…With your hosts Taulant and Rolens

Cancer Edition!

Genetic Development Treatments

10 10 10

20 20 20

30 30 30

40 40 40

50 50 50

Genetics - 10

• This reproduction method allows the mutated genes in eukaryotes to get passed on to offspring.

Meiosis

Genetics- 20

• This mutation is inherited and is present in the egg or sperm that formed the child. Although it’s found in only a few cancers, this mutation can passed to the next generation.

Germline

Genetics- 30

• Why do inherited cancers occur earlier in life than cancers caused environmentally?

• When someone has inherited an abnormal copy of a gene, their cells already start out with one mutation, making it easier for enough mutations to build up for a cell to become cancerous.

Genetics- 40

• What is penetrance, and why do inherited mutations that have incomplete penetrance lead to cancer?

• Penetrance: the proportion of dominant genes carrying a mutation who will have the trait, syndrome, or disease

• Since incomplete penetrance means that not everyone with the mutation will get cancer, there needs to be one more mutation in the gene for it to stop working.

Genetics- 50

• What is one difference in cancer causation between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes?

• Oncogenes result from the activation (turning on) of proto-oncogenes, but tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated (turned off).

Development- 10

• The cell’s failure to do this, a way to commit suicide when the DNA is damaged, causes the spread of cancer cells.

Answer 2 – 10

Apoptosis

Question 2 - 20

• This enzyme found in 90% of all cancer cells, allow for the continuation of cell division by adding these at the end of chromosomes whenever they are depleted after cell division.

Telomerase Telomeres

Development- 30

• In cancerous cells, this checkpoint which ensures that all chromosomes have been correctly replicated and that DNA is not damged, is skipped.

G2 checkpoint

Development- 40

• These protein that regulate sister chromatids separation during cell division is unfunctional in some cancer cells.

Cohesin Proteins

Development- 50

• Name one environmental cause of cancer and one behavioral cause of cancer

• X-Rays• UV Radiation• Microwaves

• Smoking• Excessive use of alcohol

Treatment- 10

• This method for treating cancer involves blasting high energy rays at a specific cancerous site.

Radiation

Treatment- 20

• This treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.

Chemotherapy

Treatment- 30

• Scientists are trying to find ways to restore this mutated gene in cancerous cells which stops the cell cycle for DNA repair

P53

Treatment- 40

• What gets removed during a colonoscopy? Is this preventive?

• Precancerous polyps are removed during a colonoscopy as a preventive measure.

Treatment - 50

• Give three side effects of cancer.

• Hair loss• Sexual infertility• Nausea• Vomiting• Infections