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General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
The Chevy Voltron
Saving the planet, one car at a time.©
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Group 3: Hydrogen Generation
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Annual Hydrogen Fuel Needs
– Estimated size of fleet10m people in Michigan/300m people in U.S. 100,000 Voltrons in the country 10 years ≈ 30,000 cars
– Estimated fuel needs10,000 miles/yr avgcar uses 3.83L of H2/100miles
98.86 miles/kg H2
≈ 3,100,000 kg H2/year
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Hydrogen Production Methods
Electrolysis or Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)
Current H2 generation
95% SMR4% Electrolysis1% Other
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectrolysis
• Cathode (reduction): 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
• Anode (oxidation): 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e−
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectrolysis
• Electricity Generation– Coal – Wind– Solar
• Centralized versus home electrolysis
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonElectricity Sources
Coal Wind Solar Thermal Solar
Cost ($/kWh) (industrial)
0.05 0.06 0.13 0.20
Cost ($/kWh)(residential)
0.11 N/A N/A N/A
Efficiency 0.35 0.30 0.60 0.15
Emissions(kg CO2/kWh) 0.915 0 0 0
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonCentralized vs. In Home
Centralized Home
(kWh/kg H2) 50 54.2
Efficiency 0.8 0.7
Emissions 0 0
Total (kg CO2/ kg H2) 45.75 49.56
$/kg H2 (coal) 3.13 5.96
$/kg H2 (wind) 3.63
$/kg H2 (solar thermal) 7.13
$/kg H2 (solar) 10.63
Capital cost of industrial electrolyzer $10mAdd $0.63/kg for operating costs and return on investment
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonSteam Reformation
• ChemistryCH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (syngas)
CO + H20 → CO2 + H2
CH4 +2 H20 → CO2 + 4H2
• 63% Efficiency
• 2.5 kg CO2/kg H2
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonSequestration?
• Sequestration ~40% energy output used toward sequestration
• Never been done on commercial scale• Enhanced existing oil recovery (Used on
Oil field)• Emissions 85-95% reduction carbon
• To be economic for coal, CO2 cost $25-30/ton (Europe currently $15/ton)
• Steam Reformation $23.45 metric ton of H2 produced
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonDistribution
• Pipelines $2.94/kg H2
– Better for small distances and large flows– Installation cost ~$1 million / mile– Operating cost is relatively small.
• Gas Tube Trucks $2.09/kg H2
– Load 300kg– $250,000 per truck
• Cryogenic liquid tankers $0.18/kg H2
– Need to cool and pressurize $1125/kg H2
– Load 4000kg– $600,000 per truck
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparisons
Centralized Production
Cost of H2
($/year)Plus Transport Cost (Trucks)
EfficiencyEmissions (kg CO2/yr)
Emissions (tons CO2/yr)
Steam Reformation
$6,851,000 $13,330,000 63% 7,781,000 8,577
Electrolysis from Coal
$9,703,000 $16,182,000 28% 141,825,000 156,335
Electrolysis from Wind
$11,253,000 $17,732,000 24% 0 0
Electrolysis from Solar
$32,953,000 $39,432,000 12% 0 0
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparisons
)
)
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Recommendation
• Centralized SMR• Carbon Sequestration
• Total CO2 emission: 778,100 kg/year
• Total Cost: $13,402,695
• Comments: • National security: 15% Comes from U.S.• Methane transport• Supply Limited
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonGroup 2: Energy Storage
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
What the Consumer Wants
• The mind of a consumer– Do not think about or see the fuel tank, unless gas price
increases Must be affordable– Expect not to be inconvenienced by having to refuel an
unreasonable ammount Must have a high range per charge
– Expect not to be inconvenienced by the time it takes to refuel or the complexity Must have simple time saving ways to fill up
– Expect to fill up almost anywhere Must have infrastructure
US DOE, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonPotential Efficiency Gains
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonDaytime Running Lights
• Decrease accidents 5%
• Decrease energy consumption 53% – (72kWh/yr -> 34kWh/yr)
• HID-Xenon uses 30% less energy than LEDs!– (50W -> 35 W)
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonHydrogen Storage
• Compressed Hydrogen Tanks– Type I - All metal cylinder– Type II - Load-bearing metal liner hoop
wrapped with resin impregnated continuous filament
– Type III - Non-load-bearing metal liner axial and hoop wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous filament
– Type IV - Non-load-bearing non-metal liner axial and hoop wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous filament
– Type V - Type of construction not covered by Types 1 through 4 above
US DOE, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonMetal Hydride
• Metal Hydrides are a storage medium for hydrogen
