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Genetics!

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Genetics!. Objectives. Analyze Meiosis and Mitosis Discuss Gregor Mendel and his contributions to genetics. Essential Question. Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he study?. Back in the Day. Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS 1822-1884 Priest - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Genetics!
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Page 1: Genetics!

Genetics!

Page 2: Genetics!

Objectives

• Analyze Meiosis and Mitosis• Discuss Gregor Mendel and his

contributions to genetics

Page 3: Genetics!

Essential Question

• Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he study?

Page 4: Genetics!

Back in the Day

• Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS

• 1822-1884• Priest • Study the inheritance traits in pea

plants • Not recognized until the 20th century

Page 5: Genetics!

What did Mendel Study?

Page 6: Genetics!

What did this mean?

• Selective Breeding • Crossbreeding• Heritability

– What traits get passed on?

Page 7: Genetics!

What about today?

• Crossbreeding breeds registered• Cross bred crops

– Aprium , Pluot, Grapple• Cross Bred Animals

– Black Baldie, Labordoodle • Biotechnology

– Fish in Strawberries to prevent freezer burn

– Sub- arctic fish genes pumped into strawberries

Page 8: Genetics!

Let’s Break it Down

• Where is the information coming from?

• Where is it stored?• What does it look like? • What information is carried?

Page 9: Genetics!

Where is the info coming from?

• Parents

Page 10: Genetics!

Where is it stored?

• Cells

Page 11: Genetics!

MitosisActivity:

Please draw on a

separate sheet of paper

Mitosis. On the back we

will draw Meiosis

Page 12: Genetics!

Meiosis

Page 13: Genetics!

What does it look like?

• Genotype• Phenotype

Page 14: Genetics!

What information is carried?

• Chromosomes

Page 15: Genetics!

Why follow genetics?

• Pedigree

Page 16: Genetics!

Activities

• Video; Intro to Genetics united Streaming

Page 17: Genetics!

Vocabulary: Please Define

• Heritability• Gregor Mendel• Gene• Chromosome • Genotype• Phenotype• Pedigree• Gamete

Cross BreedingSelective BreedingMitosisMeiosis

Page 18: Genetics!

Genetics!The Punnett Square

Middletown High School Spring 2009

Page 19: Genetics!

Objectives

• Analyze heritable traits• Calculate heritability using Punnett

Square Method

Page 20: Genetics!

Essential Question

• What does the Punnett Square represent/ Calculate?

Page 21: Genetics!

It started with a Pea [plant]

Page 22: Genetics!

What is a Punnett Square?

• an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross

Page 23: Genetics!

More than 1 trait

Page 24: Genetics!

Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid

Page 25: Genetics!

What does it mean?

• We can follow traits

Page 26: Genetics!

How to Punnett Square [Dance]

Page 27: Genetics!

Reading the Results

PERCENTAGES

RATIOS

1:2:1AA:Aa:aa

Page 28: Genetics!

Let’s Practice

• Worksheet- Punnett Practice

Page 29: Genetics!

Vocabulary

• Punnett Square• Heritability • Monohybrid• Dihybrid

Page 30: Genetics!

What do we look for?

Genetics in Animals

Page 31: Genetics!

Objectives

• Identify traits in animal breeding that are desirable based on breed and that are heritable

Page 32: Genetics!

Essential Question

• Where do you find information on heritable breed traits?

Page 33: Genetics!

General Concepts

• Certain traits are heritable • Hybrid vigor • Purebred

Page 34: Genetics!

Dogs

• What kind of traits would you want in YOUR dog? If you had:– Children– Small apartment– Sheep herd– Loved running ?

Page 35: Genetics!

Dogs

• Temperament can be bred for!– Especially aggression

• Watch for heritable health risks– Eye Problems

• Irish Setters and Progressive Retinal Atrophy • Collie Eye Anomaly • Cataracts • Entropion (eyelids turn in or out)

Page 36: Genetics!

