GENERATION OF COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION
THIRD GENERATION
FOURTH GENERATION
FIFTH GENERATION
FIRST GENERATION
The computer of this generation used electronic devices known as vaccum tubes punched card to records data.
Period : 1945- 1956 Size : very large Technology Used: VACCUM TUBES Examples: Mark 1, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC.
Characteristics: Vaccum tube for internal operations were used . Magnetic drums were used for memory. Punched cards were used in this Era
FIRST GENERATION
Disadvantages huge and non portable
Emission of large amount of heat.
Constance maintenance
Costly
Less storage capacity
ENIAC UNIVAC
SECOND GENERATION
These computers used transistors in place of vaccum tubes
Period : 1956 -1963
Size- smaller than first generation of computer
Technology Used – Transistor
Characteristics:
Transistors were used for internal operations.
Magnetic tapes and disks were used for secondary memory.
Second Generation
Disadvantages
require a frequent maintenance
More costly
Manual assembly of individual components into function unit required.
SECOND GENERATION
THIRD GENERATION
IC are made by many transistors.
Period:1964-1971
Size: much smaller than second generation of computers.
Technology used: IC(Integrated Circuit) chip
Characteristics :Minicomputers were introduced
Emergence of software industry.
Multiprogramming facility.
THIRD GENERATION
Advantages
smaller in size.
More reliable.
Less heat generation.
Reduced computational time.
Less power supply.
Reduced cost.
Low maintenance cost.
Fourth Generation
A large no of integrated circuits were put together in a material called silicon chips. Silicon chips were reliable and cheap.
Period: 1971-1989
Size: very small in size
Technology used: silicon chips
Characteristics:More circuits on chips LSI,VLSI
Introduction of microprocessor.
Easily portable because of small size.
FOURTH GENERATION
Advantages
Small in size
Very reliable
Much faster computations.
Easily portable.
Cheapest among all generations.
FIFTH GENERATION
These computers are based on artificial intelligence . Parallel processing are used.Period: 1989-presentTechnology Used: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEExample : Robots
CharacteristicsDevelopment of storage technology.Advancement in networking technology Development of supercomputers. Concept of parallel processing in computer.
NOW LET’S SEE ABOUT
THE COMPUTER HISTORY ?
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
ABACUS SUPERCOMPUTER
FIVE ERAS IN COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
Pre-History
Electronics
Mini
Micro
Network
PRE-HISTORY ERA
The ABACUS is believed to have been invented in 4th
century B.C in CHINA.
A device used for registering and predicting the motionof the stars and planets, is dated to 1st century B.C.
JOHN NAPIER of Scotland invents logs in 1614 to allowmultiplication and division to be converted to addition
and subtraction.
ABACUS
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
PRE-HISTORY ERA
Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building thefirst mechanical calculator around 1500. Evidence of DaVinci’s machine was not found until papers werediscovered in 1967.
Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 withan 8-digit capacity.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loomcontrolled by Punch-cards in the early 1800s.
PRE-HISTORY ERA
Charles Babbage designs a “Difference Engine” in 1820 or1821 with a massive calculator designed to printastronomical tables. The British government cancelled theproject in 1842; Babbage then conceives the “AnalyticalEngine”, a mechanical computer that can solve anymathematical problem and uses punch-cards.
Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter ofEnglish poet Lord Byron, worked with Babbage andcreated a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada is nowcredited as being the 1st computer programmer.
Analytical Engine
PRE-HISTORY ERA
SAMUEL MORSE invented the ElectricTelegraph
George Boole invented BooleanAlgebra in the late 1840s. Claude E.Shannon recognized its relevance toelectronics design.
In 1857, only twenty years after theinvention of the telegraph, SIRCHARLES WHEATSTONE (the inventorof the accordian) introduced the firstapplication of paper tapes as amedium for the preparation, storage,and transmission of data. Morse Telegraph
PRE-HISTORY ERA The FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITING MACHINE was
conceived by three American inventors and friends,CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, CARLOS GLIDDEN,AND SAMUAL W. SOULE who spent their eveningstinkering together.
Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines were used forthe 1890 census; the machines used Jacquard’spunched cards.
TYPEWRITING MACHINE
TABULATING MACHINES
ELECTRONICS ERA
In 1926, DR. JULIUS EDGARLILIENFIELD from New York filed for apatent on a transistor.
Konrad Zuse, a German engineer,completes the 1st general purposeprogrammable calculator in 1941.
ENIAC (Electronic NumericalIntegrator Analyzer and Computer) isdeveloped by Ballistics Research Labin Maryland and built by theUniversity of Pennsylvania andcompleted in 1945.
ENIAC
ELECTRONICS ERA
The transistor is developed by Bell TelephoneLaboratories in 1947.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) isdeveloped in 1951 and can store 12,000 digitsin random access mercury-delay lines.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)is completed for the Ordinance Department in1952.
Transistor
EDVACEDVAC
ELECTRONICS ERA
Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor both announce the Integrated Circuit in 1959.
The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer..
TI’s Integrated Circuit
IBM 360
MINI ERA
The Mini Era began with the development ofthe Integrated Circuit in 1959 by TexasInstruments and Fairchild Semiconductor.
Ivan Sutherland demonstrated a programcalled Sketchpad (makes engineeringdrawings with a light pen) on a TX-2mainframe at MIT’s Lincoln Labs in 1962.
MICRO ERA
By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of thepersonal computer market.
In 1980 Microsoft is approached byIBM to develop BASIC for its personalcomputer project. The IBM PC isreleased in August, 1981.
The Apple Macintosh, featuring asimple graphical interface using the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and abuilt-in 9-inch B/W screen, debuts in1984.
Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships inNovember, 1985.
Now in the current time windows 8 isworking.
Apple II - 1977
Windows1.0
NETWORK ERA
Timesharing, the concept oflinking a large numbers of usersto a single computer via remoteterminals, is developed at MIT inthe late 50s and early 60s.
PAUL BARAN of RAND developsthe idea of distributed, packet-switching networks.
ARPANET goes online in 1969. Bob Kahn And Vint Cerf
develop the basic ideas of theInternet in 1973.
In 1974 BBN opens the firstpublic packet-switched network.
NETWORK ERA
A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University established USENET in 1979.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982.
Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web.CERN releases the first Web server in 1991.
Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) isan audio file format standard used forstoring sound data for personal computers andother electronic audio devices.
The American National Standards Institute is aprivate non-profit organization that oversees thedevelopment of standards for products, services,processes, systems, and personnel in the UnitedStates.
The American Standard Code for InformationInterchange (ASCII) is a character-encodingscheme originally based on the Englishalphabet that encodes 128 specified characters -the numbers 0-9, the letters a-z and A-Z.
Code Division Multiple Access is a channel
access method used by various radio
communication technologies.
CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-OxideSemiconductor.
CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductorchip inside computers that stores information.
This information ranges from the system time and dateto system hardware settings for your computer.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is acompact audio/video interface for transferring video dataand digital audio data from a source device to acompatible computer monitor, video projector, digitaltelevision, or digital audio device.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply, also uninterruptiblepower source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is anelectrical apparatus that provides emergency power toa load when the input power source, typically mainpower fails.
Wi-Fi is the name of a
popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless
high-speed Internet and
network connections.
• A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known
as a handheld PC, or personal data assistant, is
a mobile device that functions as a personal
information manager.
• RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is
a data storage virtualization technology that
combines multiple disk drive components into a
single logical unit for the purposes of data
redundancy or performance improvement.
Acronym Meaning
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API Application Program Interface
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP Active Server Page or Application Service Provider
ATA Advanced Technology Attachment
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Acronym Meaning
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Bcc Blind Carbon Copy
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
Blob Binary Large Object
BMP Bitmap
CAD Computer-Aided Design
Cc Carbon Copy
CD Compact Disc
CD-R Compact Disc Recordable
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CD-RW Compact Disc Re-Writable
CDFS Compact Disc File System
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
Acronym Meaning
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMS Content Management System
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CSS Cascading Style Sheet
DBMS Database Management System
DCIM Digital Camera Images
DDL Data Definition Language
DDR Double Data Rate
DDR2 Double Data Rate 2
DDR3 Double Data Rate Type 3
DFS Distributed File System
Acronym Meaning
DIMM Dual In-Line Memory Module
DLL Dynamic Link Library
DMA Direct Memory Access
DNS Domain Name System
DOS Disk Operating System
DPI Dots Per Inch
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DV Digital Video
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
DVD+R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD+RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
Acronym Meaning
DVR Digital Video Recorder
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FIFO First In, First Out
FSB Front side Bus
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Gbps Gigabits Per Second
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI Graphical User Interface
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface
Acronym Meaning
HTML Hyper-Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS Hyper Text Transport Protocol Secure
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
IRC Internet Relay Chat
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standard Organization
ISP Internet Service Provider
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
Acronym Meaning
JRE Java Runtime Environment
JSP Java Server Page
Kbps Kilobits Per Second
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LIFO Last In, First Out
MAC Address Media Access Control Address
Mbps Megabits Per Second
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
Acronym Meaning
NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System
NIC Network Interface Card
NTFS New Technology File System
OCR Optical Character Recognition
OOP Object-Oriented Programming
P2P Peer To Peer
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PDF Portable Document Format
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PNG Portable Network Graphic
RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAM Random Access Memory
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
Acronym Meaning
ROM Read-Only Memory
RPC Remote Procedure Call
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL Structured Query Language
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TFT Thin-Film Transistor
TIFF Tagged Image File Format
UDDI Universal Description Discovery and Integration
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL Uniform Resource Locator
Acronym Meaning
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTF Unicode Transformation Format
VDU Visual Display Unit
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
WAN Wide Area Network
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WWW World Wide Web
XML Extensible Markup Language
Windows Screen
ScreenTips
Use the mouse to point to the Start button
Windows Screen
Start menu
Point to theStart buttonand then clickthe leftmousebutton
Windows Screen
Exploring the Start Menu
Windows Screen
Icons
Folder
Shortcut
Recycle Bin
My Computer
My Documents
Control Panel
My Computer
Recycle Bin
Double-click the Recycle Bin icon to view the contents of the Recycle Bin
Opening Windows Explorer
Right-clicking an object opens its shortcut menu
Windows Explorer Screen
Navigating with Windows Explorer
Exploring Windows
Windows 7 provides at least eight ways to view the contents of a folder
Click the Change your view button arrow
Getting Help
Microsoft Windows Related Terms
GUI(Graphical User Interface)-In computing, a graphical user interface is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.