• Hydrogen is released by increasing temperature to 120oC-200oC (use waste heat from fuel cell)
• Good energy density by volume• Energy density by weight worse than
other options• Lifetime of tank reduced by as much as
50% due to impurities present in hydrogen through cycling
• Hydrogen release kinetics may be too slow for vehicular applications and recharge time is slow
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonHydrogen Storage
• Pros– High energy density by mass
• H2 → 33-40 kWh/kg
• Gasoline → 10-14 kWh/kg
– CO2 emission free
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
– Safety Of H2 Tanks
• 2.35 factor of safety• Tested to double max pressure, 500x more
cycles without leaking• Dropped 6 feet, shot with rifle, burned
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonHydrogen Storage
• Cons– Low energy density by volume
• H2 → 0.53-0.75 kWh/L (2.36 when liquified)
• Gasoline → 8.76 kWh/L– Restrained by:
• Volume• Weight• Cost• Efficiency• Refueling times
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonHow Batteries Work
Convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy
Anode and cathode separated by conductive electrolyte
Electrolyte can be solid or liquid
The voltage across the cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonNickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
• Cathode made of Nickel oxyhydroxide NiO(OH)– NiO(OH) + H2O + e- ↔ Ni(OH)2 +OH-
• Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy at Annode– OH- + MH ↔ H2O + M +e-
• Pottasium OH- used as Electrolyte• Metal Alloy used to control endo/exo-thermic
reactions caused by energy absorption in metals due to hydrogen.
• Used in Prius, Honda Insight, and Ford Fusion.
1 http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonHow Good is it?
• Gravimetric energy density of 70 Wh/Kg
• Volumetric Energy density of 300 Wh/L
• Relatively low toxicity,• Price 2.75 Wh/US$
– Due to high price of Ni; industry and technology for recycling Ni already exists
1. http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonProblems
• Can not be stored for large amounts of time – (3 yrs at room temp)
• Lifetime of approximately 500 - 750 cycles.• 90 % of Rare earth metals (and a larger
percentage of Lanthanum alone) used in US are produced in China. *
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/)
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Based on the reversible insertion and extraction of Li ions
• Relatively new technology compared to Ni-MH batteries– First commercial cells released by Sony in 1991,
used extensively in consumer electronics
• Higher energy density than Ni-MH, and costs are falling
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Conventional Lithium-Ion Batteries Cont’d
• Materials:– Electrolyte: Li ions in an organic solvent– Anode: High surface-area carbon – Cathodes: Ni-Co-Mn, Ni-Co-Al, Mn oxide
spinel, Fe-phosphate
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonLithium Titanate
• Most Li-ion battery research has focused on developing new cathode materials.• Altair Technologies has developed Li-titanate as an alternative anode material to carbon. • 30x higher surface area of Li-titanate gives 4x higher max power output [1]• Battery lifetime now as long as that of the car [2]• New=Expensive
This 2008 electric sportscar made by Lighting Co (UK) uses Li-titanate batteries. It costs$173,000.
[1] "Anode'r' way". Power Management Design Line. Feb 2007. [2] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7081
Nanocrystalline Li-titanate.Source: www.altairnano.com/
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonLithium Polymers
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonBattery Requirements-Large increase in
efficiency due to decrease in weight
Volt -3500 lbs (total)1
Hypercar-1733 lbs 2
(+ weight of battery)
-Weight loss is counteracted by battery as range is increased
-Chevy volt -40mi/(16kWh*0.5) = 6mi/kWh
from useful capacity
2 GM
3Hypercar source
Figure shows the fuel efficiency in miles per gallon as a function of total vehicle weight 4. :efficiency vs vehicle weight source
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonWeights and Range
• Lithium ion battery• 0.13 Wh/kg as energy density
• 50 kWh 384 kg
32% of weight of car
178 miles of range 3.57 mi/kWh efficiency
• 30 kWh 230 kg
22 % of weight of car 125 miles of range
4.1 mi/kWh efficiency
• Using 50 % of battery’s capacity (30-80% charge range)
• Lithium Titanate
• Total weight of car approximately 1000 kg (2200 lbs)
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
40 70 100 130 160
Effi
cien
cy (m
iles/
kWh
capa
city
)
Vehicle Range
Fuel Efficiency vs. Range
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
40 70 100 130 160
Batter
y Sys
tem
Wei
ght (
kg)
Vehicle Range
Battery Weight vs. Range
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonWeight Gainer
Fuel efficiency calculated using fuel efficiency/weight relationship in comparison to Chevy Volt which weighs 3500 lbs and gets 2.5 mi/kWh out of the total capacity. It is measured in mi/kWh. Also assuming only 50% of total capacity is usable.