Dogs- Heritable Health Contin

• Hips and Joints– Hip dysplasia

• Malformation/degeneration of the hip joint.– Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Shetland Sheepdog

– Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD) • Bone spur or flake wears away at joint.

– Present in dogs with OCD

– Pateller Luxation• Elbow/kneecap slides out of place locking leg

– Occurs more in smaller dogs

Page 37: Genetics!

Cats- Heritable Health • Polydactyly• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

– Heart muscle thickens • Main Coon Cats

• Progressive Retinal Atrophy• Diabetes

– Burmese

• Feline Infectious Peritonitis – Some cats have a predisposition to the

development of FIA

Page 38: Genetics!

Cattle – Dairy Cattle

• Milk production• Milk Fat Content • Efficiency

– Feed intake to Milk Output

• Calving ability

Page 39: Genetics!

Sire Summary in Cow/Calf Op.s

Evaluation report

  Birth weight Weaning weight

Yearling weight

Maternal breeding value

EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EBV ACC DTS

Bull A -1.6 0.81 -2.7 0.79 -3.2 0.72 102 0.80 13

Bull B +2.4 0.90 +39.1 0.91 +70.0 0.83 103 0.76 11

Bull C +8.3 0.97 +53.8 0.97 +80.4 0.89 93 0.66 5

Advantage for progeny weaning weightsBull B vs. Bull A + 41.8 poundsBull C vs. Bull A + 56.5 poundsBull C vs. Bull B + 14.7 pounds

ACC = accuracyDTS = number of daughters

Table 1Example of sire summary data from the 1984 Angus sire summary

University of Missouri: Extension

Page 40: Genetics!

EPD

• EPD: Expected Progeny Difference: express the genetic transmitting ability of a sire. The EPD is reported as a plus or minus value in the unit in which the trait is measured.

• EPDs are calculated from a sire's progeny data. All bulls listed in the sire summary can be directly compared using EPD values. EPDs are an estimate of how a bull's progeny would be expected to perform compared to any other bull listed in the same summary.

Page 41: Genetics!

ACC

• ACC: Accuracy is a measure of how much the EPD value might change as additional progeny data become available. Sires with more calves in several different herds will have higher accuracy figures

• Select bulls to use based upon their EPD values and use the accuracy figure to determine how much to use a bull.

Page 42: Genetics!

MBV

• Maternal Breeding Value (MBV) describes how daughters of a bull are expected to produce compared to other cows in a herd. Once a bull's own daughters come into production, the MBV is calculated using the records of his own daughters in addition to those of his sire and paternal and maternal grandsires.

• Estimates of MBVs come from pedigree analysis, not sire evaluation

Page 43: Genetics!

DTS

• Number of Daughters.

• Why would this information be needed or relevant?

Page 44: Genetics!

Why perform strict analysis?

• Both commercial and seedstock producers should find sire summaries useful. A producer using AI can obtain semen from bulls that are superior in the traits of interest.

• Summaries also can be used to identify herds that excel in genetic merit and vice versa. A breeder who has several superior bulls listed in the report is a more reliable source of bulls than either the breeder who has no bulls listed or the breeder who has poorer than average bulls listed in the summary.

Page 45: Genetics!

Evaluating EPD’s Exercise Worth 50 points

• Using the booklet provided at your TABLE please:– 1. Read the Packet!– 2. Formulate a Vocabulary sheet for ALL

vocab words defined (all the abbreviations) – 3. Answer the worksheet questions in

groups.– 4. Write down any questions you have. – Due Thursday!!!!!!

Page 46: Genetics!

Once Finished EPD worksheet

• Summary Paper–1 paragraph double spaced

»Define the purpose of a Sire Summary. Who benefits from the sire summaries? What do sire summaries mean for producers? What information is provided on a sire summary?

Page 47: Genetics!

Genetic Terms to know

Middletown High School Spring 2009

Page 48: Genetics!