Microsoft Windows Related Terms
CUI(Command User Interface)-Character user interface in which we use texts(words, numbers, symbols .. so on).It is also called command line interface in programmers language.
Microsoft Windows Accessories The Magnifier-The Magnifier is a display utility that makes the computer screen more readable by people who have low vision by creating a separate window that displays a magnified portion of the screen.
On Screen Keyboard-On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. You can select keys using the mouse or another pointing device
Disk Clean-up –Disk Cleanup can delete Temporary Internet Files (associated with Internet Explorer), old downloaded program files, empty the Recycle Bin, and delete Temporary Files. Newer versions of Disk Cleanup (e.g. Windows XP and later) also allow users to delete Offline Webpages, Microsoft Error Reporting Temporary Files, Web Client/Publisher Temporary Files, Compress old files.
Microsoft Windows Accessories Resource Monitor-The Resource Monitor application offers a detailed look your computer’s resource usage. You can view computer-wide CPU, disk, network, and memory graphics, or drill down and view per-process statistics for each type of resource.
Task Scheduler- A tool that allows you to view and customize the scheduled tasks on your computer, in addition to creating your own custom scheduled tasks.
Disk Defragmenter- It is the process of consolidating fragmented data on a volume (such as a hard disk or a storage device) so it will work more efficiently. Fragmentation happens to a volume over time as you save, change, or delete files.
Microsoft Windows Accessories System Information-The System Information utility allows you to view information about the current computer — everything from the model number of its CD-ROM drive to its attached peripherals, configured environment variables, and start-up programs.
Character Map-can be used to copy and paste accented letters and other foreign language characters into any Windows application.
System Restore- System Restore is a recovery tool in Windows that allows you to reverse certain kinds of changes made to the operating system.
Windows Shortcut Keys SHIFT + DEL To delete
CTRL + C Copy
CTRL + v Paste
CTRL + x Cut
ALT + F File Menu Choice In The Current Program.
ALT + E Edit Option Opens Current Program
CTRL + A Selects all the matter in document
ALT + F4 Close Open application
CTRL + ESC Open Start menu
Print screen Screen Shot
ALT + TAB Switch Among The Open Applications
F1 HELP
F2 RENAME
F3 SEARCH
F5 REFRESH
SHIFT+F10 OPENS A SHORTCUT MENU FOR THE SELECTED ITEM
F10 TO ACTIVATE THE MENU BAR
F11 TO VIEW THE FULL SCREEN
ALT + ESC SWITCH THE APPLICATION ON THE TASK BAR
ALT+DOWN ARROW OPENS A DROP-DOWN LIST BOX
Windows Shortcut Keys
Windows Shortcut Keys
Windows Logo Start menu
Windows Logo+M Minimize all
Windows Logo+D Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
Windows Logo+E Open Windows Explorer
Windows Logo+F Find files or folders
Windows Logo+Break System Properties dialog box
Windows Logo+L LOCK THE COMPUTER
MS word .doc
MS Excel .xls
MS PowerPoint .ppt
MS outlook .pst
MS Access .mdb
Paint .bmp
Adobe Reader .pdf
Adobe Photoshop .psd
Notepad .txt
Wordpad .rtf
Temporary Files .tmp
CorelDraw .cdr
Backup File .bak
.jpeg Joint Photograhic Experts Group
.gif Graphic Interchange Format
.tif Tagged Image File
.png Portable Network Graphic
IMAGE EXTENSION FILES
AUDIO EXTENSION FILES
.wma Window Media Audio File
.ra Real Audio File
.swa Shockwave audio file
.mpeg Motion Picture Expert Group
.flv Flash Video(encoded to run in a flash animation)
.3gp The most common video format for cell phones
.avi Audio Video Interleave
VIDEO EXTENSION FILES
WEB EXTENSION FILES
.html Hyper Text Markup Language
.xml Extensible Markup Language
.asp Microsoft Active Server Page
.jsp Java Server Page
.bmp Bit Map Picture
.sys System File
.pdf Portable Document Format
.rtf Rich Text Format
.torrent Bit Torrent File
.rar Rar Compressed Files
.zip Extended zip file
.exe Executable file
SOME OTHER EXTENSION FILES