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonRange and Capacity
– Rate of change in efficiencies with higher weight of higher capacity battery
• Linear increase in range • 35 % loss between 25 kWh and 50
kWh due to higher weight of battery
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparisons
Energy Density (by mass)
Energy Density (by volume)
Power Price/kWh
Efficiency
Lifetime
Refuel Time
Gasoline 10-14 kWh/kg
8.76 kWh/L 12.3 kWh/kg
$0.05 18-20 % ---- 3-5 min
Conventional Li-ion polymer
0.12-0.20 kWh/kg
0.27 kWh/L 1000 kW/kg
$200 99.9 % 20+ 1.5 hrs
LiTi 0.11-0.18 kWh/kg
0.240 kWh/L
4000 kW/kg
$1680 >99 % 2+ 2-3 min
NiMH 0.07 kWh/kg
0.30 kWh/L 1 kW/kg
$360 66 % 500-750
7-10 hours
H2 Gas 33.3 kWh/kg
0.75 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$0.10 53-58 %22 %
20 5 min
H2 Liquid 33.3 kWh/kg
2.36 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$0.18 53-58%17 %
10-15 15 min
Metal Hydride H2 Storage
0.026 kWh/kg
1.13 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$5.75 0.65% 100 1 hr
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonGroup 1: Power Train
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonOverview
• Drivetrain candidates
• Drivetrain qualitative analysis
• Numerical analysis
• Suggested drivetrain
• Methods to Reduce Cost
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonDrivetrain Candidates
• Battery Motor Wheels• Gasoline Generator Motor
Wheels• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Motor
Wheels• Hydrogen ICE Wheels
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Battery/Electric Motor Pros– High socket-to-wheel efficiency– Theoretically Renewable– Zero emissions– Efficient motor– Good Performance Characteristics
• Battery/Electric Motor Cons– Heavy/Bulky Battery– Recharge Times– Range
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pros– Efficiency Not Limited by Otto Cycle– Theoretically Renewable– No Emissions– Work on Recycling Materials– Efficient Motor
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cons– Cost: Platinum Availability– Durability: Resistance to Vibrations– Bad Operation in Freezing Conditions– Limited lifetime
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• ICE/Generator– Emissions of CO2 and NOx
– Efficiency drops with more gasoline use• 2.06 km/MJ from 0-40 miles• 1.86 km/MJ from 40-60 miles• 1.24 km/MJ from 60-80 miles
– Price is susceptible to OPEC fluctuations
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Hydrogen ICE Pros– Simple transfer from traditional ICE– Wide flammability range (run lean)– Low ignition energy (ensure prompt lean
combust.)– High autoignition temperature (high
compression ratios)– High diffusivity (homogenous mixture in
cylinder and safety)– Theoretically Renewable
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Hydrogen ICE Cons– Premature Ignition
• Hotspots (low ignition energy)– High Compression Ratio
• High temperature needed to ignite– Low Power Output
• Lean mixtures– Potential for Emissions
• NOx and CO2
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonNumerical Analysis
System Efficiency Emissions (CO2)
Initial Cost
cost/mile
Battery/Motor
86.5 % (socket to battery)90% (motor)77% total
0 $500/kWh+$10/kW
$0.02
HICE Pending Compression Ratio
~60% (Ford 9.4:1)
0, ideally $23/kW $0.058 – 0.091
ICE/Generator
15% (ICE)60% (generator)9% total
50 g/km $27/kW $0.04
HFC 40% (gas-to-wheel) 0 $73/kW+$10/kW
$0.07
4.1,1
12H1
2
1
VV
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonSuggested Drivetrain
• Battery/Electric Motor– Low cost/mile– High efficiency– Zero emissions– Need to mitigate 5% self-discharge/month– Investigate Li-Ti supplement
• Endure more cycles• Faster charge time
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Reduce Hydrogen System Cost
• Gasoline Price Floor• Production Tax Credit for Fuel Cells and
Hydrogen Storage• Income Tax Credit for consumers who
purchase vehicles• Subsidy for hydrogen fuel
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Group 4: Electricity Generation and Charging
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonZero-emissions Electricity
Average Commuter Statistics
Commute, min/day1 52
Commute, miles/day1
32
Calculated Average mph
37
Miles Traveled/day 40
1 ”Poll: Traffic in the United States” <http://abcnews.go.com/technology/traffic/story?id=485098> 2/13/2005*GWh demanded per year 10 years from now when a fleet will be 30,000 cars
Range, miles
Miles/kWh
GWh/year Required*
Cost?