Objectives

• Define terms normally used when explaining and discussing genetics

Page 49: Genetics!

Essential Question

• Why is using appropriate terminology important in Veterinary Science?

Page 50: Genetics!

Genetic Vocabulary Review

Page 51: Genetics!

Co Dominance

• A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other

• Example: Roan coloring in cattle

Page 52: Genetics!

Roan Coloring in Cattle

• R is Red W is white

• F1 Generation– All Roan

• F2 Generation – 25% Red– 50% Roan– 25% White– 1:2:1 Ratio

R R

W RW RW

W RW RW

R W

R RR RW

W RW WW

Page 53: Genetics!

Sex Limited Genes

• Gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens

• Both sexes may have the gene• Example hen/rooster feathering

Page 54: Genetics!

Hen/Rooster Feathering

Genotype Female Phenotype

Male Phenotype

HH Hen feathering

Hen feathering

Hh Hen feathering

Hen feathering

hh Hen feathering

Cock Feathering

Page 55: Genetics!

Sex Determination• Mammals

– Determined at moment of fertilization– Female has regular chromosomes plus

an XX – Male has only 1 sex chromosome Y

• Birds– Females determine the sex of the

offspring Ma. X Y

X XX XY

X XX XY

Bi. Z Z

Z ZZ ZZ

W ZW ZW

Page 56: Genetics!

Sex Influenced Genes

• Trait expressed to different extents depending on the sex of the individual.

• Normally phenotypically recognized• Examples

– Male pattern baldness in humans (comes from your mother)

– Horns in sheep– Spotting in cattle

Page 57: Genetics!

Sex Linked Characteristics

• Genes carried on the sex chromosome • Example barred feather coloring in

chickens

Zb Zb

ZB ZB Zb ZB Zb

W Zb W Zb W

Page 58: Genetics!

Genetics Activities

• Chromosomes and Genes – Simulation Activity

• Dihybrid Guinea Pigs• Design a Species • Hardy-Weinburg?

Page 59: Genetics!

Genetics in Animals

• Using the terms learned today. • Find examples other than those used

in the presentation to help define 1 vocabulary word from today

• Vocab– Sex Linked - Codominance– Sex influenced - Sex limited

Page 60: Genetics!

Gene Behavior

Middletown High School Spring 2009

Page 61: Genetics!

Objectives

• Discuss common gene behavior

Page 62: Genetics!

Essential Question

• What types of gene behavior might appear as a phenotypic result

Page 63: Genetics!

Linkage

• Tendency for certain traits to appear in groups in the offspring

• Genes closer together on the chromosome are more likely to stay together

Page 64: Genetics!

Crossover

• During meiosis chromosomes line up closely

• Sometimes the genes jump and cross over forming new chromosomes with different combinations of genes

• The farther apart two genes are on a chromosome the more likely they are to make a new combination

Page 65: Genetics!

Mutation • New trait appears that

did not exist in parents • Some are harmful some

are beneficial • Radiation will cause

genes to mutate • Example: Polled

Herefords – Cross between to horned

resulted in polled– Polled is dominant – one

parent must be polled

Page 66: Genetics!

Mutation Activity: Library 10/14 11:30-12:30pm

• Research a mutation • Write a paragraph summary

describing the condition, what causes the condition, and if the condition benefits or harms the animal.

• Provide sources in APA format have at least 2

• This will be presented, and collected for grading. COMPLETE SENTENCES please

Page 67: Genetics!

Final Vocabulary

• Mutation• Crossover• Linkage• Sex linked• Sex influenced• Sex limited • Co-Dominance

• DTS• EPD• MBV• ACC• Hybrid Vigor• Punnett Square• Heritability • Monohybrid• Dihybrid

HeritabilityGregor MendelGeneChromosome GenotypePhenotypePedigreeGamete Cross BreedingSelective BreedingMitosisMeiosis


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