268 OLR (1988) 35 (3)

of the anoxic waters. Benthic recolonization began immediately following the end of stagnation in late November; opportunistic polychaetes dominated the benthic biomass until spring of the following year. Fish diets were considerably altered. Inst. fur Meereskunde, Abt. Meeresbotanik, Dusterbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel, FRG. (sir)

88:1744 Weis, J.S., Richard Cohen and J.K. Kwiatkowsi,

1987. Effects of diflubenzuron on limb regen- eration and molting in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Aquat. Toxicol., 10(5-6):279-290. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Rutgers Univ., Newark, NJ 07102, USA.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology 88:1745

Brown, W.L. Jr., 1987. Punctuated equilibrium excused: the original examples fail to support it. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 31(4):383-404.

The four original stipulations of the definition of punctuated equilibrium are unsupported, even con- tradicted, by the two evidential examples: the trilobite Phacops rana of the Middle Devonian, and the land snail Poecilozonites bermuclensis of Late Pleistocene Bermuda. The much discussed example of Bellamya unicolor and accompanying suite of molluscan species of Pliocene-Recent African Lake Turkana also fails to exemplify punctuated equi- librium. The data produced for these cases appear to represent counter-examples to Mayr's paradigm of peripatric speciation, embraced as the central effec- tive mechanism. The data actually illustrate instead a prevailingly centrifugal pattern of speciation that will more realistically accommodate and explain episodic aspects of microevolution. Dept. of Entomol., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-0999, USA.

88:1746 Rieppel, Oliver, 1987. Punctuational thinking at odds

with Leibnizwand Darwin. Neues Jb. Geol. Pali~ont. Abh., 174(1):123-133.

'Uniformity' (of law, of process, of rate, of condi- tion) appears to be, no less today than in Charles Lyell's time, a philosophically-laden word that drives debates on metaphysical fundamentals in th~ study of nature. The syntax of uniformity is .traced backward from Lyell to Leibniz and DesCartes, and in some senses even to Augustine and earlier. It is traced forward to the time of Darwin, when it was still central to the then radical ideas of natural causality and determinism. Finally, it is used to give context to the debate between the gradualists and the punctuationalists, who hold points of view which, to this author, are philosophically irrecon- cilable in terms of their starting premises. (fcs)

E400. Books, collections (general)

88:1747 Ragan, M.A. and C.J. Bird (guest editors), 1987.

Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium. Hy- drobiologia, 151/152:590pp; 83 papers.

Following introductory addresses noting recent strides in the development of biotechnology and the aquaculture of seaweed, are the texts of two plenary lectures treating seaweed foods in Japan and the utilization of seaweed hydrocolloids in the food industry. The research is presented under the headings: marine algal genetics and genomes; production of Spirulina and other microalgae; applications of biotechnology to algae; economic aspects of seaweed cultivation: workshop on algal polysaccharides; morphology and taxonomy: ecol- ogy and distribution; resource assessment, devel- opment, and management; cultivation biology and techniques: physiology; chemical composition and properties; chemical structure and characteristics; and molecular biology and molecular genetics. (hbf)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

88:1748 Brown, R.H., W.H. Chapman, W.F. Hanna, C.E.

Mongan and J.W. Hursh, 1987. Inertial in- strument system for aerial surveying. Prof. Pap. U.S, geol. Surv., 1390:103pp.

A prototype inertial guidance system for aerial surveying is designed to measure continuously points along an aircraft flight path or a terrain profile to a positional accuracy of _+ 0.5 foot vertically and + 2 feet horizontally at the 90% reliability level. Thus, the system's objective is to accomplish rapidly and accurately from a fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft what traditionally would be accomplished from ground-

OLR ( 1988j 35 13) F. General 269

based topographic surveys combined with aerial photography and photogrammetry. The purpose of this report is to describe details of the system for the non-specialist geologist or engineer.

88:1749 Chua, L.O. (ed.), 1987. Special issue on chaotic

systems. Proc. IEEE, 75(8):982-1120; 9 papers.

'One of the basic tenets of science is that deter- ministic systems are predictable....The discovery of chaotic systems (strange behavior) has eliminated this viewpoint. Simply put, a chaotic system is a deterministic system that exhibits random behavior.' The chief goal of this special issue is to present a tutorial on chaos in nonlinear systems; all nine papers are written for the non-specialist. The first paper is a general tutorial; the first group, a collection of examples--circuits anyone can build which manifest chaos. The second group outlines the mathematical tools for analyzing and describing chaos. The third group discusses hardware and software for applying these mathematical tools. (fcs)

88:1750 Johnson, M.R., 1987. Fundamentals of microproc-

essor-based designs. Part I. InTech, 34(8):39-45.

This tutorial is designed for engineers familiar with electronic hardware and instrumentation, but un- familiar with microprocessor design and code. Part 1 provides overviews of programmed logic, micro- processor architecture, machine and assembly lan- guage code. Part 2 will look at language levels, data structures and applications. Idaho Natl. Engng Lab., EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID, USA. (fcs)

88:1751 Tenney, A.S. and Thomas Mabrey, 1987. Applying

sensors and transducers. Part 1. Applying mod- ern techniques to traditional sensors. Part 2. Smart sensing solutions. Chilton's I & CS, 60(8):21-28; 2 papers.

