OLR (1983) 30 (5) 419 83:3133 Mendoza, A.N. and Cyril Ponnamperuma, 1982. Prebiotic formation of higher molecular weight compounds from the photolysis of aqueous acetic acid. Photochem. Photobiol., 36(5):595-597. Centro de Estudios Nucleares, Univ. Nac. Auton., Mexico 20, D.F. Mexico. 83:3134 Runnegar, Bruce, 1982. A molecular-clock date for the origin of the animal phyla. Lethaia, 15(3): 199-205. The data gathered here demonstrate that the rate of evolution of c~ and/3 hemoglobins has been constant for ~450 m.y. Thus a comparison of amino acid sequences between the globins of some vertebrates and invertebrates can be used to show that the initial radiation of the animal phyla occurred 900-1000 mya. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. (msg) E410. Miscellaneous 83:3135 Butler, P.J., 1982. Respiratory and cardiovascular control during diving in birds and mammals. J. expl Biol., 100:195-221. Cardiovascular responses during forced and vol- untary dives are discussed and compared. Most voluntary dives by birds and mammals are aerobic, with cardiovascular responses resulting primarily from the exercise. The classical diving response (bradycardia and selective vasoconstriction) and anaerobiosis are more important during prolonged dives. This response may allow for long hunting expeditions, safety during dives under the ice, or may be a form of alarm response. Dept. of Zool. and Comp. Physiol., Univ. of Birmingham, B I5 2TT, UK. (mjj) F. GENERAL FIO. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 83:3136 Bengelsdorff, Edgar, 1982. [Providing power for huoys.I Beitr. Meeresk., 46:63-67. (In German.) Inst. fur Meereskunde tier AdW, DDR-2530 Rostock-Warnemunde, DRG. 83:3137 Duncan, Peter and John Oldson, 1982. The illus- tration of oceanic data. II. Vectors. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 59(2):95-113. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA. 83:3138 Elachi, C. et al., 1982. Shuttle imaging radar experiment. Science, 218(4576):996-1003. Described are the shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) experiment, preliminary scientific results, the sensor (returned from space fully operational) and its performance, and some of the data analyzed for structural geological, geomorphological, cartograph- ic, land use, and oceanographic applications. Ca- pabilities of Seasat's imaging radar were extended. Visible in the images acquired over ~106 sq. km were 'faults, folds, outcrops, dunes...[and] large internal waves in the Andaman Sea.' Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109, USA. (ihz) 83:3139 Elachi, Charles and James Granger, 1982. Space- borne imaging radars probe 'in depth.' (New spaceborne radar sensors allow all-weather, day or night, high-resolution imaging of the earth's land and ocean surfaces.) IEEE Spectrum, 19(11):24-29. Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., USA. 83:3140 Johnson, B.R., 1982. A look at creosote vs. chromated copper arsenate salts as wood preservatives for the marine environment. Ind. Engng Chem. Prod.
Transcript
OLR (1983) 30 (5) 419
83:3133 Mendoza, A.N. and Cyril Ponnamperuma, 1982.
Prebiotic formation of higher molecular weight compounds from the photolysis of aqueous acetic acid. Photochem. Photobiol., 36(5):595-597. Centro de Estudios Nucleares, Univ. Nac. Auton., Mexico 20, D.F. Mexico.
83:3134 Runnegar, Bruce, 1982. A molecular-clock date for
the origin of the animal phyla. Lethaia, 15(3): 199-205.
The data gathered here demonstrate that the rate of evolution of c~ and/3 hemoglobins has been constant for ~450 m.y. Thus a comparison of amino acid sequences between the globins of some vertebrates and invertebrates can be used to show that the initial radiation of the animal phyla occurred 900-1000 mya. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. (msg)
E410. Miscellaneous
83:3135 Butler, P.J., 1982. Respiratory and cardiovascular
control during diving in birds and mammals. J. expl Biol., 100:195-221.
Cardiovascular responses during forced and vol- untary dives are discussed and compared. Most voluntary dives by birds and mammals are aerobic, with cardiovascular responses resulting primarily from the exercise. The classical diving response (bradycardia and selective vasoconstriction) and anaerobiosis are more important during prolonged dives. This response may allow for long hunting expeditions, safety during dives under the ice, or may be a form of alarm response. Dept. of Zool. and Comp. Physiol., Univ. of Birmingham, B I5 2TT, UK. (mjj)
83:3137 Duncan, Peter and John Oldson, 1982. The illus-
tration of oceanic data. II. Vectors. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 59(2):95-113. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA.
83:3138 Elachi, C. et al., 1982. Shuttle imaging radar
experiment. Science, 218(4576):996-1003.