50 2 219 $$$$$$100 4 109.5 $$$$150 6 73 $$
Battery StatisticsBattery Storage, kWh 50Working Range (80-30%)
50%
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonZero-emissions Electricity
= 73 GWh/year
+ +
Battery Statistics1
Battery Storage, kWh 50Working Range (80-30%)
50%
Range, miles 150Miles/kWh 6
1 Specifications reported by Cake-B
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Michigan Energy Data
• Current Electricity– In 2007, MI consumed
108,503,102 MWh of electricity1
– Price: 11.37 cents/kWh (Jan 2009)1
– 3% is Renewable• 103 MW of Wind Energy3
• Wind Potential– NREL assessed Michigan has
potential for 16,560 MW Wind Capacity2
– Red areas exhibit 8-8.8 m/s winds at 50m (Class 6 – Outstanding)2
• Off-shore but some close to shore at shallow depths (<30m) available2
• Can utilize low-population areas like UP
1 Michigan Public Service Commission, http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html 2 Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf3 Michigan Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth, http://www.michigan.gov/dleg/0,1607,7-154-25676_25774---,00.html Image provided by NREL, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/mi_50m_800.jpg
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost
Total Power Needed to Power 30,000 cars a year
8333 kW
Capacity of a Wind Turbine (ex. Siemens SWT 3.6)3
3075 kW at ~ 20% efficiency = 622.46 kW
Turbines Required to fully power 30,000 cars/year
13.38 (14)
Cost of Turbines4 ($2,667/kW)(3075kW)(14) = $114.8 million + 2% maintenance = $117.1 million
Added cost/kWh to electricity sold in MI over next 10 years
$0.00013
New Cost per KWhOR Payback time if 1¢ is added to each kWh
11.38 cents/kWh (from 11.37 cents/kWh)0.13 years
Cost/mile (at 6 miles/kWh) 1.90 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles) $2.85
Typical Commute (32 miles)4 $0.61
1 Specifications reported by Cake-B2 ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=13 Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf4 Cnn.com and Delaware Audubon Society, http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/06/23/wind.turbines/, www.delawareaudubon.org/conservation/windpowersettlement.html
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Efficiency & Emissions
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions– Wind creates no GHG Emissions
(0 g C/mile)1
• Turbine-to-Wheels Efficiency– Losses due to:
• Inefficiency of wind turbine (72%)2
• Distribution (6%) and Transmission (2%) through grid (overall 2.24%)3
• Other (0.0775%):– Conversion from AC to DC power (5%)3
– Self-discharge of battery (8% max)3
– Battery charge Inefficiency (0.1%)4
– Electric Motor Inefficiency (10%)4
– End Efficiency of Wind: 20.2%1 CapeWind, http://www.capewind.org/article37.htm,2 Michigan Chamber of Commerce, http://www.michamber.com/docs/homepage/hb456,2.pdf3 Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment, http://www.efcf.com/reports/E18.pdf4 Specifications reported by Cake-B
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Hydroelectric Power
• Consumers Energy: 13 hydroelectric plants– 1,139 GWh generated annually1
– 1.05% of Michigan total annual electricity usage2
• ~30% of US hydropotential tapped to date (U. of Oregon)2
• Fleet of 30,000 vehicles requires 73 GWh/yr– 6.4% of total Michigan hydro-capacity
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap Reservoir level fluctuation
Low operating costs
High capital costs
High efficiency Environmental impact1 Consumers Energy Electric Utility – www.consumersenergy.com2 State of Michigan – http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html 3 http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l14.html
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost & Efficiency
