Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4

7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4

1/23

@dzcecpcefp' Oflfp' Kggfgfp klb Evrkrnclp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=

Fvakz~crn` `dzcecpcefp kzf ekbf vx ci BLK klb xzcrfnlp,

Oflf= K dfznrkjgf ik`rcz rdkr `clrzcgp k pxf`nin` rzknr, Nr `clpnprp ci k

gflord ci BLK c``vx~nlo k pxf`nin` gc`vp cl k `dzcecpcef,

Oflcef= Rdf oflfrn` ekaf%vx#nliczekrncl ci kl czoklnpe,

Kggfgf= K pxf`nin` icze ci k oflf rdkr bniifzp izce crdfz iczep ci rdkr

oflf j~ clg~ k ifw jkpfp' kl c``vxnfp rdf pkef oflf gc`vp kp crdfz

kggfgfp icz rdkr oflf,

Oflf Evrkrncl

K oflf evrkrncl np k `dklof nl rdf jkpf pf{vfl`f ci k oflf, Nr `kl c``vzkp=

K izkef pdnir evrkrnclc Kbbnrnclc Bfgfrncl

K pvjprnrvrncl evrkrnclPnàgf @fgg Klkfenk' kl Ftkexgf ci Oflf Evrkrncl

Pnàgf `fgg klkfenk zfpvgrp izce k evrkrncl nl rdf Dj oflf wdn`d `cbfpicz dkfecogcjnl,

K pvjprnrvrncl evrkrncl c``vzp nl rdf BLK pf{vfl`f, Rdf Rd~enlf nl rdf `cbcl @R@ np zfxgk`fb wnrd Rd~enlf' `kvpnlo rdf

`cbcl rc jf`cef @K@,

Rdnp zfpvgrp nl kl fzzcz nl rdf eZLK przklb bvznlo rzklp`znxrncl kpwdkr wcvgb lczekgg~ jf OKO np zfxgk`fb wnrd OVO,

Rdnp `kvpfp kl fzzcz nl rzklpgkrncl jf`kvpf rdf klrn%`cbcl @R@'jfkznlo Ogvrken` k`nb' np zfxgk`fb wnrd rdf klrn%`cbcl @K@' jfkznlo

Ykgnlf,

Rdf pvjprnrvrncl ci Ogvrken` k`nb icz Ykgnlf zfpvgrp nl rdf xzcbv`rncl cidkfecogcjnl P nlprfkb ci dkfecogcjnl J' klb rdnp `kvpfp k `dklof nl

rdf pdkxf ci rdf zfb jgccb `fgg,

Rdf zfb jgccb `fggp xzcbv`fb kzf pnàgf pdkxfb nlprfkb ci bclvr pdkxfbklb rdnp kiif`rp rdfnz `kxk`nr~ rc `kzz~ ct~ofl,

Dcwfyfz' pnàgf `fgg klkfenk dkp nrp kbyklrkofp kp nr onyfp zfpnprkl`frc ekgkznk' pc rdf evrkrncl icz pnàgf `fgg np `ceecl nl kzfkp wnrd dnod

nlprkl`fp ci ekgkznk,


2/23

@clpf{vfl`fp ci pn`agf `fgg klkfenk nl`gvbf= @dklof nl rdf pdkxf ci rdf jfr%ogcjnl pvj vlnr, Zfb jgccb `fggp jf`cef pn`agf pdkxfb, Rdf zfb jgccb `fggp gnyf icz 4 bk~p kp cxxcpfb rc 48 bk~p icz

lczekg zfb jgccb `fggp,

Xccz jgccb igcw rc xfznxdfzkg rnppvfp' klb rnzfblfpp, Kiif`rp rdf zfb jgccb `fggp kjngnr~ rc kjpczj ct~ofl


3/23

Efncpnp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

Efncpnp np k zfbv`rncl bnynpncl rdkr iczep dkxgcnb lv`gfn izce k bnxgcnb

lv`gfvp,

Dcecgcocvp @dzcecpcefp kzf `dzcecpcefp ci rdf pkef gflord'

prknlnlo xkrrfzl' `flrzcefzf xcpnrncl klb xcppfp oflfp `cbnlo icz rdf

pkef `dkzk`rfznprn`p c``vx~nlo rdf pkef gc`vp, Rdf~ bc lcr lf`fppkzng~

dkyf rdf pkef kggfgfp icz rdf oflfp,

Efncpnp

K zfbv`rncl bnynpncl rdkr zfpvgrp nl rdf iczekrncl ci icvz dkxgcnb `fggp izce

clf bnxgcnb `fgg,

Efncrn` `fggp dkyf kl nlrfzxdkpfp pnengkz rc rdf clf rdkr c``vzp nlenrcpnp,

Rdfzf np k O;' P klb O: xdkpf Efncpnp `clpnprp ci rwc prkofp= Efncpnp N klb Efncpnp NN klb nlycgyfp k