Sensors are often the chief limiting factor in process control as well as more general data-gathering tasks such as those facing environmental scientists. The articles here discuss two refinements in sensor technology. The first concerns the sensors them- selves and the enhanced sensitivity of thin-film and optical techniques. The other examines the capa- bilities of 'smart sensors' which execute, in-situ, calculation, calibration and correction functions. Leeds and Northrup Co., A Unit of Gen. Signal Corp., N. Wales, PA 19454, USA. (fcs)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)

88:1752 Lenz, J., G. Schneider, M. Elbr~ichter, P. Fritsche, H.

Johannsen and T. Weisse, 1985. Hydrographic, chemical and planktological data from the North- west African Upwelling area obtained from February to April 1983. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian-Albrechts-Univ., 140:105pp.

Zooplankton standing stock was investigated in relation to the hydrographic regime in the euphotic zones of 24 stations. Biomass and metabolism were determined in four size classes from 20-1000 ~m. Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, dry weight, C, N and P excretion were measured. Hydrographic parameters included T/S profiles, nutrients, oxygen, pH, alkalinity, and chl a concentrations. Inst. fur Meeresk., Abt. Mar. Planktol., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG. (llt)

88:1753 Osterroht, Christoph, Alfred Wenck, Klaus Krem-

ling and Klaus Gocke, 1985. Chemical, plank- tological, and microbiological investigations at an anchor station in Kiel Bight during 1981/1982. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian-Albrechts-Univ., 141:15pp,75 tables.

The roles of phytoplankton activity and exudates and of microheterotrophs in biochemical processes involved in trace metal complexation were inves- tigated. Parameters determined were S, T, chl a, cell numbers, nutrients, phytoplankton composition and carbon (PPC) content, Cu species, DFAA, car- bohydrates and DOC. Seasonal differences included low planktonic activity in winter; diatom blooms in spring; a planktonic lag-phase, low PPC concen- tration and small cell numbers in summer; and dinoflagellate blooms in autumn. Carbohydrate, DFAA and Cu values appeared unrelated to phy- toplankton activity. Inst. fur Meeresk., Dustern- brooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel, FRG.

88:1754 Smith, V.R., 1987. The environment and biota of

Marion Island. S. Aft. J. Sci., 83:211-220.

Geologically, climatologically and biologically, Mar- ion Island (40°54"S, 37°45"E) is typically sub- Antarctic in character. Physical and biological features are described and special characteristics of the sub-Antarctic region are highlighted. The iso- lation under which the island ecosystem evolved has resulted in a depauperate biota and made it suscep- tible to the introduction of alien plants and animals

270 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (3)

by man. Conservation issues are discussed against the background of a recent proposal to construct a landing-strip. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.

F160. Applied oceanography 88:1755

Lakhan, V.C. and A.V. Jopling, 1987. Simulating the effects of random waves on concave-shaped nearshore profiles. Geogr. A nnlr, 69A(2): 251-269.

Two-dimensional laboratory experiments and recent computer simulation models have recognized that when an initial profile with a plane slope is affected by waves of a given character its shape changes over time to resemble that of a barred or nonbarred configuration. With that in mind, a simulation model originally designed by one of the authors to study waves and tides in the coastal environment is extended here to study the effects of randomly varying waves and tides on concave-shaped near- shore profiles. Lau and Travis' (1973) claim that there is theoretical support for a process/form relationship between bar occurrences and the near- shore slope is also examined. In order to achieve more realistic and dependable model results than those obtained by other investigators concerned with nearshore profile changes, the model outlined here takes into account the essential hydrodynamics of wave motion, together with the best available principles of onshore-offshore sedimentation. Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of Windsor, Canada.

88:1756 Wu, Chih, 1987. A performance bound for real OTEC

heat engines. Ocean Engng, 14(4):349-354.

Maximum power and efficiency at the maximum power of an irreversible OTEC heat engine are treated. When time is explicitly considered in energy exchanges between the heat engine and its sur- roundings, there is a bound on the efficiency of the real OTEC heat engine at the maximum power condition. This bound can guide evaluation of existing OTEC systems or influence design of future OTEC heat engines. Dept. of Mech. Engng, U.S. Naval Acad., Annapolis, MD 21402, USA.

FI70. Engineering and iadustry

88:1757 Wiegel, R.L. and M.J. Doyle Jr., 1987. Cooling by

ocean water: model/field comparison. Shore Beach, 55(3-4):38-53.

Only a few examples exist of waste heat studies in which hydraulic model projections have later been compared in detail with the actual performance of a waste heat discharge facility. However, reported here (in overview) is the work of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company on waste heat discharge from two coastal thermo-electric generating plants in Diablo Canyon, California. These studies are believed by the authors 'to be the most complete yet...of the mixing of a shoreline discharge into the open ocean of a very large quantity of heated water.' Dept. of Civ. Engng, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA, USA. (fcs)

F200. Diving, underwater habitats, etc.

