded, and its presence in sediments may indicate erosion of a former wide- spread lava from a single volcano. (hbf)

85:6177 Weisburd, S., 1985. Quake potential in Pacific

Northwest. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 127(17):p.270.

Thomas Heaton and Stephen Hartzell (USGS, Pasadena, California) have presented evidence sug- gesting that the earthquake-free Juan de Fuca subduction zone, where the North American and Juan de Fuca plates converge off Washington and Oregon, may be the result of plates being jammed

892 F. General OLR (1985) 32 (10)

and locked together during historical times. They suggest that if the plates wrenched apart, subduction earthquakes with magnitudes > 9 and with an approximate 400-year recurrence interval are pos- sible in the northwestern U.S. (hbf)

85:6178 Weisburd, S., 1985. Fractais, fractures and faults. Sci.

News, Washington, D.C., 127(18):p.279.

The latest development in earthquake prediction comes via fractal analysis. Workers at the University of Southern California, M.I.T. and Lamont-Doherty Observatory have been able to show that the destructiveness of an earthquake may be anticipated by the jaggedness (i.e. the fractal geometry) of the pre-existing fault line. (fcs)

85:6179 Weisburd, S., 1985. Ocean drilling: banking on the

Babam~Ls for a Leg to stand on. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 127(19):p.294.

The primary purpose of Leg 101 of the Ocean Drilling Program was to determine if the region from Mexico extending up the eastern seaboard was once underlain by a vast carbonate platform or if the carbonate platform formed after rifting only on topographical highs. Unfortunately, drilling was not as deep as researchers would have liked, and the JOIDES Resolution will not return to the Bahamas until the 1990's. Drilling did confirm the idea that carbonate platforms lose the most sediments at times of high sea level. Recovery of very complete sections of part of the rock record and the extension of known hydrocarbon reserves were highlights of the voyage. (mwf)

85:6180 Woods, John, 1985. Residence times of water masses

in regions of the ocean. Nature, Lond., 314(6012):578-579.

The role of the world's oceans in the hydrological cycle, with particular emphasis on response to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, is discussed. It is argued that reliable predictions of climate change can not be made until the residence times for most of the world's distinct water masses are known. A recent formalism by Buffham, appearing in the same issue of Nature, suggests a research strategy based on an isopycnal layer approach. The boundary fluxes into these layers are both poorly known and of utmost importance. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D2300 Kiel 1, FRG. (wbo)

F390. Educational literature

85:6181 Cameron, J.N., 1985. Molting in the blue crab. Scient.

Am., 252(5):102-109.

Understanding and controlling molting in the blue crab would yield both scientific and commercial benefits (e.g., soft shell blue crabs are worth ten times as much as the hard variety), Research shows that a pumping action produces three major ion movements: hydrogen ions move outward from the cuticle to the seawater while calcium and bicar- bonate ions move inward, a process that produces calcium carbonate. The transport system is being analyzed but many questions about the physiology of molting remain, particularly the relationship between transport processes and the overall endo- crine control of molting. Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX, USA. (wbg)

85:6182 Raloff, Janet, 1985. I1. Africa's famine: the human

dimension. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 127(19):299-301.

This second report on famine in the sub-Saharan nations of Africa (where a 17-yr drought threatens >150 million people with starvation) examines man's role in what is commonly viewed as a 'natural disaster,' a view due for change according to studies by organizations such as Oxfam, Earthscan, and the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. Although climate change is primarily responsible, human activity has worsened the disaster; social and political factors are blamed for the deepening poverty of the farmers and herders (70% of total population) who provide most of Africa's food. To achieve the necessary doubling of agricultural production in the next 15-20 years, measures to (1) lower the population growth rate, (2) improve agricultural practices and technology transfer, (3) reevaluate the role of women in African agriculture, (4) increase research on African food staples, and (5) improve the incentive structure must be be adopted. (lit)

85:6183 Weisburd, S. and Janet Raloff, 1985. I. Climate and

Africa: why the land goes dry. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 127(18):282-285.

Drought is part of a natural fluctuation in the 'trans-Sahelian' region from Mauritania on the west coast to Somalia on the east coast, but researchers now suspect that changes in the land (deforestation, overgrazing) may contribute to regional changes in climate. So far the necessary data are not available to weigh the impact of land changes using computer

OLR (1985) 32 (10) F. General 893

simulations of general circulation models; however, remote sensing surveys are beginning to provide some important information. (mwf)

F420. Miscellaneous

85:6184 Hansen, W.L. (chairman, Committee Z), 1985. The

annual report on the economic status of the profession [university professors] 1984-85. Aca- deme, 71(2):2-76.

This special issue is devoted to the complete report of Committee Z of the AAUP. Data used to prepare this report were provided by institutions that completed Form MEA 22, The survey was con- ducted by Maryse Eymoneri¢ Associates, who were also responsible for editing, processing, and tabu- lation. Data for 2059 regular institutions and 65 medical schools are presented in the three Appendix Tables.

85:6185 Vousden, David and Andrew Price, 1985. Bridge

over fragile waters: the causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. New Scient., 106(1451):33- 35.

The 25-km causeway between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain is now nearing completion. It consists of 5 bridges linked by islands, some of them artificial, and is one of the biggest offshore engineering projects in the world. The almost landlocked Ara- bian (Persian) Gulf is already a highly stressed environment (from both natural and cultural causes), but one which nurtures multimillion dollar shrimp, pearl and fishing industries as well as several endemic and/or endangered species, including, e.g., the dugong. Consequently the Gulf countries' Re- gional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine Environment has had a role in the bridge project. That role is described here by two participants. Directorate of Environmental Protection, Bahrain. (fcs)