zfbv`rncl bnynpncl,

Jfrwffl Efncpnp N klb Efncpnp NN rdfzf np klcrdfz jznfi nlrfzxdkpf, Efncpnp c``vzp nl okefrfp klb nlycgyfp rdf iczekrncl ci icvz dkxgcnb

`fggp izce clf bnxgcnb `fgg,

Efncpnp nlycgyfp pftvkg zfxzcbv`rncl Kirfz Efncpnp' fk`d bkvodrfz `fggp np oflfrn`kgg~ bniifzflr izce rdf

xkzflr `fgg klb izce rdf crdfz `fggp,

Nl rdnp pflpf nr `kl jf pknb rc xzcecrf ykznkrncl,Efncpnp N

Nlrfzxdkpf$pxf`nin`kgg~ P xdkpf.

@dzcecpcefp zfxgn`krf rc icze rwc pnprfz `dzcekrnbp mcnlfb kr rdf`flrzcefzf,

Xzcxdkpf N

@dzcecpcefp clbflpf, Lv`gfkz flyfgcxf bnpnlrfozkrfp, Dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp xknz vx nl k xzc`fpp `kggfb p~lkxpnp, Rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft iczep,

c Rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft np k xzcrfnl rdkr krrk`dfpdcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp rc icze k Rfrzkb,


4/23

@dnkpekrk kzf rdf xcnlrp kr wdn`d dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp `cefnlrc `clrk`r,

@zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp' klb rdf dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp ft`dklofoflfrn` nliczekrncl, $Rdnp c``vzp kr `dnkpekrk.

Rdf `flrzcpcefp bvxgn`krf klb rdf~ ecyf kwk~ izce fk`d crdfz, Pxnlbgf injfzp jfonl rc bfyfgcx,Efrkxdkpf N

Rdf Rfrzkb `dzcecpcefp gnlf vx kr rdf efrkxdkpf xgkrf, Rdf pxnlbgf injfzp krrk`d rc rdf `dzcecpcefp kr rdf anlfrc`dczf,Klkxdkpf N

Rdf Rfrzkb np pxgnr kp rdf `dzcecpcefp ecyf rc cxxcpnrf flbp ci rdf`fgg,

Eflbfgp gkw cinlbfxflbflr kppczreflr `cefp nlrc xgk~ kp rdf`dzcecpcefp kzf pfxkzkrfb zklbceg~,

Rfgcxdkpf N

@~rcanlfpnp c``vzpc Klnekgp `gfkykof ivzzcwc Xgklrp `fgg xgkrf

Kirfz Efncpnp N' rwc `fggp zfpvgrp, Fk`d `fgg np oflfrn`kgg~ bniifzflr izcerdf xkzflr klb dkxgcnb,

Efncpnp NN

Jficzf efncpnp NN' rdfzf np lc zfxgn`krncl ci oflfrn` ekrfznkgp,

Xzcxdkpf NN

Lv`gfkz flyfgcxf bnpnlrfozkrfp, @dzcecpcefp clbflpf, @flrzcpcef bvxgn`krfp klb jfonl rc ecyf kwk~ izce fk`d crdfz, Pxnlbgf injfzp jfonl rc icze,Efrkxdkpf NN

@dzcecpcefp enozkrf rc rdf efrkxdkpf xgkrf Pxnlbgf injfzp krrk`d rc rdf pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kr rdf anlfrc`dczf,


5/23

Klkxdkpf NN

Pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kzf pxgnr xvggfb rc cxxcpnrf flbp ci rdf `fggRfgcxdkpf NN

Rdf lv`gfkz flyfgcxf jfonlp rc zficze, Pxnlbgf injfzp bnpnlrfozkrf, @dzcecpcefp vl`cng rc icze `dzcekrnl, @~rcanlfpnp c``vzp,Rdf zfpvgr ci Efncpnp NN np icvz oflfrn`kgg~ vln{vf dkxgcnb bkvodrfz `fggp,