88:1758 Nakayama, H., T. Murai and S.K. Hong, 1987.

Seadragon Vh a 7-day dry saturation dive at 31 ATA. I. Objectives, design, and scope. Undersea biomed. Res., 14(5):377-459; 8 papers.

Four male divers from the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center spent 7 days inside a hyperbaric chamber at 31 ATA (equivalent to 300 m in the ocean) breathing a helium-oxygen mixture. Twelve additional days were spent in decompres- sion, and 3 more (inside the chamber) for post-dive control measurements. Results of the physiological studies are reported here, and include (1) circadian changes in renal-endocrine function, (2) cardio- vascular endocrine responses, (3) erythrocyte func- tions, and (4) blood enzyme profiles. Univ. of Occupational and Environ. Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. (fcs)

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

88:1759 Bidwell, Robin et al., 1987. Risk assessment, risk

management, and environmental decision making. Special issue. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 7(1):88pp; 7 papers.

A major study by Environmental Resources Ltd. which utilized a critical review of 18 case studies apd a detailed survey of management approaches and decision-making to develop a strategy for handling risky, environmentally sensitive decisions is de- scribed. Three of the case studies presented in detail consider potential dioxin emissions from a New York City resource recovery facility, siting for a liquified natural gas facility in Boston Harbor, and

OLR (1988) 35 (3) F. General 271

the controversy over the use of carbaryl to control gypsy moth infestations in Massachusetts. A failed attempt to mediate a dispute over dioxin emissions from a Philadelphia facility is also analyzed. (hbf)

88:1760 Caulton, Eric and Marina Mocogni, 1987. Prelim-

inary studies of man-made litter in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(8):446- 450. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Napier Coll., Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland.

88:1761 Houston, S.L. and H.-D. Lin, 1987. A thermal

consolidation model for pelagic clays. Mar. Geotechnol., 7(2):79-98. Dept. of Cir. Engng, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

88:1762 Konkel, R.S., 1987. Risk management in the United

States. Liquified natural gas: spectre of a marine spill in Boston Harbor. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 7(1):57-65.

Construction of a liquified natural gas import terminal started in 1969, began operations in 1979, and was fully operational by 1972. The Federal Power Commission's decision on its operating and construction license, the risk assessment, risk man- agement decision, and fragmentation of decision- making responsibilities are described, and an eval- uation made of the final decision. (hbf)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

88:1763 Costanza, Robert and H.E. Daly (eds.), 1987.

Ecological economics. Special issue. EcoL Model., 38(1-2):190pp; 11 papers.

This issue emphasizes the need for combining ecology and economics to achieve better manage- ment and maintenance of natural resources. The lead article summarizes the concepts common to the remaining papers that cover the more important theoretical issues of ecological economics: sustain- ability; inter- and intra-species distribution of wealth; discounting and intergenerational justice; and non-monetized values, imprecision, and uncer- tainty. The balance of the articles are subdivided according to: neoclassical perspective; classical, Marxist, and biophysical perspectives; and appli- cat ions-case studies aimed at integration. Coastal Ecol. Inst., Center for Wetland Resour., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. (hbf)

88:1764 D'Elia, C.F. and J.G. Sanders, 1987. Viewpoint.

Scientists don't make management decisions (and why we wish that sometimes we did...). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(8):429-434.

This article looks at the 'Management Structure' mandated by the Chesapeake Bay Agreement signed by the bay's surrounding states. The case is made that the management structure is too cumbersome to function well, and that its administrators either don't understand or they ignore the scientific input to the debates now running. Two examples are discussed: (1) the controversy of the relative importance of nitrogen and phosphorus discharge control to con- taining bay eutrophication, and (2) the decision to continue using EPA standardized analytical methods when these have been shown to be inadequate. Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Univ. of Maryland, Center for Environ. and Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD, USA. (fcs)

88:1765 Ford, Jesse and B.L. Bedford, 1987. The hydrology of

Alaskan wetlands, U.S.A.: a review. Arctic and Alpine Res., 19(3):209-229.

Alaska's wetland resources are vast and the literature on them is sparse. This review focuses on hydro- logical function, particularly hydrologic inputs to and outputs from wetlands, and the influence of wetlands on peak flow regulation. The influence of several characteristic high-latitude phenomena (per- mafrost, glaciers, and seasonal stream icings) on overall water balance and the volume, areal distri- bution, rate, and timing of water release are discussed. Measured annual precipitation exceeds calculated annual evapotranspiration in most areas of the state, creating conditions suitable for devel- opment of ombrotrophic wetlands; during snowmelt, the principal event in the annual hydrologic cycle, wetland soils typically have high ice contents and probably do not contribute significantly to either flood storage or groundwater recharge. The exis- tence of permafrost is critical to the existence and functioning of much of the areal extent of wetlands in the state. The implications for wetlands man- agement are discussed. Environ. Res. Lab., U.S. EPA, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.