Described are the shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) experiment, preliminary scientific results, the sensor (returned from space fully operational) and its performance, and some of the data analyzed for
structural geological, geomorphological, cartograph- ic, land use, and oceanographic applications. Ca- pabilities of Seasat's imaging radar were extended. Visible in the images acquired over ~106 sq. km were 'faults, folds, outcrops, dunes...[and] large internal waves in the Andaman Sea.' Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109, USA. (ihz)
83:3139 Elachi, Charles and James Granger, 1982. Space-
borne imaging radars probe 'in depth.' (New spaceborne radar sensors allow all-weather, day or night, high-resolution imaging of the earth's land and ocean surfaces.) IEEE Spectrum, 19(11):24-29. Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif., USA.
83:3140 Johnson, B.R., 1982. A look at creosote vs. chromated
copper arsenate salts as wood preservatives for the marine environment. Ind. Engng Chem. Prod.
420 F. General OLR(1983)30(5)
Res. Dev., 21(4):704-705. Forest Serv., U.S. Dept, of Agric., Madison, Wisc. 53705, USA.
83:3141 Middleton, J.H., 1982. Letter to the editor. Outer
rotary cross spectra, coherences, and phases. Deep-Sea Res., 29(10A):1267-1269.
Inconsistencies (albeit minor) in Mooers 1973 formulae for calculating outer rotary cross spectra, coherences and phases are corrected. Fac. of Sci., Univ. of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia. (ihz)
83:3142 MOckel, Friedrich, 1982. A hydro-meteorological,
shallow water measuring system (FMS 80), using buoys with a VHF radio telemetering link. Beitr. Meeresk., 46:57-62. Inst. fur Meereskunde, AdW, DDR-2530 Rostock-Warnemunde, DRG.
83:3143 Munk, W. and C. Wunsch, 1982. Observing the
ocean in the 1990's. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499):439-464.
To understand the ocean--its dynamics, its role in climate, weather and other ocean-atmosphere phe- nomena- i t must be observed on a basin-wide scale with adequate time and space resolution. No such observation system yet exists, but recent technical developments might permit the establishment by the 1990's of such a system. Ocean acoustic tomography and satellite observations of sea surface topography and of wind stress, combined with other types of observations and with a sensibly designed modelling effort, might provide a system at not unreasonable cost. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.
83:3144 Settle, M. et al., 1982. [Remote sensing by space
shuttled Science, 218(4576):993-1033; 7 papers.
Some results from radar imaging experiments on- board the space shuttle are presented relative to geoarchaeology, mineral identification, tropospheric chemistry and feature location. One paper details the 'initial analysis of OSTA-I ocean color experiment imagery.' (ihz)
83:3145 Settle, Mark and J.V. Taranik, 1982. Use of the space
shuttle for remote sensing research: recent results and future prospects. Science, 218(4576):993-995.
Results of the OSTA-1 (NASA's Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications) remote sensing experiments
during the second space shuttle flight are summa- rized, including those from the imaging radar, multispectral infrared radiometer, air pollution measurements, ocean color studies, feature identi- fication and location file, night/day optical survey of lightning and Heflex bioengineering test. While the shortened flight duration adversely affected several experiments, indications are that the shuttle could be an effective remote sensing platform. A second, upgraded series of experiments is scheduled for August 1984. Office of Space Sci. and Applic., NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA. Och)
F 4 0 . A r e a s t u d i e s , s u r v e y s (multidisci- plinary)
83:3146 Dickie, L.M. and J.E. Valdivia G. (rapporteurs),
1981. [ICANE: Peru-Canada cooperative inves- tigation of the anchoveta ecosysteml. Special volume. Boln Inst. Mar Per~, 1981(Spec. Vol.): 288pp; 36 papers and a summary report. (Eng- lish with some Spanish.)
Extensive changes in the Peruvian anchoveta eco- system became evident by the mid-1970's, when the fishery suddenly declined to less than one third of its peak production. In the impending economic crisis, the Government of Peru requested assistance from Canada in developing the capacity to interpret and predict events quickly and accurately enough for rational fishery management; carried out with remarkable success, the venture produced results immediately applicable to fishery management. Comprising a collection of reports on the most significant research, this volume includes papers on anchoveta distribution, population size, recruitment, life cycle, metabolism and nutritional requirements; and on plankton distribution, size composition, production, and biomass. Other reports treat nutri- ent composition; comparative studies of the abun- dances, distributions, and metabolisms of the sardine and the anchoveta; birds and fishes; primary production; and an interpretation of paleocean- ographic conditions on the Peru shelf. (dlf)
83:3147 Tougaard, S. and C.H. Ovesen (eds,), 1979/81.