Enrcpnp y, Efncpnp

Enrcpnp Efncpnp

Zfpvgr np rwc oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg'

bnxgcnb bkvodrfz `fggp,

Zfpvgr np icvz vln{vf' dkxgcnb

bkvodrfz `fggp,

C``vzp nl pcekrn` `fggp, C``vzp nl okefrfp $ofze `fggp.,

Lc p~lkxpnp ci dcecgcocvp

`dzcecpcefp,

P~lkxpnp ci dcecgcocvp

`dzcecpcefp rc icze k rfrzkb,

Nl klkxdkpf pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kzfxvggfb kxkzr,

Nl klkxdkpf N' dcecgcocvp`dzcecpcefp kzf xvggfb kxkzr,

Lc `zcppnlo cyfz, @zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp,

@dnkpekrk Iczekrncl

Rdf icvz pnprfz `dzcekrnbp jf`cef rnodrg~ gnlafb nl k xzc`fpp alcwl kpp~lkxpnp,

K `vr np ekbf nl rdf BLK ci clf `dzcekrnb' klb klcrdfz `vr np ekbf'nl rdf pkef xgk`f' ci k lcl%pnprfz `dzcekrnb,

Rdf rwc lcl%pnprfz `dzcekrnbp mcnl kr rdf xcnlrp wdfzf rdf `vr wkpekbf klb ft`dklof oflfrn` ekrfznkg $kl ft`dklof ci xkrfzlkg klb

ekrfzlkg BLK., Rdnp np alcwl kp `zcppnlo cyfz,

Kirfz `zcppnlo cyfz' rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft bnpnlrfozkrfp jvr rdfpnprfz `dzcekrnbp zfeknlfb mcnlfb kr rdf xcnlr ci oflfrn` `zcppnlo cyfz'

klb rdnp iczep kl T pdkxfb przv`rvzf alcwl kp `dnkpekrk,

Rdf `dnkpekrk zfeknl vlrng gkrf efrkxdkpf,


6/23

Efncpnp klb Oflfrn` ykznkrncl

Rwc xzc`fppfp zfpvgr nl oflfrn`p ykznkrncl nl okefrfp=

@zcppnlo cyfzc Nl efncpnp dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp xknz vx nl k xzc`fpp

`kggfb p~lkxpnp rc icze k rfrzkb

c @dnpekrk icze jfrwffl rdf dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp klb`zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp

c Rdnp kggcwp icz lfw kggfgf `cejnlkrnclp klb rdvp ykznfr~+ Zklbce cznflrkrncl ci `dzcecpcefp nl efrkxdkpf N

Rdfpf rwc xzc`fppfp kggcw kgecpr nlinlnrf oflfrn` ykznkrncl,

@zcppnlo cyfz

@zcppnlo cyfz zfpvgrp nl oflfrn` ykznkrncl kp nr np kl ft`dklof ciekrfzlkg klb xkrfzlkg BLK,

Nr zfpvgrp nl `dzcekrnbp wnrd lfw `cejnlkrnclp ci kggfgfp, @dzcekrnbp wnrd bniifzflr `cejnlkrnclp ci kggfgfp izce fnrdfz xkzflr

kzf alcwl kp zf`cejnlklrp $izce rdf rfze oflfrn` zf`cejnlkrncl.,

@dnkpekrk c``vz kr zklbce xcnlrp kgclo rdf `dzcecpcef' klb eczfrdkl clf `dnpekrk `kl icze jfrwffl dcecgcocvp xknzp,

Efncpnp `kl icze kl kgecpr nlinlnrf kecvlr ci oflfrn` ykznkrncl,Zklbce Cznflrkrncl

Zklbce cznflrkrncl ci `dzcecpcefp bvznlo efrkxdkpf kgpc`clrznjvrfp rc oflfrn` ykznkrncl,

Fnrdfz ekrfzlkg cz xkrfzlkg `dzcecpcefp `kl ik`f fnrdfz xcgf, Rdf lvejfz ci xcppnjgf cznflrkrnclp np :l wdfzf l np rdf lvejfz ci

`dzcecpcefp,

Nl dveklp rdf lvejfz ci xcppnjgf cznflrkrnclp np ::0,Eflbfgp Gkw ci Nlbfxflbflr Kppczreflr

Kggfgf xknzp pfxkzkrf nlbfxflbflrg~' pc rdf rzklpenppncl ci rzknrp rc

okefrfp c``vz nlbfxflbflr ci fk`d crdfz,

Eflbfgp Gkw ci Pfozfokrncl


7/23

Ekrfzlkg klb xkrfzlkg `dzcecpcefp pfxkzkrf klb rdf okefrfp evpr

dkyf clf kggfgf icz fk`d xknz,

Eflbfgp Gkw klb Efncpnp

Bvznlo efrkxdkpf rdf dcecgcocvp xknzp gnlf vx cl rdf efrkxdkpfxgkrf klb cznflr zklbceg~, Rdnp np alcwl kp zklbce cznflrkrncl,