88:1766 Ingram, Brad and Steve Grabacki, 1987. Offshore oil

impacts on the Bering Sea fishing industry. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 7(2): 109-124.

A summary of the various assessment techniques and their applicability for evaluating the effects of offshore oil and gas development on the commercial fishing industry in the Bering Sea is presented.

272 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (3)

Models for predicting trawl and crab pot gear loss, vessel collisions, and loss of catch due to usurpation of space were developed and a review of analogous situations in other parts of the world was under- taken. The results, stated in objective terms, indi- cated that impact on labor force and vessels would be minimal, but that some conflict could occur for fish processing labor and community and support services. (hbf)

88:1767 Meltzoff, S.K., 1986. The social and political economy

of coastal zone management: shrimp marieulture in Ecuador. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(4):349-380. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 gickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.

88:1768 Quinby-Hunt, M.S., D. Sloan and P. Wilde, 1987.

Potential environmental impacts of closed-cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 7(2): 169-198.

Environmental effects, particularly in the coastal zone, in the vicinity of closed-cycle OTEC operating systems, which use large flows of ocean water, are reviewed. It is concluded that such systems can be designed 'to be a relatively benign technology when compared with conventional energy production methods.' Points of concern include: working fluid releases; air and water quality degradation; artificial upwelling; destruction of habitats; discharges; biota attraction; impingement and entrainment; alteration of wave and current conditions and sediment transport; social, economic, and aesthetic changes; ciguatera outbreaks, and credible accidents. (hbf)

8~: 1769 Silva, Maynard and lngrid Desilvestre, 1986. Marine

and coastal protected areas in Latin America: a preliminary assessment. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(4):311-348.

One approach to coastal and marine area man- agement is establishment of protected areas. Under the general rubric of 'marine reserves,' the Latin American experience with this strategy is examined. All Latin American nations have, to a varying extent, declared marine parks and protected areas. A table, organized by country, lists most national or state declared parks or reserves. Sources or uses 'managed' by marine reserves, management ap- proaches, uses, and problems identified in achieving objectives are reviewed. Mar. Policy and Ocean Mgmt. Center, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

88:1770 Thorhaug, Anitra, 1987. Large-scale seagrass res-

toration in a damaged estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(8):442-446.

This investigation in Biscayne Bay, Florida describes four large scale implementation attempts using three species and two restoration techniques per area. Success in large scale implementation survival occurred in phases III and IV. Animals ranging from commercial fisheries species to food chain animals rapidly recolonized. If the United Nations' value of >$187,000 per hectare for seagrasses is assessed, a value of $9 million has been re-established by creating productive bay bottom in areas which have lain barren for many decades. Less than 10% of the value was spent for planting (including test plot studies). Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida Internatl. Univ., Miami, FL 33199, USA.

88:1771 Titus, J.G., 1986. Greenhouse effect, sea level rise,

and coastal zone management. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(3):147-172.

Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other gases are expected to warm the Earth several degrees in the next century by a mechanism known as the greenhouse effect, which could cause sea level to rise two to five feet, melt mountain glaciers, and perhaps eventually cause polar glaciers to melt and slide into the oceans. A rise in sea level of even three feet could cause substantial erosion of beaches and coastal wetlands, increased flooding, and intrusion of saltwater into rivers, bays, and aquifers. Although many adverse consequences could be avoided by taking timely measures, many coastal zone managers are reluctant to take these measures until the prospect of sea level rise becomes more certain. The implications of sea level rise and appropriate anticipatory measures are discussed. EPA, Wash- ington, DC, USA.

88:1772 Wilcoxen, P.J., 1986. Coastal erosion and sea level

rise. Implications for ocean beach and San Francisco's westside transport project. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 14(3):173-192. Dept. of Eco- nomics, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

F280. Policy, law, treaties 88:1773

Aurrocoechea, I. and J.S. Pethick, 1986. The coast- line: its physical and legal definition. Int. J. estuar, coast. Law, 1(1):29-42.

OLR (1988) 35 (3) F. General 273

The low-water mark, the commonly accepted coastal baseline, is in actuality 'a theoretical and vacillating concept.' The problem of a precise definition for this baseline is examined from the standpoints of pertinent legal provisions and the physical factors controlling the position of the interface between land and sea. A synthesis of these considerations is needed before a less ambiguous, internationally acceptable baseline can be established. An appendix lists the accepted low-water mark for individual western European countries. Faculty of Law, Univ. of Hull, UK. (hbf)

88:1774 Barisich, A.P., 1987. The protection of the sea: a

European Community policy. Int. J. estuar, coast. Law, 2(1):1-9.

The measures required to obtain European Com- munity policy objectives for the marine environ- ment--its protection and improvement, recovery where necessary, and means for combating acci- dental pollution--are discussed. The need for effec- tive supervisory action and a campaign to heighten public awareness are stressed. Principal Admin., DG 1 l, Comm. of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium. (hbf)

88:1775 Belgium, Canada, Italy, Netherlands and

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1987. Agreement on the preservation of the confiden- tiality of data concerning deep seabed areas. [Done at Moscow, December 5, 1986; entered into force upon signature.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 26(4): 1045-1047.