Environmental problems of the Waddensea re- gion. (Proceedings of the scientific symposium, Ribe, Denmark, 16-18 May 1979.) Fredningssty- relsen, Fiskeri-og Sofartsmuseet, Saltvandsak- variet, Esbjerg, Denmark; 149pp; 8 papers.
OLR (1983) 30 (5) F. General 421
The 149-page published proceedings include the following topics in 3 sessions: environmental con- sequences of diking (3 papers), possible effects of chemical and thermal pollution (2 papers), and environmental consequences of recreational activ- ities (2 papers). Conclusions are presented regarding inventories, monitoring, multinational cooperative studies, embankments, recreation, and pollution. Recommendations are made for studying the com- bined effects of different environmental impacts and the placing of individual investigations in the perspective of the total ecosystem. (jch)
F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, e t c .
83:3148 Sievert, Brigitte, 1982. [Supplement to the 1960
bibliography on oceanographic measuring tech- niques in the DDR.[ Beitr. Meeresk., 46:87-90. (In German.)
The 51 references on oceanographic measurements are divided among 7 major categories and 8 sub-categories such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, navigation, data analysis, temperature, salinity, oxygen, currents, sea level, optical parameters, and buoys. Inst. fur Meeres- kunde der AdW der DDR, DDR-2530 Rostock- Warnemunde, DRG. (ihz)
F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.
83:3149 Bousfield, E.L. and N.E. Jarrett, 1981. Station lists of
marine biological expeditions of the ICanadianl National Museum of Natural Sciences in the North American Pacific coastal region, 1966 to 1980. Syllogeus, 34:66pp. Natl. Mus. of Nat. Sci., Ottawa, K1A 0M8, Canada.
83:3150 McElhinny, M.W., 1982. The International Litho-
sphere Program. Search, 13(7/8): 182-185.
This major international research effort, launched recently to seek a better understanding of the complex evolution and dynamics of the lithosphere, has a change of emphasis from its predecessors, the Upper Mantle Project (1960's) and the International Geodynamics Project (1970's). A summary of the program for 1981-1990 is presented, together with
proposals for Australian participation. Res. Sch. of Earth Sci., Australian Natl. Univ., Canberra, Aus- tralia.
FI70. Engineering and industry
83:3151 Amann, H., 1982. Technological trends in ocean
mining. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499):377- 403.
Political, economic, environmental, and technical factors relating to the recovery and use of various deep seafloor resources such as polymetallic nodules, metal sulfides, phosphorite deposits, and other minerals are discussed. Recent advances in acous- tics, hydraulics, electronics, materials, and metal- lurgy have combined to bring the economic recovery of these resources into the realm of the predictable. The extensive political regime apparently required to bring the resources to the world community is noted, as is the need for innovative engineering and management, large sums of capital, and entrepre- neurial development. Mar. Tech. Dept., Preussag AG, Arndstrasse I, 3000 Hanover 1, FRG. (jch)
83:3152 Anderson, W.D., M.N. Silbert and J.R. Lloyd, 1982.
Reliability procedure for fixed offshore platforms. J. struct. Div., Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 108(STll): 2517-2538. Exxon Co. U.S.A., New Orleans, La., USA.
83:3153 Anonymous, 1982. How to stop that sinking feeling
on an oil rig. New Scient., 96(1331):p.359.
A new semisubmersible platform design called Semiflex was developed which will enable operators to continue taking oil when swell conditions are too rough for conventional rigs. The notable improve- ment is an underlying supportive frame connected via universal joints to six columns which surround the deck. Radical main deck pitch is eliminated as the columns absorb wave forces. The mechanism behind the design's success is not completely understood at present. The initial full scale Semiflex is scheduled for testing in ~ 2 yr. (jch)
83:3154 Charnock, H. and A.M. Adye (eds.), 1982. Tech-
nolngy in the 1990's: the sea. (Symposium, 17-18 March 1982.) Phil Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499): 261-464; 11 papers.
422 F, General OLR (1983) 30 (5)
A wealth of information is provided on offshore structure design and development, defense appli- cations, ships and shipping, diving and submersibles, deep-sea drilling and mining, mariculture, remote sensing, energy potential, and organic resources as deemed technologically feasible for the 1990's. (ihz)
83:3155 Goodman. R.R., 1982. Defense applications of
marine technology. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499):289-293. SACLANT ASW Re- search Center, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 1/19026 San Bartolomeo (SP), La Spezia, Italy.
83:3156 Graham, C., 1982. The parameterisation and predic-
tion of wave height and wind speed persistence statistics for oil industry operational planning purposes. Coast. Engng, Amst,, 6(4):303-329.