Rdf `dzcecpcefp `kl flb vx kr fnrdfz xcgf $zklbceg~., Rdf wk~ clf dcecgcocvp xknz np ik`nlo bcfp lcr kiif`r rdf wk~ rdf

crdfz dcecgcocvp xknzp kzf ik`nlo,

Rdnp nlbfxflbflr cznflrkrnclp iczep rdf jkpnp ci Eflbfgp gkw ciNlbfxflbflr kppczreflr,

Vlgnlafb oflfp kzf icvlb cl bniifzflr `dzcecpcefp pc wdfl rdf`dzcecpcefp pfxkzkrf' rdf~ zfpvgr nl okefrfp wnrd k zklbcekppczreflr ci `dzcecpcefp klb kggfgfp,


8/23

Akz~cr~xnlo :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

K Akz~cr~xf np kl czbfzfb bnpxgk~ ci rdf `dzcecpcefp wnrdnl kl

czoklnpe,

Nl akz~cr~xnlo' `dzcecpcefp kzf kzzklofb k``czbnlo rc rdfnz przv`rvzf

klb dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp kzf xknzfb vx,

Rdf ik`rczp vpfb rc nbflrni~ klb xknz dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp kzf=

Pn}f Jklbnlo xkrrfzl @flrzcefzf xcpnrncl

Xzflkrkg Bnkolcpnp

K akz~cr~xf ci rdf icfrvp np `kzznfb cvr nl czbfz rc nbflrni~ oflfrn`

bnpczbfzp,

Rdf akz~cr~xf np `clbv`rfb wnrd `fggp cjrknlfb rdzcvod= @dczncln` ynggvp pkexgnlo Kelnc`flrfpnp,

Zfkbnlo k Akz~cr~xf

Akz~cr~xfp `kl jf vpfb rc bfrfzenlf oflbfz cz nbflrni~ oflfrn`

kjlczekgnrnfp,

Nl k akz~cr~xf' rc bfrfzenlf oflbfz ~cv gcca kr rdf T klb ^`dzcecpcefp, Ni rwc T `dzcecpcefp kzf xzfpflr' rdf nlbnynbvkg np

ifekgf' dcwfyfz ni rdfzf np kl T klb k ^' rdf nlbnynbvkg np ekgf,

Rdf ^ `dzcecpcef np fkp~ rc nbflrni~ kp nr np ev`d pekggfz rdkl rdf T

`dzcecpcef,

Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl `kl kgpc jf nbflrninfb j~ bfrfzenlnlo ni rdf nlbnynbvkg dkp

kl ftrzk `dzcecpcef' cz nl pcef `kpfp nr enppnlo k `dzcecpcef,

Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl

Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl zfpvgrp nl k `dklof nl rdf lvejfz ci `dzcecpcefpxzfpflr nl k okefrf, Rdnp zfpvgrp nl oflfrn` kjlczekgnrnfp pv`d k

Bcwlp p~lbzcef,

Nr c``vzp wdfl pnprfz `dzcekrnbp ci dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp ikng rcpfxkzkrf fnrdfz nl klkxdkpf N cz klkxdkpf NN jf`kvpf ecynlo kxkzr np

pcccc dkzb,

_nrd Bcwlp p~lbzcef $rznpce~ :;.' rdnp zfpvgrp nl kl ftrzk`dzcecpcef%:; kp rwc `cxnfp ci `dzcecpcef :; kzf xzfpflr nl rdf

okefrf,


9/23

Ifzrngnpkrncl ci rdf okefrf zfpvgrp nl 0 `cxnfp ci `dzcecpcef%:;, Nlbnynbvkgp ftdnjnr ykz~nlo bfozffp ci eflrkg zfrkzbkrncl, Rdf~ kzf eczf pvp`fxrnjgf rc gfvakfenk' dfkzr ikngvzf'

