Genetic Engineering and Genetic Engineering and The Human GenomeThe Human Genome

Selective BreedingSelective Breeding

• Humans use selective breeding to pass Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation.desired traits on to the next generation.

• Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line of organisms by breeding related of organisms by breeding related organisms.organisms.

• Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of Traits are controlled by more than 1 set of genes Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC TRAITS)genes Ex/ hair color (POLYGENIC TRAITS)

Increasing VariationIncreasing Variation

• To increase variation, breeders often To increase variation, breeders often introduce mutations (the ultimate introduce mutations (the ultimate source for genetic variation) into the source for genetic variation) into the population.population.

Manipulating DNAManipulating DNA

• Using their knowledge of DNA and various Using their knowledge of DNA and various techniques, scientists can extract, cut, techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify and copy DNA.identify and copy DNA.

• DNA Extraction – simple chemical DNA Extraction – simple chemical procedure separate DNA.procedure separate DNA.

• DNA Cutting – restriction enzymes cut DNA Cutting – restriction enzymes cut particular DNA sequences.particular DNA sequences.

• Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis.Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis.• Copy – using polymerace chain reaction Copy – using polymerace chain reaction

“PCR”“PCR”

Applications of Applications of BiotechnologyBiotechnology• DNA Finger PrintingDNA Finger Printing

– Uses: identity, paternity, crime scenesUses: identity, paternity, crime scenes– You need: Saliva, blood, body fluids, skin or hairYou need: Saliva, blood, body fluids, skin or hair

• Gel Electrophoresis: Used to separate DNA Gel Electrophoresis: Used to separate DNA into fragments based on size into fragments based on size – How you can tell who did the crime based on How you can tell who did the crime based on

gel resultsgel results

Gel Electophoresis and PCRGel Electophoresis and PCRSeparates DNA based on sizeSeparates DNA based on size Magnifying Magnifying

DNADNA

Transgenic OrganismsTransgenic Organisms

• Transgenic organisms contain genes Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms.from other organisms.

• Ethical Issues??Ethical Issues??

EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

• Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.

• Using bacteria to make human insulin.Using bacteria to make human insulin.

CloningCloning

• A clone is a member of a population A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.produced from a single cell.

• Dolly, Cows , Cats and more.Dolly, Cows , Cats and more.

• Bring back endangered or even Bring back endangered or even extinct species.extinct species.

Human ChromosomesHuman Chromosomes

• 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 46.46.– 1-22: autosomal1-22: autosomal– 23: sex chromosomes23: sex chromosomes

• Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can be used to study our can be used to study our chromosomes.chromosomes.

KaryotypeKaryotype

Chromosome DisordersChromosome Disorders

• Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis.fail to separate during meiosis.

• The result is an abnormal number of The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes.chromosomes.

• Down Syndrome – Extra chromosome at Down Syndrome – Extra chromosome at position 21.position 21.

• Turner’s Syndrome – a female with only one Turner’s Syndrome – a female with only one X chromosomeX chromosome

• Klinefelters’ syndrome – In Males too many Klinefelters’ syndrome – In Males too many X chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.X chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

• In gene therapy, an absent or faulty In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, gene is replaced by a normal, working gene.working gene.

Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project

• An ongoing effort to analyze the An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequencehuman DNA sequence

**Important because it could be used to **Important because it could be used to cure genetic disorderscure genetic disorders

-What if a normal gene produces an -What if a normal gene produces an absent gene….useful so body can absent gene….useful so body can make correct proteinmake correct protein

DNA TestingDNA Testing

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDumZT5z5R8v=uDumZT5z5R8