A mathematical persistence model is described for prediction of wind speed/wave height persistence statistics; the model is based on a new concept which links *wind speed and sea state percentage proba- bility of exceedance with the persistence average duration.' Calibration and testing were performed using North Sea wind and wave data. Accuracy appears acceptable for oil industry preliminary planning purposes. Shell Intnl. Petroleum Maatsehappij B.V., The Hague, Netherlands. (jch)
83:3157 Mercier, J.A., 1982. Offshore structure design and
development. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499): 263-277.
Technology currently being applied to the design, construction, installation and operation of offshore structures for oil and gas exploration and production includes many examples of innovative configura- tions and approaches. This paper surveys some expected technological evolutions, with particular emphasis on deep-water applications. The problems of producing a thoroughly engineered yet econom- ical design are considered. Conoco (U.K.) Ltd., 116 Park St., London W1, UK.
83:3158 Moore, M.L. et al., 1982. [Marine construction.]
Special report. Offshore, 42(13):45-114; 3 papers.
This issue contains Offshore's annual survey and directory of construction barges and vessels (as well as jackup, pipelay, and combination barges; and shipshape vessels and semisubmersibles). Offshore platform construction projects are surveyed; some of the problems faced by engineers trying to design more economical structures are explored. (sir)
83:3159 Pennock, M.D., 1982. Technology in deep ocean
drilling. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499):331- 350.
Deep-water drilling technology for hydrocarbon exploration, employing floating vessels and marine risers (connecting the seabed to the surface), is discussed. Factors involved in well design are examined, including the effect of the seawater column above the seabed in reducing subsea rock strength. The importance of personnel, environmen- tal data, and logistics to safe, pollution-free efficient drilling is emphasized: future costs and technology are considered. British Petroleum Co. Ltd., Britannic House, Moor Lane, London EC2Y 9BU, UK.
83:3160 Swanson, R.C. and W.T. Jones, 1982. Mudslide
effects on offshore pipelines. Transpn Engng J., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 108(TE6):585-600. Shell Develop. Co., Houston, Tex., USA.
83:3161 Van Houweninge, G. and A. de Graauw, 1982. The
closure of tidal basins. Coast. Engng, Amst., 6(4):331-360.
A general discussion of the closing of tidal basins for purposes such as land reclamation, flood protection, fresh water reservoir establishment, etc., is presented, with examples from the Netherlands and South Korea. Various closure methods (e.g. sudden and gradual) are compared; seabed protection is dis- cussed. A case study illustrates a typical large-scale closure operation. Min. of Water Works, The Hague, Netherlands. (jch)
83:3162 Wortley, C.A., 1982. Ice engineering design of marine
pilings and piers. J. tech. Coun. ASCE, 108(TC2):200-213. Dept. of Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., USA.
F200. Diving, underwater habitats, etc.
83:3163 Christopher, P.R., 1982. Techniques in diving and
submersibles. Phil. Trans, R. Soc., (A)307(1499): 311-330.
Techniques are discussed that ambient-pressure divers and submersibles might use to carry out underwater tasks in the 1990's. Options, safe de- ployment, and aids to operations (communications, position fixing and tools for survey and work tasks)
OLR(1983)30(5) F. General 423
are considered for 2 depths, 140 and 480 m, representing present and possible future working depths for ambient-pressure divers; use of tech- niques at much greater depths is discussed in relation to feasible tasks. Supporting facilities, available and needed, also are covered. Admiralty Mar. Tech. Establishment, Portsmouth, UK.
F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B 3 5 0 - A t m o s p h e r i c po l lu t ion , C 2 1 0 - W a t e r pol lu t ion, E300-Effec ts of po l lu t ion)
83:3164 Menzie, C.A., 1982. The environmental implications
of offshore oil and gas activities. (Critical review.) Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(8):454A-472A.
Quantities and types of discharges associated with offshore oil and gas operations, monitoring re- quirements of each type of discharge, and laboratory and field studies are summarized. Chemicals most likely to cause toxic effects in marine organisms are apparently not metals but aromatic hydrocarbons. Offshore drilling operations may attract mobile megabenthos but diminish larval recruitment; pro- duction platforms, although serving as artificial reefs, may reduce macrobenthos in the immediate environment. EG&G Environ. Consultants, Wal- tham, Mass. 02254, USA. (mwf)
83:3165 Miller, Stanton, 1982. The marine environment: how
healthy are the oceans? Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(12):643A-644A.
According to a report issued by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollu- tion, the open seas are in good shape, although certain areas of the coastal zone are at risk. This overview concentrates on the effects of sewage, organochlorines, petroleum, metals, and radionu- clides (detailed in the 'UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 16'). Results of this study are encouraging; although general trends of contami- nation are apparent in certain locales, time exists to develop strategies to deal with growing problems. (dlf)
83:3166 Myers, L.H. (ed.), 1982. Environmental impact of
petroleum refining. Special issue. Environment int., 7(4):235-311; 8 papers.