• No carbon emissions• Hydroelectric power is ~90% efficient5
– Power lines - 90%– Battery charge – 99.9%– Discharge - 99.9%– Electric motor - 90%– Total well-to-wheels efficiency = 73%
• Flexible capacity– Charging can be carried out during off-peak hours
1 http://www.coldenergy.com/difference.htm2 www.autoblog.com/2007/03/26/average-cost-of-driving-remains-flat-at-52-2-cents-mile/3 www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG20084 ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=15 Univ. of Michigan - http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/pubs/engineer/06F/feature/index.html#8
Hydroelectric
Cost 9 cents/kWh1
Cost 1.5 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles)
$2.25
Typical Commute (32 miles)4
$0.48
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Photovoltaics
1 www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html2 www.solarelectricsupply.com/systems/grid-tie/discount-gridtie.html from Sanyo, 2007
Advantages Disadvantages
4.2 sunlight hours/day1
High Installation Costs
Net Metering Law
Solar Cell Efficiency ~15%
Tax Incentives
Zero emissions
“Well-to-Wheels Path”
Efficiency
Most Efficient Solar Cell2 22%Inverter Efficiency2 96.6%Wires 97%Effect of dirt, dust, pollen 90%Power lines 90%Battery Charge 99.9%Battery Discharge 99.9%Electric Motor 90%Total Efficiency 15%
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Cost
1 www.solarbuzz.com/statscost, 1/20092 www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html
Annual Basis For 10 Years
After Fleet is Built
Vehicles 3,000 30,000
GWh Required 7.3 73
kW System2 4,762 47,619
Number of Panels
24,420 244,200
Cost ($0.30/kWh)
$2.19 million $21.9 million + 1% maintenance = $22.1 million
Photovoltaic
Cost 30 cents/kWh1
Cost 5 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles) $7.50
Typical Commute (32 miles)
$1.60
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison Feasibility
• Use only solar panels? Vehicles require 3-4 hours to charge at 220 V. Most consumers will charge overnight.
• Install PV panels on office buildings, parking garages
• Decision: Use 10% solar to account for daytime chargers
• Based on a SANYO 195-Watt HIP-195BA19 Solar Panel:
Annual Basis For 10 Years
After Fleet is Built (30,000 Vehicles)
Vehicles 300 3,000
GWh Required1 0.73 7.3
kW System2 476 4,762
Number of Panels 2,442 24,420
Cost ($0.30/kWh) $219,000 $2.19 million + 1% maintenance = $2.21 million1 40 miles/day driven, 6 miles/kWh
2 4.2 hours of sun/day
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Powering the Fleet
• Best Balance:– 90% Wind Energy (cheaper, handles
most charging done at night)– 10% PV Solar Energy (installed in
commercial locations for charging during the day )
– Since most day refills will be done with battery swapping, Solar energy will compensate for long-term day charging (at the office, restaurants)
• Final Costs– Cost of all new energy sources: $149
million– 1.90 cents/mile– 0 g C/mile– 19.7% Panel and Turbine-to-Wheel
Efficiency
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Viability of Vehicle Roof Photovoltaics
• 2010 Prius to have a solar panel powered fan = marketing advantage?
• Current Prius aftermarket availability.– SEV & Solatec
• Average 23% fuel economy improvement• Kit price w/ installation: $2000-$4000• Economics: 150,000 lifetime miles
– Break-even gas price average = $4– Saves 750 gallons of gasoline
• Environmental Impact:– Reduction of 1.8 million grams Carbon with PV installed– Reduction of 18 barrels of oil with PV
• Recommendation: speed to market is primary importance • 1st generation without • 2nd generation. Optional kit offers dealerships additional
sales profit, level marketing advantage for Prius.