88:1776 Burton, T., 1987. The Control of Pollution Act 1974,

Part II: the extension of control to all discharges to UK tidal waters. Int. J. estuar, coast. Law, 2(1):10-19. Faculty of Law, Univ. of Hull, UK.

88:1777 Crawford, Mark, 1987, Landmark ozone treaty

negotiated. Science, 237(4822): 1557.

A treaty developed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program and signed by 23 of the 51 participating nations, will cut worldwide consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 50% by 1999. CFCs are a suspected cause of the depletion of the ozone layer. If ratified by 11 nations, the treaty will take effect on 1 January 1989, thereby freezing domestic consumption of CFCs (as of July 1990) at 1986 levels in participating countries. While the treaty marks an important first step, further cuts in

CFC use will be necessary if the ozone layer is to be fully protected. (wbg)

88:1778 Dickson, David, 1987. Britain centralizes science

policy-making. Science, 237(4822): 1562-1563.

Partly as a result of a 1986 report by a H6use of Lords committee, concluding that science in the United Kingdom was fragmented and underfunded, Britain has reorganized the way science pol~icy will be made. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher will be at the head of the new system which will centralize government support for all science. In this capacity, she will receive advice from private sector research managers and chief executives. Three items on the agenda for the new committee's first meeting are whether Britain should (1) pull out of CERN, (2) increase its subscription to the European Space Agency, and (3) continue substantial support for nuclear research. (wbg)

88:1779 Eichenberg, Tim and Jack Archer, 1987. The federal

consistency doctrine: coastal zone management and 'new federalism.' Ecology Law Q., 14(1):9-68.

The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), created to allow the states to 'manage, protect, and develop the resources of the nation's coastal areas' through coastal management programs, formulated by the individual states and approved by the federal government, is being challenged on many fronts. The CZMA's consistency requirement, including the concept of federal consistency and legislative his- tory, the practice of federal consistency, and the impact of the consistency provisions for both state and federal interests are described and reviewed. Adverse court decisions, supported by NOAA and the Department of Commerce, may 'relegate the states to an advisory role in the management of their coastal areas.' Mar. Pol. and Ocean Mgmt. Center, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (hbf)

88:1780 Foster, S.E., 1987. Coastal improvements in the USA:

the consequences for public navigation rights of the decision in Kaiser Aetna v US. Int. J. estuar. coast. Law, 2(2):67-85. Dept. of Legal Studies, Trent Polytech., Nottingham, UK.

88:1781 Haskell, R.J. Jr., 1987. Abandoning whale conser-

vation initiatives in Japan Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society. Harvard environ. Law Rev., 11(2):551-591.

274 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (3)

The history behind the U.S. Supreme Court's decision against imposing trade sanctions against Japan for its harvesting of endangered species of whales is examined with respect to the role of Congress in formulating the cc-ntested legislation to protect and preserve marine species, the background to the Court's decision, and the decision's impact on international conservation efforts. It is concluded that Congress must now act to reverse this situation. (hbf)

88:1782 Lowe, A.V., 1986. Reflections on the waters: changing

conceptions of property fights in the Law of the Sea. Int. J. estuar, coast. Law, 1(1):1-14.

In this introductory paper to the first issue of a new journal, the 'new' Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) is placed within the broad perspective of its inter- national, 'almost revolutionary' impact. It is argued that property rights have shifted from the exclusive interests of the proprietor to rights restricted by the interests of other states and that the determination of boundaries has shifted from an historical basis to an 'end-result' basis, leading to the stewardship, rather than the proprietorship, of the marine resources within the boundaries of the owner. Faculty of Law, Univ. of Manchester, UK. (hbf)

88:1783 Mexico, 1986. Law concerning maritime zones.

[December 20, 1985.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 25(4):889-906.

88:1784 Sutherland, W.M., 1986. Coastal state co-operation in

fisheries: emergent regional custom in the South Pacific. Int. J. estuar, coast. Law, 1(1):15-28.

Since its creation in 1979, the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency has achieved a 'laudable degree of success' in managing the living marine resources within its bounds. Its achievements 'may well point the way to important contributions to the progres- sive development of the law.' Unlike the Law of the Sea, the agency includes highly migratory species within its scope. Although distant water fishing nations may become Parties to the Convention, none have been admitted to date. Univ. of So. Pacific, Suva, Fiji. (hbf)

88:1785 United Nations, 1986. Committee on the Peaceful

Uses of Outer Space draft principles on remote sensing. [June 13, 1986.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 25(5): 1331-1336.

88:1786 United Nations (Convention on the Law of the Sea),

1986. Understanding of the Preparatory Com- mission for the International Sea-bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for proceeding with deep sea-bed mining applications and resolving disputes of overlapping claims of mine sites. [Reached during meeting of August l 1-September 5, 1986.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 25(5): 1326-1330.

88:1787 U.S. (and certain Pacific Island States), 1987. Treaty

on fisheries. [Done at Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, April 2, 1987.] Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater., 26(4): 1048-1095.