This 76-page special issue treats the following topics: the survey and characterization of refinery waste pollutants, effects on aquatic organisms, treatment
of oily refinery waste, land treatment, sludge handling economics, spill source identification, and biodegradability of wastewater hydrocarbons. (jch)
ing at sea: time to call a halt. (Viewpoint.) Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(11):375-379.
Extraction of TiO 2 from ores has increased tre- mendously since it began replacing lead in paints, thereby creating a serious new environmental haz- ard. The most widely used method generates an enormous quantity of sulfuric acid and metal sulfate wastes, most being dumped into the sea. As the industry undeniably possesses the technology to treat the waste, the author calls for an end to such a destructive and irresponsible practice. (dlf)
83:3168 Rozanov, A.G., 1982. Estimation of ocean pollution
(U.N. Programme in the West African region). Okeanologiia, 22(4):590-594. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)
Information on types and volume of industrial pollutants, as well as on treatment and disposal of harmful wastes, was obtained for the West African coast (1980); prospects for industrial development were weighed as to possible effects on the envi- ronment. A number of coastal cities and regions are in need of constant control and increased measures for proper waste treatment and disposal. (jch)
F260. Resources, management, econom- ics
83:3169 Brady, N.C., 1982. Chemistry and world food sup-
plies. Science, 218(4575):847-853.
With the help both of chemicals to 'produce crop varieties [and] animal strains, and of associated technologies to overcome constraints such as insects and diseases, acid and alkaline soils, and droughts,' food production may be able to keep pace with the world's population, especially in areas where adverse soil conditions and climates exist. 'An optimistic outlook is justified.' U.S. AID, Washington, DC 20523, USA. (dgs)
83:3170 Cohen, R., 1982. Energy from the ocean. Phil. Trans.
R. Soc., (A)307(1499):405-437.
This overview of renewable ocean energy resources focuses on ocean thermal energy conversion. OTEC
424 F. General OLR(1983)30(5)
techniques, systems development , ava i lab le resources, by-products (e.g., nutrients and freshwater for mariculture), environmental concerns and com- mercial markets are summarized; costs are analyzed vis-a-vis those of other continuous electrical energy sources. The market penetration of OTEC in the 1990's is forecast; the global political effects of OTEC plant implementation are discussed. 8402 Donnybrook Dr., Chevy Chase, Md. 20815, USA. 0ch)
83:3171 Connell, J.J., 1982. Recent trends in fish science and
Worldwide developments over the past 2-3 yr. are considered. Scientific aspects cover flavors and odors, lipids, proteins, water, physical properties, nutrition, wholesomeness, and bacteriology. Tech- nological aspects cover underutilized species, recov- ery and use of edible flesh, protein preparation, and preservation techniques. Includes 146 references. Torry Res. Sta., Aberdeen, Scotland.
83:3172 Grant, P.T., 1982. Organic resources of the sea. Phil.
Trans. R. Soc., (A)307(1499):351-362.
Although fish for human consumption will continue to be the principal ocean resource, there are many other potential uses for marine organisms. This paper reviews scientific trends in marine biochem- istry, physiology, and microbiology that should point the way to promising areas of research and tech- nological development. One interesting prospect for human medicine lies in the fact that many biolog- ically active chemicals have been isolated from marine organisms. Inst. of Mar. Biochem., Natl. Environ. Res. Council, St. Fittick's Road, Aberdeen ABI 3RA, UK. (dlf)
The theme of these 15 articles is protected areas and ~the way different countries are attempting to resolve...sometimes conflicting aims--providing [rec- reational] benefits while protecting resources for the future.' Conservation areas have greatly increased since 1970. Four million square kilometers in 2611 conservation areas in 124 countries are listed in the U.N. List of National Parks and Equivalent Re- serves. Included are papers on Malaysia's mangroves and aquaculture, Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and the conservation of the Antarctic environment. Other areas covered range from the
lndomalayan Realm to the Eastern Palaearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical and Neotropical realms. (dgs)
F280. Policy, law, treaties
83:3174 France, Federal Republic of Germany, U.K. and
U.S., 1982 [Agreement concerning interim arrangements relating to polymetallie nodules of the deep sea bed. Done at Washington; entered into force September 2, 1982.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 21(5):950-962.
83:3175 Libya, and Malta, 1982. [Special agreement for the
submission to the International Court of Justice of a continental shelf dispute. Done at Vatletta May 23, 1976; entered into force March 20, 1982.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 21(5):971- 975.