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Viability of Battery Swapping
• Battery Swapping with a SmartV2G system = profitable– Significant revenue source, up to $4,000 a year per vehicle1 – Batteries are leased: >50% plug-in requirement– Lease designed for various customers – Smart Meter / Programmable Charger: battery >60%
requirement• Customizable by the customer
• Battery Swapping – Retrofit existing fueling stations, price defined by lease plan
• Swapping stations also V2G for peak shaving, revenue generation.
• SmartV2G– Replacing a 100 MW peaking gas turbine unit requires appx.
30,000 vehicles supplying 6.6 kW with availability of 50%2
1 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203133532.htm
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonBattery Swapping Details
• Battery swapping has received significant government and venture capital investment during the last two years.– Informational video:
http://www.betterplace.com/press-room/videos-detail/whats-better-place/
– Israel, Denmark, and Australia = invested $500 million - $1 billion
– California & Hawaii already initiated partnership agreements
• Fully automated battery swapping– Battery State-of-Charge alerts driver of need to charge / swap– Smart Battery System tracks battery life
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
What is Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power?
Each electric drive vehicle (EDV) has: 1) connection to the grid2) system to communicate with grid3) onboard metering and control
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
V2G – Rethinking the Automobile
• Storage capacity of the electricity grid:
» < 2.2%• Average time a car is parked:
» > 92%
What V2G has to offer the grid:1. Quick response time to demand2. Low stand-by costs3. Low capitol cost per kW
Disadvantages:1. Limited storage2. Short device lifetime3. High energy cost per kWh
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonV2G Power Markets
• Four types of electric power markets:
»Baseload power»Peak power»Spinning reserves»Regulation»And soon to be “storage of renewable
energy”
– All controlled by a REAL TIME grid operator
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonEconomics of V2G Power
As an example, a typical small electric vehicle:
Net profit = $4928 – $2374 = $2554 per yearor
$76,620,000 for fleet of 30,000 cars, per year
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonImplications of V2G Power
Highly recommended under any scenario:- Peak load leveling with nighttime recharging - Peak shaving during daytime: 100 MW capacity with
30,000 car fleet- Good for intermittent renewables
Limitations:– Assumed battery can supply only 1.25kW over an average peak
period – 4 hours– Limited by carrying capacity of home wiring– $400 cost per home for a basic 6.6kW V2G system
• Included in the price of the car / battery lease agreement?
Conclusion: Makes sense now, and will be pivotal in helping usher in more intermittent renewables in the future
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions
• For a zero emissions vehicle the most attractive option currently is Steam Reformation
)
)
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions
Energy Density (by mass)
Energy Density (by volume)
Power Price/kWh
Efficiency
Lifetime
Refuel Time
Gasoline 10-14 kWh/kg
8.76 kWh/L 12.3 kWh/kg
$0.05 18-20 % ---- 3-5 min
Conventional Li-ion polymer
0.12-0.20 kWh/kg
0.27 kWh/L 1000 kW/kg
$200 99.9 % 20+ 1.5 hrs
LiTi 0.11-0.18 kWh/kg
0.240 kWh/L
4000 kW/kg
$1680 >99 % 2+ 2-3 min
NiMH 0.07 kWh/kg
0.30 kWh/L 1 kW/kg
$360 66 % 500-750
7-10 hours
H2 Gas 33.3 kWh/kg
0.75 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$0.10 53-58 %22 %
20 5 min
H2 Liquid 33.3 kWh/kg
2.36 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$0.18 53-58%17 %
10-15 15 min
Metal Hydride H2 Storage
0.026 kWh/kg
1.13 kWh/L 100 W - 500 kW
$5.75 0.65% 100 1 hr
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions
• Initial costs are more complicated
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonFinal Conclusions
• Final Costs– Cost of all new energy
sources: $149 million– 1.90 cents/mile– 0 g C/mile– 19.7% Panel and Turbine-
to-Wheel Efficiency
• V2G– DO IT!!!!
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonDesign Option 1
• PV/Wind ->Li-ion batteries->Electric Motor
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonDesign Option 2
• SMR with sequestration -> H2 -> fuel cell hybrid vehicle (10% of total capacity held by batteries)
120$/kW (DOE) 10,000$/kW (DOE)
General Motors in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit EdisonComparison
Electric Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicle