Date post: | 31-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | keegan-washington |
View: | 22 times |
Download: | 0 times |
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Genetic Genetic control of control of protein protein
structure structure and and
functionfunction
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
The structure of DNA and RNAThe structure of DNA and RNA
Genetic material of living organisms Genetic material of living organisms is either DNA or RNA.is either DNA or RNA.
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acidDNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – Ribonucleic acidRNA – Ribonucleic acid
GenesGenes are lengths of DNA that code are lengths of DNA that code for particular proteins.for particular proteins.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
DNA and RNA are polynucleotidesDNA and RNA are polynucleotides
Both DNA and RNA are Both DNA and RNA are polynucleotides.polynucleotides.
They are made up of smaller They are made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides.molecules called nucleotides.
DNA is made of two polynucleotide strands:DNA is made of two polynucleotide strands:
RNA is made of a single polynucleotide strand:RNA is made of a single polynucleotide strand:
Nucleotide NucleotideNucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotide
NucleotideNucleotide Nucleotide
Nucleotide
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Structure of a nucleotideStructure of a nucleotide
A nucleotide is made A nucleotide is made of 3 components:of 3 components:
AA Pentose sugar Pentose sugar This is a 5 carbon This is a 5 carbon
sugarsugar The sugar in DNA is The sugar in DNA is
deoxyribosedeoxyribose.. The sugar in RNA is The sugar in RNA is
riboseribose..
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Structure of a nucleotideStructure of a nucleotide
A A Phosphate groupPhosphate group Phosphate groups Phosphate groups
are important are important because they link because they link the sugar on one the sugar on one nucleotide onto the nucleotide onto the phosphate of the phosphate of the next nucleotide to next nucleotide to make a make a polynucleotide.polynucleotide.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Structure of a nucleotideStructure of a nucleotide A A Nitogenous baseNitogenous base
In DNA the four bases In DNA the four bases are:are:– ThymineThymine– AdenineAdenine– CytosineCytosine– GuanineGuanine
In RNA the four bases In RNA the four bases are:are:– UracilUracil– AdenineAdenine– CytosineCytosine– GuanineGuanine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Nitrogenous bases – Two typesNitrogenous bases – Two types
PyramidinesPyramidines
Thymine - TThymine - T
Cytosine - CCytosine - C
Uracil - UUracil - U
PurinesPurines
Adenine - AAdenine - A
Guanine - GGuanine - G
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AdenineAdenine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
GuanineGuanine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Sugar phosphate bonds (backbone Sugar phosphate bonds (backbone of DNA)of DNA)
Nucleotides are Nucleotides are connected to each connected to each other via the other via the phosphate on one phosphate on one nucleotide and the nucleotide and the sugar on the next sugar on the next nucleotidenucleotide
A PolynucleotideA Polynucleotide
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model
they built of the structure of DNAthey built of the structure of DNA
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
X-ray diffraction photograph of the X-ray diffraction photograph of the DNA double helix DNA double helix
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Base pairingBase pairing
The Nitrogenous The Nitrogenous Bases pair up with Bases pair up with other bases. For other bases. For example the bases example the bases of one strand of of one strand of DNA base pair with DNA base pair with the bases on the the bases on the opposite strand of opposite strand of the DNA.the DNA.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
The Rule:The Rule: Adenine always base pairs with Adenine always base pairs with
Thymine (or Uracil if RNA)Thymine (or Uracil if RNA)
Cytosine always base pairs with Cytosine always base pairs with Guanine.Guanine.
This is beacuse there is exactly This is beacuse there is exactly enough room for one purine and one enough room for one purine and one pyramide base between the two pyramide base between the two polynucleotide strands of DNA.polynucleotide strands of DNA.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Complementary base pairingComplementary base pairing
PurinesPurines PyramidinesPyramidines
Adenine Adenine ThymineThymine
AdenineAdenine UracilUracil
GuanineGuanine CytosineCytosine
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Nature of the Genetic MaterialNature of the Genetic Material Property 1Property 1 - it must contain, in a - it must contain, in a
stable form, information encoding stable form, information encoding the organism’s structure, function, the organism’s structure, function, development and reproductiondevelopment and reproduction
Property 2Property 2 - it must replicate - it must replicate accurately so progeny cells have the accurately so progeny cells have the same genetic makeupsame genetic makeup
Property 3Property 3 - it must be capable of - it must be capable of some variation (mutation) to permit some variation (mutation) to permit evolutionevolution
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Replication of DNA and Replication of DNA and ChromosomesChromosomes
Speed of DNA replication:Speed of DNA replication: 3,000 nucleotides/min in human 3,000 nucleotides/min in human 30,000 nucleotides/min in 30,000 nucleotides/min in E.coliE.coli
Accuracy of DNA replication: Accuracy of DNA replication: Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Taylor and co-workers (1957)Taylor and co-workers (1957)
3H-labelled chromosomes after one further replicationin unlabelled media
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Meselson and Stahl (1958)Meselson and Stahl (1958)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
A replicating A replicating DrosophilaDrosophila chromosomechromosome
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Origins initiate Origins initiate replication at replication at different times.different times.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Sequence the order of the Sequence the order of the enzymesenzymes
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Complete the parts whole mapComplete the parts whole map
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Sequence DNA replication: Sequence DNA replication: DNA unwinds via enzyme helicase (this forms a replication
bubble and replication forks)
Two semi-conservative DNA molecules have been produced
Ligase joins okazaki fragments together on lagging strand
DNA polymerases (3) start synthesising complementary bases to DNA strands in 3’ – 5’ direction (old strand number).
Replication bubble extends in one 3- 5 direction leading to one strand becoming the leading strand, the other the lagging strand.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
Sequence DNA replication: Sequence DNA replication: ANSWERSANSWERS
1. DNA unwinds via enzyme helicase (this forms a replication bubble and replication forks)
5. Two semi-conservative DNA molecules have been produced
4. Ligase joins okazaki fragments together on lagging strand
2. DNA polymerases (3) start synthesising complementary bases to DNA strands in 3’ – 5’ direction (old strand number).
3. Replication bubble extends in one 3- 5 direction leading to one strand becoming the leading strand, the other the lagging strand.
Extended Abstract Extended Abstract
Discuss what the consequence would Discuss what the consequence would be to the new cells in DNA replication be to the new cells in DNA replication was not 100% accurate. Explain what was not 100% accurate. Explain what factors (TWO) ensure errors are factors (TWO) ensure errors are prevented. prevented.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AnswerAnswer
The consequence for the new cells if DNA replication The consequence for the new cells if DNA replication was not accurate would be a change in the sequence was not accurate would be a change in the sequence of bases. This change could lead to genes producing of bases. This change could lead to genes producing different proteins or no proteins at all. Many of these different proteins or no proteins at all. Many of these genes code for enzymes the cell may not be able to genes code for enzymes the cell may not be able to carry out in desired functions (e.g. a nerve cell). carry out in desired functions (e.g. a nerve cell). Errors are minimised by the DNA being double Errors are minimised by the DNA being double stranded so complementary bases will always be stranded so complementary bases will always be matched up. When DNA polymerase is adding free matched up. When DNA polymerase is adding free nucleotides to the new strand only the correct base nucleotides to the new strand only the correct base pair will be matched up.pair will be matched up.
This ensures the new strand will have the correct This ensures the new strand will have the correct complementary base sequence. complementary base sequence.
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
AS Biology. Gnetic control of AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and functionprotein structure and function
This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com
http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.