83:3176 McDorman, T.L., 1982. Reservations and the Law of
the Sea Treaty. J. mar#. Law Commerce, 13(4): 481-519.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for including a no reservations clause in the UN Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea and the problems that may result from its inclusion in the final treaty. As background material, a thorough review of the negotiating history leading to the acceptance of the clause is provided. The purpose of a no reservations clause, to protect the integrity of a multilateral treaty, appears to be at cross-purposes with the principle of agreement by consensus worked out to make international treaties more widely acceptable, thus increasing the number of signato- ries. McDorman expects that reservations will be made despite the inclusion of a no reservations clause in the Law of the Sea Treaty, and he foresees great complexities and protracted negotiations in consequence. Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme, Halifax, NS, Canada. (dlf)
F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)
83:3177 Abelson, P.H., 1982. International science. (Edito-
rial.) Science, 218(4574):p.745.
International communication among scholars has been a cohesive force in Western culture at least
OLR(1983)30(5) F. General 425
since the Middle Ages. Even though we live at a time when preparedness for national defense is necessary, the author regrets the reduction in postdoctoral fellowship funds for scientists from other countries. Not only is the decrease inimical to the advancement of science, but it also diminishes the opportunity to promote the international amity that is afforded by interaction of the world's top scientists. (dlf)
83:3178 Cole, H.A., 1982. Economy and the quality of
research. (Editorial.) Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(11): 371-372.
When in an economic crisis it becomes necessary to reduce public expenditures, support for education (especially in science and technology) must be fully maintained, and cuts in research must be made with a full appreciation of their effects. In enumerating some of the consequences of U.K. research-related economic measures, the author holds that the quality of research cannot be maintained without the infusion of fresh ideas from young research workers and that vacancies must be held open for out- standing students. (dlf)
83:3179 Feyerabend, P.K., 1982. Science -political party or
instrument of research? Speculations Sci. Technol., 5(4):343-352.
If (as can be shown historically) 'the most hopeless idea may in the end become a basic scientific principle,' and 'even the most basic principle prove to be a silly mistake,' then science, when used as an arbiter of disputes on the directions it should take, is simply another political action committee. It has no greater claim to wisdom and its decision-making methods are no different from those of ordinary life: arbitrary, with irreversible and major consequences; incapable of making predictions about courses it didn't take. In a democracy, therefore, the general public must determine science policy. Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA. (fcs)
83:3180 Garfield, Eugene, 1982. Is public confidence in
science declining? Curr. Contents, ISI, 45:5-13,
It appears that the public's love affair with science is entering a period of disillusionment. Reasons for this change are discussed, and some steps scientists might take to allay the public's fears are outlined. Finally, 'scientists should be asking themselves whether public skepticism toward science is valid.' Inst. for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, Penn., USA. (fcs)
83:3181 La Follette, M.C., 1982. Science on television:
influences and strategies. Daedalus, Boston, 111(4):183-197.
When it comes to popularizing science, scientists and journalists both would appear to prefer print media to television. This may be due in part simply to an unfortunate early history--broadcasters regarded science as highbrow, and scientists resented the exaggerated and fictional images of science which the networks did permit. Whatever the reasons, a working relationship must be established. It is required that the public debate and vote on scientific and technological issues, and television is the only medium powerful enough to educate and inform the public at large. This article is one of a collection of 12 papers entitled "Print Culture and Video Culture" (published in this issue of Daedalus). (fcs)
83:3182 Levy-Leblond, J.-M., 1982. In praise of wrong
theories. Speculations Sci. Technol., 5(4):353-362. Phys. Theorique, Univ. de Nice, Parc Valrose, 06034 Cedex, France.
83:3183 Shapley, Deborah, 1982. Professional liability. Bi-
ologists at risk. Nature, Lond., 300(5891):392- 393.
A professional liability insurance policy is being offered now to members of some scientific societies. The new policy is billed as providing protection in situations where scientists normally do not have coverage, e.g. on outside consulting jobs; while employers such as universities usually assume lia- bility for employees' professional actions, such may not always be the case. (dlf)
83:3184 Smith, A.K., 1982. Scientists and public issues. Bull.
atom. Scient., 38(10):38-45.
A short history of the scientists' anti-bomb move- ment following World War II and its effects on present-day attitudes toward political activism is provided by the author of A Peril and a Hope. (fcs)
F320. Literature of science
83:3185 Abelson, P.H., 1982. Excessive zeal to publish.
Editorial. Science, 218(4576):p.953.