88:1788 U.S. (Panel on the Law of Ocean Uses), 1987. U.S.

policy on the settlement of disputes in the Law of the Sea. Reprinted in: Am. J. int. Law, 81(2): 438-442.

88:1789 U.S. (Supreme Court), 1986. U.S. Supreme Court

decision in Japan Whaling Association et al. v American Cetacean Society et al.. (International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; U.S. Enforcement Legislation; Foreign Affairs Im- plications) [June 30, 1986]. (The dissenting opinion, filed by Justice Marshall and joined by Justices Brennan, Blackmun and Rehnquist also appears here.) Reprinted in: Int. leg. Mater, 25(6): 1587-1602.

88:1790 Yanagida, J.A., 1987. The Pacific salmon treaty. Am.

J. int. Law, 81(2):577-592.

The 1985 U.S.-Canada Pacific Salmon Treaty, the culmination of fourteen years of bilateral negoti- ations, 'represents a balance of the fishing and conservation interests of four U.S. states, 24 U.S. treaty Indian tribes, one province, and one territory.' The treaty itself, the U.S. Pacific Salmon Treaty Act of 1985 and the Confederated Tribes have created several new institutions that are the subject of this article. It is concluded that the success of the treaty is not assured; its ambitious nature, the responsi- bilities assumed by new institutions, the varied approaches adopted for implementation, the use of local power in lieu of federal regulation, and the careful judgment required in the application of the equity principle will require much thought and common sense. (hbf)

OLR (1988) 35 (3) F. General 275

F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)

88:1791 Glen, William, 1987. Heresiarchs, converts, and

disciples: silver anniversary celebration of plate tectonics. Palaios, 2(2): 199-201.

1987 marks the 75th anniversary of Alfred Wegener's first paper on continental drift, the 50th anniversary of Du Toit's Our Wandering Continents, and the 25th of Harry Hess' History of Ocean Basins, which marks, in print, the modern revival of an idea 'disdained from birth' that now unifies the study of the earth. The report here is an historic gathering of the 'makers of earth science's modern revolution' at Texas A&M University. Some of those who re- counted the early days: Robert Dietz, Jim Heirtzler, Fred Vine, Tuzo Wilson, Xavier Le Pichon and Seiya Uyeda. USGS, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. (fcs)

88:1792 Greene, M.T., 1985. History of geology. OSIRIS,

(2nd series)l:97-116.

'The history of geology is the youngest branch of the professional history of science, a discipline that may be defined as history written by historians for historians.' The history of the history of geology (written largely by geologists) is reviewed. Some promising research topics are identified, and ref- erence collections and sources are discussed at length. 'Most history of science today is hostage to the belief that if one knows the history of physics, one understands how science is done, and, in some particularly deep sense, what all science is. This is simply not true....[geologists have often proceeded] viably, bravely...correctly in defiance of the "known" laws of physics.' 15495 Sunrise Dr. N.E., Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA. (fcs)

88:1793 Harrison, Edward, 1987. Commentary. Whigs, prigs

and historians of science. Nature, Lond., 329(6136):213-214.

'The notion that scientists have little interest in the origins of their subject is of recent vintage, con- cocted, one suspects, by historians defending new territory.' Moreover, the notion of some science historians that the history of science is properly examined only in the context of its own time (in contrast to the subjective whig approach of tracing and interpreting the development of ideas in light of

present-day knowledge) is simply priggish. Science and the opinions of its current practitioners are not to be excluded from their own history by a form of scholarly chauvinism. Dept. of Phys. and Astron., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA. (fcs)

88:1794 Kohlstedt, S.G. and M.W. Rossiter (eds.), 1985.

Historical writing on American science. OSIRIS, (2nd series)l:321pp; 20 papers.

Assembled here are a set of essays 'offering exciting perspectives and prospects for a field of scholarship that has triumphantly come of age.' The essays, reviews and overview are divided into three sections. 'Classic Themes' examines the relationship of science to medicine, religion, institutions, and government. A 'Specialties' section examines historical analyses of geology, astronomy, chemistry, biology, physics and sociology. 'Newer Areas' looks at the rela- tionship of science to technology, war and policy- making. A final paper discusses the reference works, special collections and archives of interest to the science historian. (fcs)

88:1795 Moskowitz, Saul, 1987. The world's first sextants.

Navigation, Washington D.C., 34(1):22-42.

The problem of determining longitude at sea to an accuracy of 0.5 ° was solved by the world's first navigation sextant, made in 1757 by Londoner John Bird. The history, mechanical design and scale division of the five surviving instruments made by Bird (one owned by the author) are discussed, and photographs of all five are presented. Historical Tech., Inc., Marblehead, MA, USA. (llt)

F340. Biographies, obituaries, etc.

88:1796 Wiegel, R.L. et al., 1987. Tributes to Morrough P.

O'Brien: working solutions, shore and beach. Shore Beach, 55(3-4):135pp; 24 papers.