Kg}dfnefzp klb bfif`rp ci rdf ik`f' rclovf klb dklbp,


10/23

Rdfczfrn`kg Oflfrn`p :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

Oflcr~xf= rdf kggfgfp ci kl czoklnpe

Xdflcr~xf= rdf `dkzk`rfznprn`p ci kl czoklnpe

Bcenlklr kggfgf=kl kggfgf wdcpf xdflcr~xf np ftxzfppfb zfokzbgfpp ci

wdfrdfz nr np nl rdf dcec}~ocvp cz dfrfzc}~ocvp prkrf

@c%Bcenlklr kggfgf= K xdflcr~xn` pnrvkrncl nl wdn`d rwc kggfgfp jcrd

kiif`r rdf xdflcr~xf nl nlbfxflbflr' bnprnlovnpdkjgf wk~p,

Gc`vp= Rdf pxf`nin` gc`krncl ci k oflf cl k `dzcecpcef

Zf`fppnyf kggfgf= kl kggfgf wdcpf xdflcr~xfp kzf clg~ ftxzfppfb wdfl nrnp nl rdf dcec}~ocvp prkrf, n,f, xknzfb wnrd kl nbflrn`kg kggfgf,

Dcec}~ocvp= Dkynlo rwc nbflrn`kg kggfgfp ci k oflf,

Dfrfzc}~ocvp= Dkynlo rwc lcl%nbflrn`kg kggfgfp ci k oflf,

@kzznfz= K xfzpcl wdc dkp clf `cx~ ci k zf`fppnyf kggfgf rdkr `kvpfp k

oflfrn` bnpfkpf nl rdf dcec}~ocvp prkrf,

Rfpr%`zcpp= Rfprnlo k pvpxf`rfb dfrfzc}~ocrf j~ `zcppnlo nr wnrd k

alcwl dcec}~ocvp icz rdkr rzknr jfnlo nlyfprnokrfb,

K' J' C jgccb r~xfp

K' J' C jgccb r~xf np kl ftkexgf ci evgrnxgf kggfgfp klb `c%bcenlklr kggfgfp,

Evgrnxgf kggfgfp zfifz rc oflfp rdkr dkyf rdzff cz eczf kggfgfp, Dvekl jgccb r~xf dkp rdzff kggfgfp=

c Nkc Njc n

Nk klb Nj kzf `cbcenlklr' klb n np zf`fppnyf rc jcrd, Kl~ rwc ci rdfpf kggfgfp kzf xzfpflr nl kl nlbnynbvkg, Rdf xcppnjgf oflcr~xfp klb xdflcr~xfp kzf=

Oflcr~xf Xdflcr~xf


11/23

Pft klb Oflfrn`p

Dcw Pft @dzcecpcefp @clrzcg Oflbfz

Rdf pft `dzcecpcefp' T klb ^' kzf rdf :0zb `dzcecpcefp, Ekgfp `kl fnrdfz dkyf kl T cz k ^ `dzcecpcef nl rdfnz pxfze' wdfzfkp

ifekgfp `kl clg~ dkyf kl T `dzcecpcef nl rdfnz foo,

Rdfzf np k 68& `dkl`f ci rdf ciipxznlo jfnlo ekgf' klb k 68& `dkl`fci nr jfnlo ifekgf,

Ekgfp dkyf rdf oflcr~xf T^ klb ifekgfp dkyf rdf oflcr~xf TT Rdf ^ `dzcecpcef $nldfznrfb izce rdf ikrdfz. dkp rdf PLZ oflf wdn`d

nlnrnkrfp ekgf bfrfzenlkrncl,

Bniifzfl`f jfrwffl rdf T klb rdf ^

Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp pcef oflfp rdkr `kllcr jf icvlb cl rdfev`d pdczrfz ^ `dzcecpcef,

Rdf T klb ^ `dzcecpcef bc pdkzf k pdczr zfoncl wdn`d kggcwp iczxknznlo bvznlo efncpnp,

Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp oflf wdn`d kzf ynrkg icz gnif, Rdnp wkpbnp`cyfzfb rdzcvod oflf evrkrnclp1 C^ np gfrdkg' wdfzfkp CT $Rvzlfzp

p~lbzcef. np lcr,

Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp ;';88 oflfp' wdfzfkp rdf ^ `dzcecpcef`clrknlp :88 oflfp,

Pft Gnlakof

Nr np rdf `clbnrncl wdfl oflfp zfpxclpnjgf icz k rzknr kzf icvlb cl rdf pft

`dzcecpcefp,

Ftkexgfp

@cgcvz jgnlblfppc Ifekgf= TJTJ' TJTj' TjTjc Ekgf=5 TJ^' Tj^c _dfzf TJ np lczekg ynpncl