'A small but growing number of scientists have acted irresponsibly in their zeal to appear in print.' Their
426 F. General OLR (1983) 30 (5)
practices include simultaneous publication of the same work in more than one journal, multiple submission of manuscripts, and the re-publication of old work in new guise. Science, having 'been perhaps too lenient,' will join the growing number of journals now prepared to impose penalties for such practices. 'We will encourage reviewers to inform us about unethical behavior ]and] such reports will have a bearing on [the permissibility of] future submissions.' (fcs)
83:3186 Rassam, G.N. and J. Gravesteijn, 1982. Cross-
Texture and structure are terms widely employed by both American and French geologists. It so happens, however, that their usage in French is exactly the reverse of their usage in American English. Such distinctions abounded in the linguistic, cultural, scientific and computer problems associated with making bibliographic data fully transferable between the AGI 's GeoRef database and the CNRS's PAS- CAL-GEODE database. However, the exchange is now fully operational. GeoRef Information System, American Geol. Inst., Falls Church, Va. 22041, USA. (fcs)
F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)
The birth of plate tectonics theory, lunar samples from Apollo landings, intensified geochemical study of meteorites, and study of planetary and asteroidal surfaces through the unmanned space missions have led to continuous reappraisal of the history of the Earth. Here the evolution of mantle and crust is emphasized, along with the driving mechanisms of global tectonics. (mwf)
F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)
83:3189 Anderson, R.N., 1982. Call Alvin for hot science.
Nature, Lond., 300(5889):215-216.
The presence of hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Trough has been verified by researchers who found the largest oceanic methane anomaly ever recorded in the back-arc basin. Biologically and geologically the setting for vents in the Mariana Trough, located in the western Pacific above a subduction zone, is in sharp contrast to that for vents found in the East Pacific Rise close to a mid-ocean ridge. Future on-site visits by Alvin are expected to answer many of the more immediate questions, especially as to whether life abounds at these vents and, if so, what it is like. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (msg)
83:3190 Anonymous, 1982. [U.S. National Research Council]
Panel urges new drilling by Explorer. Geotimes, 27(12): 16-18.
Past advances and future challenges in the areas of paleoenvironment, composition and evolution of the Earth's crust, and active and passive margins have led this panel to strongly urge the continuation of NSF's Deep-Sea Drilling Program. The acquisition and conversion of Glomar Explorer, initially in a riserless mode and later with riser systems, is recommended as the most productive and cost- effective option (vs. refurbishing the smaller, older Glomar Challenger) for pursuance of the problem- oriented, increasingly integrated, drilling research program proposed for the next decade. (jch)
83:3191 Baudo, R., 1981. Chemical speciation of trace
elements in the aquatic environments: a literature review. Memorie Ist. ital. ldrobiol., 38:463-504. The 300 citations are accompanied by author and subject indexes.
83:3192 Gregg, M.C., 1982, Finestructure: oceanic 'kinks and
wiggles.' Nay. Res. Rev., 34(3):52-72.
The finestructure of the ocean is defined as 'a range of scales lying between the smaller structure directly involved in irreversible mixing and the larger features that characterize the mesoscale variability.' It is produced by small-scale turbulence, internal wave strain, and double diffusion, and is strongly affected by stratification. Finestructure observa- tional techniques, their capabilities and limitations
OLR(1983)30(5) F. General 427
are discussed. Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Wash- ington, Seattle, Wash., USA. (jch)
83:3193 Kerr, R.A., 1982. The fickleness of the deep sea.
Science, 218(4573):p.670.
For a hundred years, oceanographers have consid- ered deep ocean waters to be in dynamic equilib- rium; however, recent data indicate that the tem- perature and salinity of deep North Atlantic waters have altered during the past 2 decades. Under- standing the causes, probably ultimately atmos- pheric, of the small (0.02 ppt, 0.15 C °) but definite changes observed could contribute to increased knowledge of the mechanisms behind deep-sea circulation. (dlf)
The emergence of a new interdisciplinary research field became evident in April 1982 as a group of geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and biologists convened at a NATO Advanced Research Institute (Cambridge University) to review their understand- ing of hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers. The proceedings uncovered immense po- tential for continued development in basic and applied research. On one hand, 'the work has demonstrated that physical and chemical processes involved are quantitatively significant and has established a basis to interpret the role of those processes through geologic time'; on the other hand, one possibility is that 'the concentration of mineral deposits by hydrothermal processes provides both an analog to model ore-forming systems and a potential future resource.' The proceedings are expected to appear in mid-1983 as a NATO Conference Series volume. AOML, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Cause- way, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (dlf)
83:3195 Schoener, T.W., 1982. The controversy over inter-
specific competition. Am. Scient., 70(6):586-595.
Controversy over the importance of interspecific competition in nature has arisen in recent years, with certain ecologists still supporting competition theory, some advocating predation as more important than competition, and others stressing variable environ- ments over any strong biological interactions. Schoener outlines the historical origins of compe- tition theory, describes the progress of the contro- versy over the theory to date, and tries to strike a compromise view (skewed toward the importance of competition). Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616, USA. (mjj)
F390. Educational literature
83:3196 Carlisle, J.G. Jr., 1982. Artificial reefs off California:
an update. Sea Front, 28(6):339-343.
83:3197 Carson, H.L. et al., 1982. Hawaii: showcase of
evolution. Nat. Hist., 91(12):16-72; l0 papers.
Because the plant and animal species of the Hawai- ian Islands are unique, descended from life forms in other areas of the world and adapted to Hawaii's climate, they provide scientists a chance to watch 'the same processes that produced continental life...being rerun.' Most of this issue is devoted to Hawaii as a 'microcosm' of evolution. One author warns, however, that 'Hawaii's biological treasures face many threats' from development to introduced diseases and cannot be preserved in national parks alone. There is a liberal sprinkling of color photos. (dgs)
83:3198 Dudley, W.C., 1982. The secret of the chalk. Sea
Front., 28(6):344-349.
The nature of coccoliths is briefly outlined, including the history of their discovery, their formation inside algal cells, and their incorporation into nannofossil ooze which may evolve into chalk deposits. Due to the great historical variety of coccoliths, micro- paleontologists find them useful for dating the marine sediments in which they occur; they are also important primary producers in the food chain. (jch)
83:3199 Haley, Deiphine, 1982. Cetophilia. Pilgrimage to
whale country: San Juan Islands north of Puget Sound. Oceans, 15(6):22-26.
83:3200 Kester, D.R., 1982. An oceanographic study of warm
core rings. Maritimes, 26(4):9-11. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
83:3201 Koehl, M.A.R., 1982. The interaction of moving
water and sessile organisms. Scient. Am., 247(6): 124-134.
Examples of how various sessile organisms deal mechanically with slow- and fast-flowing waters in intertidal and subtidal areas are presented. Strength in terms of 'toughness' is evaluated for different biota in different habitats. Also considered is the effect of the 'shape, size and texture' of a sessile
428 F. General OLR (1983) 30 (5)
organism on the magnitude of the mechanical forces exerted on it by the flowing water. (ahm)
83:3202 Merrill, J.T., 1982. A mathematical model for atmos-
pheric transport. Maritimes, 26(4):6-8. Center for Atmos. Chem. Stud., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
Destined to serve as both home and laboratory to scientists, Western Regional Undersea Laboratory will be located off Santa Catalina Island, California. It will contain complete life-support facilities for six persons, wet and dry laboratories, and a diver entry and dressing area. WRUL will be available for 12-16 saturation missions per year (7-10 days each) beginning in late 1984.
83:3205 Simon, Cheryl, 1982. The globe in sharper focus. Sci.
News, Washington, D.C., 122(23):p.364.
Scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, have been able to use meas- urements (Seasat, 1978) of the sea surface to prepare maps of the seafloor, because the surface undulates in response to both gravity and bottom topography. The maps detail water depths and locate steep, small-scale features, in addition to providing new information on poorly surveyed areas such as the Louisville Ridge in the southwest Pacific. (hbf)
83:3206 Swift, Elijah V, 1982. The causes of fire in the sea.
Maritimes, 26(4):3-5. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
83:3207 Wells, S.M., 1982. Coral smugglers. (False wealth of
the reefs.) Oceans, 15(6):65-67.
Despite bans on the collection, sale and export of coral in the Philippines and an import ban on Philippine coral by the U.S., it is still being collected, jeopardizing the reefs which protect the coastline from erosion and tidal waves, provide a habitat for marine life and attract tourists. The author suggests a controlled coral fishery such as one planned for Hawaii that 'would require the establishment of appropriate quotas and minimum size limits for collectible colonies, zoning of areas where coral could be collected, and perhaps the licensing of collectors.' (dgs)
83:3208 White, Alan, 1982. Sumiion Park: a first [protected
area] for the Philippines. Sea Front., 28(6):p.370.
F420. Miscellaneous
83:3209 Anonymous, 1982. How large is the Universe?
Nature, Lond., 300(5887):p. 11.
Estimates of the Hubble constant have fluctuated frequently in recent decades, usually between 50 and 100 km s ~ per megaparsec. There is still much to be done to fix the value.
'When dealing with water, first experiment, then use judgment, ' said coastal engineer Leonardo da Vinci. Judgment is art, and art the theme of this lecture. There are a few of da Vinci's sketches and diagrams, and a 19th century painting entitled 'The Wave' by Alex Harrison which has been mistaken for a photograph. Breaking waves are depicted in art and science, and there is a series of diagrams and photos of the Sines breakwater--designed to withstand 20-m waves--and the damage to it after a storm. Hydraulics Res. Sta., Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. (fcs)