This symposium honors the pioneer coastal engineer, Morrough P. O'Brien, who was a professor and dean at University of California, Berkeley, from 1928 to 1959. Most of the papers concern coastal engineering in overview, particularly, natural processes on the coast. The first five are biographical, and cover O'Brien's own contributions to the field, his influ- ence on engineering education and his impact on Berkeley. (fcs)

276 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (3)

F360. Science education

88:1797 Boxer, Sarah, 1987. Will creationism rise again?

Discover, 8(10):80-85.

The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected a Louisiana law that required public schools teaching 'evolution science' to teach 'creation science' also. The question now is whether this decision will end attempts by creationists to use the government's resources to achieve a religious purpose, as some believe it will, or whether the creationists will continue to adapt to adversity and survive to fight another day. Crea- tionist leaders, whose thinking is presented here in some detail, vow to fight on. (wbg)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

88:1798 Venrick, E.L., J.A. McGowan, D.R. Cayan and T.L.

Hayward, 1987. Climate and chlorophyll a: long-term trends in the central North Pacific Ocean. Science, 238(4823):70-72.

Since 1968 a significant increase in total chlorophyll a in the water column during the summer in the central North Pacific has been observed. A con- comitant increase in winter winds and a decrease in SST suggest that long-period fluctuations in atmos- pheric characteristics have changed the carrying capacity of the central Pacific epipelagic ecosys- tem.®1987 by AAAS. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

88:1799 Bell, Andrew, 1987. Mystery of the Antarctic 'ozone

hole'. Ecos, 52:7-9.

The annually recurring reduction in stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic began in 1979 and reached a low of 50% of its former level in 1985. In 1986, a mild recovery occurred. So far, the decrease is restricted to high latitudes, but is it a harbinger of things to come in the lower latitudes? The large number of theories can be grouped into three: the CFC theory (which says man-made propellants/re- frigerants are to blame); the dynamical theory based on changes in temperature and stratospheric cir- culation; and the solar activity theory. Each is supported by data and proponents, yet each seems flawed. (wbg)

88:1800 Cann, Joe and Ros Strens, 1987. Venting events in

hot water. [Report.] Nature, Lond., 329(6135): p. 104.

Baker, Massoth, and Feely (1987) have reported the discovery of a huge, short-lived thermal anomaly in the deep ocean waters of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, which they attribute to the simultaneous injection of magma and fissuring during a spreading event that allowed the sudden escape of very hot hydrothermal fluid. However, the relative chemical maturity of the fluid, which contained large grains of anhydrite, chalcopyrite, and amorphous silica, and the enor- mous amount of transporting hea t - -more than 7 × 10 ~6 J above ambient seawater--suggest that such surges may be part of a cyclic pattern produced by an instability that results from 'rapid, non-linear changes in the physical properties of seawater at about 400°C at subseafloor pressures.' Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, NEI 7RU, UK.

88:1801 Hut, Piet et al., 1987. Comet showers as a cause of

mass extinctions. Nature, Lond., 329(6135):118- 126.

If at least some mass extinctions are caused by impacts, why do they extend over intervals of one to three million years and have a partly stepwise character? The solution may be provided by multiple cometary impacts. Astronomical, geological and palaeontological evidence is consistent with a causal connection between comet showers, clusters of impact events and stepwise mass extinctions, but it is too early to tell how pervasive this relationship may be. Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.

88:1802 Kerr, R.A., 1987. A better fit for the plate tectonic

puzzle. Science, 238(4823):p.30.

A new model of global plate motion developed at Northwestern University reduces the San Andreas discrepancy (the difference between direct, land- based measures of recent plate motion and indirect, marine measures of movement during the past few million years) and its associated seismic hazard. The model involves two changes from the Minster and Jordan (1978) standard model: (1) the rate of ocean crust formation in the Gulf of California has been revised in the light of new evidence and (2) a 10% error in calculating the relative motion of the Pacific and North American plates has been corrected. While the discrepancy in strike-slip motion is now smaller (by a factor of 2), enough still remains to produce seismic activity. (wbg)

OLR (1988) 35 (3) F. General 277

88:1803 Mackinnon, I.D.R., 1987. Micrometeorites: secrets

of black dust revealed. [Report.] Nature, Lond, 328(6132):670-671.

Detailed chemical and petrographic analysis of six types of cryoconite found on the Greenland ice cap confirm its extraterrestrial origin and suggest that the Greenland grains, which fall into a larger size range than previously observed, are unaffected by entry into the atmosphere, making them of increased interest because they are more amenable to isotope and trace element analysis and because they seem to represent the original mineralogy of extraterrestrial cryoconite. Although their origin remains a matter of debate, the investigators suggest that they were derived from the non-volatile fraction of dark cometary nucleii. Dept, of Geol., Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. (hbf)

88:1804 Merrill, R.T., 1987. Use and abuse of [paleomagnetic]

intensity data. [Report.] Nature, Lond., 329(6136): 197-198.

