General Terminology Unit

General Terminology Unit

Read Chapter 1: HW pg 20

M/C #1, 4, S.A. #8, 9 Clinic #4

04/22/23 Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com 2

Basic VocabularyAnatomy—Study of

internal/external body parts and relationships

• Microscopic anatomy—– cytology—analysis of

internal structure of individual cells

– histology—studying tissues

vmthpub.vetmed.wisc.edu

ltc.smm.org


Basic VocabularyMacroscopic (Gross)—

visible to naked eye, many subdivisions– Surface Anatomy– Regional Anatomy– Systemic Anatomy

—our focus

anatomy.med.umich.edu

jeffline.jefferson.edu

www.ohsuhealth.com


Basic VocabularyPhysiology—Study of functions of

human body– Cell physiology—functions of cells– Systemic physiology—our focus—

looking at systems within body– Pathologic physiology—looking at

diseases and effects


Systems of the Human Body• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular

virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov

www.drstandley.com

www.allposters.com


Systems of the Human Body

NervousEndocrineCardiovascular

www.infovisual.info

www.howcomyoucom.com

health.enotes.com


Systems of the Human Body• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Urinary

www.emc.maricopa.edu

www.health.uab.edu

home.comcast.net


Systems of the Human Body• Digestive • Reproductive

www.ohiocitizen.orgwww.enchantedlearning.com


Functions necessary for lifeMaintaining boundaries—

being able to keep inside separate from outside

Movement—internal (transport of food, blood, etc.) or external

www.cs.utexas.edu

www.virtuallaboratory.net


Functions necessary for lifeResponsiveness—organisms change in

relationship to environment, such as blinking when something is thrown at you, migrating with cold weather, etc.

Digestion


Functions necessary for lifeMetabolism—the

sum of all chemical operations within body

Excretion—ridding the body of harmful substances

en.wikipedia.org


Functions necessary for life• Growth/Differentiation—

growth over time due to increased number of cells and (in multicellular organisms) different cells specializing in different functions


Environmental factors—Survival needs• Nutrients• Oxygen• Water• Appropriate temperature• Atmospheric pressure


Homeostasis• the give and

take/balancing act going on in your body at all times.


Language of AnatomyAnatomical position—

hands at sides with palms forward

• Become familiar with Table 1.1 and figures 1.5a and 1.5b—this will help you in later chapters!

Supine—lying face up in anatomical position

Prone—lying face down in anatomical position

www.answers.com


Language of Anatomy con’t:

• Superior/Cranial: Toward the head end of the body.

– Eg. The hand is part of the superior extermity.• Inferior/Caudal: Toward the foot end of the

body. – Eg. The foot is part of the inferior extremity; the

hips are caudal to the wrist.• Anterior/ventral: Belly side (only in humans,

not 4-legged animals)– Eg. The kneecap is located on the anterior side of

the body.



Posterior/Dorsal—back (only in humans, not 4-legged animals)

• eg. The shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body.

Medial—toward the midline of the body.• eg. The great toe is located on the medial side of the

foot.

Lateral—away from the midline of the body• eg. Moving laterally from the nose brings you to the

eyes.



Proximal—toward/nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part.

• eg. The elbow is located on the proximal end of the forearm.

Distal—away from/farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a part.

• eg. The hand is located on the distal end of the forearm.

Superficial—near/relatively near the surface of the body.

• eg. The skin is superficial to the musclesDeep—farther from the body surface.• eg. The bones are deep in the arm.


Body Planes are sectionsSagittal—a lengthwise

plane running from front to back that divides a body into right and left sides.

Median/Midsagittal—sagittal plane through the midline; splitting the body into right and left halves.

www.norcalneuro.com


Body Planes are sections

Coronal/Frontal—lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides a body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse—crosswise plane; divides body into superior and inferior parts.


Overview of Tissuesa tissue is an organized group of

cells and non-living interstitial material. Each tissue specializes in performing at least one unique function that is essential for healthy survival of the body.

• Epithelial tissue:– Lines the body’s surface,

cavities, ducts and tubes– One free surface faces a body

fluid or the environmentwww.willamette.edu


Epithelial tissue• Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

– Provide physical protection—protect exposed/internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, etc.

– Control permeability—any substance that enters/leaves body has to cross an epithelium

– Provide sensation—most epithelia are extensively innervated by sensory nerves. Can detect changes in their environment and convey information to the nervous system.

– Produce specialized secretions


Connective Tissueexamples include bone, fat and blood.

Found throughout the body but never exposed to the outside environment.

Many are highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels) and contain sensory receptors that provide pain, pressure, temp and other info.


Examples of Connective Tissues

www.bio.miami.edu


Connective Tissue con’t:• Functions of Connective Tissue

– Establishing a structural framework for the body.

– Transport fluids from one region of the body to another.

– Protect delicate organs.– Storing energy reserves.


Classification--Connective Tissue:

Dense Connective Tissue—many types of cells and interstitial fibers in a syrupy ground substance.

• Fibroblasts—helps form tendons and ligaments

www.advancell.net



Loose Connective Tissues• Blood—blood cells and fragments of cells (formed

elements). The RBCs (erythrocytes) account for ½ volume of blood—job is to carry oxygen to cells of body.

www.fi.edu www.fi.edu

www.fi.edu



• Areolar tissue—most widely distributed connective tissue, cobwebby tissue that cushions and protects.

www.lima.ohio-state.edu

oregonstate.edu



Adipose tissue (fat)—areolar tissue with lots of fat cells.

www.unm.edu

medinfo.ufl.edu



Reticular tissue—found in lymph

home.mc.ntu.edu.tw



Supporting Connective Tissue• Cartilage—avascular—all nutrients/waste

products must go through cartilage via diffusion.

• Blood vessels don’t grow here due to antiangiogenesis factor (chemical that discourages the growth of bv). This antiangiogenesis factor is being studied for use in cancer treatment.


Types of CartilageHyaline—tough but

somewhat flexible. egs. Ribs/sternum, nasal cartilage, knee and elbows.

www.hoinews.com

www.allaboutarthritis.com


Types of CartilageElastic—extremely

resilient and flexible. egs. External flap of ear, auditory tube, epiglottis.

www.webster.edu

www.humpath.com


Types of CartilageFibrocartilage—extremely tough

and durable. egs. Cartilage between the vertebrae, between pubic bones www.spinesource.com

www.answers.com


Supporting Connective Tissue con’t:

Bone—much tougher/stronger than cartilage. We will discuss this in great detail in the Skeletal System unit.

bibleocean.com


Muscular Tissue

Muscle Tissue (function of)—coordinate movement of the body and its parts.

www.uta.edu

Skeletal muscle—voluntaryCardiac muscle—found in heart

Smooth muscle—involuntary—found in digestive system and other involuntary actions


Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

(function of)—specializes in communication between the various parts of the body and integration of its activities.

oregonstate.edu

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General Terminology Unit

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