Although magnetic directions in rocks have been used to infer details of the Earth's magnetic field, global tectonics, stratigraphy, and paleoclimate, paleointensity measurements have found no appli- cation to date. Now C.J. Hale (1987) has reported detecting a significant increase in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field between 2.7 and 2.1 Gyr, which he interprets as the result of major changes in heat transfer within the Earth. At the same time, D. Walton (1987) has raised questions challenging the accuracy of paleointensity measurements in general. The problems involved in obtaining paleointensity measurements, which are the basis for these dissim- ilar views, are summarized. Dept. of Geophys., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. (hbf)

88:1805 Morgan, Charles, 1987. A contemporary mass ex-

tinction: deforestation of tropical rain forests and faunal effects. Palaios, 2(2):165-171.

Tropical rain forests contain an estimated 50% of the Earth's total biotic species, but occupy, at present, only 7% of the Earth's surface. In the last 100 years, about 30% of the total rain forest area has been lost to deforestation, and the loss of such habitats continues almost unabated. Within less than 200 years it can be expected that roughly half of the mammalian genera and families within these forests will be lost forever, making the event comparable to other catastrophic mass extinctions. If forest clearing is not arrested we shall be able to witness and study first hand a mass extinction event. Coll. of Environ.

Sci. and Forestry, SUNY, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. (fcs)

88:1806 Peterson, Ivars, 1987. Forest fires, barnacles and

trickling oil. Sci. News, Washington, D.C, 132(14):220-223.

The spread of a forest fire, the propagation of a population of immobile barnacles, and the perco- lation of a pool of oil through a bed of sand or clay, are all similar in that they can be modeled and computer simulated using an 'interacting particle system.' The goal of these new mathematical models is to ascertain how the many different ways the individual elements in a system can combine affect the outcome of complex processes. There may be implications for understanding the spreading mech- anisms of infectious diseases, forest fires, and plant species. (wbg)

88:1807 Saffo, M.B., 1987. [Overview.] New light on sea-

weeds. Bioscience, 37(9):654-664.

Engelmann's hypothesis on the effect of light variability (particularly spectral changes) on seaweed zonation is described and challenged. Both field and laboratory investigations have shown that seaweeds respond more to the level of irradiance than to the spectral range and that depth distribution is not strictly related to the type of photosynthetic pig- ments utilized. For example, although red algae should be best suited to inhabit the greatest depths according to Engelmann's hypothesis, other types are found at greath depths, and red algae are found in shallow and intertidal as well as deep habitats. Apparently, a number of factors, including light, influence seaweed zonation. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. (gsb)

88:1808 Spencer, D.W., 1987. Ocean chemistry: its central

role in the evolution of the Earth. Chem. int., 9(5): 196-205.

CHEMRAWN is the acronym for 'Chemical Re- search Applied to World Needs.' It is the organizing theme for a series of conferences sponsored by 1UPAC, the fourth of which is entitled 'Modern Chemistry and Chemical Technology Applied to the Ocean and its Resources.' The conference was held in Colorado in October, 1987; its chief mission was to 'stimulate the interaction between ocean chemists and pure and applied chemists.' This paper is adapted from the proposal for CHEMRAWN (V)

278 F. General OLR (1988)35 (3)

and provides a comprehensive overview of ocean geochemistry, its role in global geochemistry, and current research needs. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (fcs)

88:1809 Taylor, S.R., 1987. The origin of the moon. Am.

Scient., 75(5):468-477.

Collision of a Mars-sized body with the Earth about 4.4 billion years ago would have resulted in the ejection of a molten disk of material that would quickly accrete to form the moon. This hypothesis now represents 'something approaching consensus.' All that is presently known of the moon is given an overview in this article. Res. School of Earth Sci., Australian Natl. Univ., Canberra 2601, Australia. (fcs)

F390. Educational literature

88:1810 Cobb, C.E., Bob Sacha and Richard Olsenius

(photographers), 1987. The Great Lakes' troub- led waters. Natn. geogr., 172(1):2-31.

The Great Lakes constitutes an aquatic ecosystem that rivals the continent's oceanic shores in size (8000 miles of coastline, 95,000 square miles in area

and 95% of the total surface freshwater in the U.S.). Yet, despite their beauty and majesty and perhaps because of their service as playground (for boaters, campers, sunbathers) and transportation system (for the ore and grain from America's heartland), they are now in serious trouble. The problems faced by these enormous natural reservoirs includb evapo- ration; wind-borne toxics; erosion; sediments and dredging; runoff and leaching; marine ..invaders; wind setup (or storm surge); and seiche. (wbg)

88:1811 Hutchinson, R.J., 1987. Transforming the sea wind.

For modern windmills the seacoast is an ideal location. Oceans, 20(5):12-19.

Because of an ideological commitment to the use of alternative energy sources and favorable wind conditions, California now produces 70% of the world's and 90% of the U.S.'s wind-generated energy. Hawaii also seeks to benefit further from wind power with the recent addition of a generator with a single 320-foot long blade capable of generating 3200 kw, at the 'wind farm' on Kahuku Point, Oahu. The chief drawbacks of wind energy development are cost (turbines, towers and crews) and the lack of an efficient way of storing and equalizing the electricity produced. Nevertheless, windmills may replace lighthouses on the coast someday. (wbg)