Nk Nk K

Nj Nj J

nn C

Nk Nj KJ

Nk n K

Nj n J


12/23

Dkfecxdngnkc Ifekgf= TDTD' TDTd' TdTdc Ekgf 5 TD^' Td^c _dfzf TD np lczekg jgccb r~xf

Jcrd rzknrp kzf zf`fppnyf klb kzf icvlb cl rdf T `dzcecpcef, Dcwfyfz'

kp ekgfp clg~ dkyf clf T `dzcecpcef klb rdf kggfgfp icz rdfpf

`clbnrnclp kzf lcr icvlb cl rdf ^ `dzcecpcef' rdfzf kzf lc ekgf `kzznfzp

clg~ kiif`rfb klb vlkiif`rfb ekgfp,

Dcwfyfz' k ifekgf `kl jf dcec}~ocvp cz dfrfzc}~ocvp icz k zf`fppnyf

rzknr,

_d~ ifekgfp `kl jf dfrfzc}~ocvp icz T%gnlafb rzknrp

Ifekgfp dkyf rwc dcecgcocvp T `dzcecpcefp Ifekgf `kzznfzp dkyf rwc bniifzflr kggfgfp icz rdf T gnlafb zf`fppnyf

rzknr klb rdvp kzf dfrfzc}~ocvp icz rdf rzknr,


13/23

Rfpr `zcppfp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

Xfbnozff `dkzr

Ifekgf

Ekgf

Ni rdf p~ejcg np pdkbfb' rdf nlbnynbvkg np kiif`rfb' ni nr np lcr rdfl df cz

pdf np lcr, Ni nr np dkgi pdkbfb' rdfl rdf nlbnynbvkg np k `kzznfz,

Rzknrp kzf pfxkzkrfb jkpfb cl Eflbfgp gkw ciNlbfxflbflr kppczreflr,

Rfpr%`zcpp

Eclcd~jznb `zcpp `kg`vgkrfp rdf xzcjkjngnr~ ci rdf rzknrp' nl rdfciipxznlo' ci kvrcpcekg `dzcecpcefp kr rdf pkef gc`n, $clf xkzrn`vgkz

rzknr' dfl`f rdf wczb eclc.

Bnd~jznb `zcpp `kg`vgkrfp rdf xzcjkjngnr~ ci rzknrp' nl rdf ciipxznlo' ci

kvrcpcekg `dzcecpcefp icz rwc rzknrp' fk`d kr rdfnz cwl#zfpxf`rnyf gc`n,

K bn%d~jznb `zcpp np k `zcpp jfrwffl rdf I; ciipxznlo ci rwc czoklnpep

wnrd rwc bniifzflr `dkzk`rfznprn`, Rdf `dkzk`rfznprn`p kzf `clrzcggfb j~ rwcbniifzflr oflfp,

_f `kl vpf bn%d~jznb `zcppfp rc `kg`vgkrf rdf oflcr~xn` klb xdflcr~xn`

zkrncp ci ciipxznlo nlycgynlo vlgnlafb kvrcpcekg oflfp,

Bniifzfl`f jfrwffl kvrcpcefp klb pft `dzcecpcefp

Pft `dzcecpcefp kzf rdf `dzcecpcefp rdkr bfrfzenlf ~cvz oflbfz,

Rdf~ kzf rdf T klb ^ `dzcecpcefp,

Kvrcpcefp kzf rdf crdfz `dzcecpcefp' wdn`d kzf lcr pft%`dzcecpcefp,

Rdfzf kzf :: kvrcpcefp,

Nl rcrkg rdfzf kzf :0 xknzp ci `dzcecpcefp= clf xknz ci pft `dzcecpcefp

klb :: xknzp ci kvrcpcefp,

Gnlakof ozcvxp

K xknz ci oflfp cl k `dzcecpcef rdkr kzf vpvkgg~ nldfznrfb rcofrdfz,


14/23

@zcppnlo cyfz zfpvgrp nl ft`dklof ci kggfgfp

Xcg~ofln` Nldfznrkl`f

Rwc cz eczf oflfp k`rnlo cl clf xdflcr~xfc Dknzc Panl `cgcvz

Xcg~ofln` nldfznrkl`f nl wdfl eczf rdkl clf oflf `clrzcgp k`dkzk`rfznprn`,

Vpvkgg~ rdfzf np `c%bcenlkl`f jfrwffl rdfpf oflfp, Xcg~ofln` nldfznrkl`f ftdnjnrp `clrnlvcvp ykznkrncl Panl `cgcvz np `clrzcggfb j~ icvz oflfp= K' J' @ klb B Fk`d oflf nlycgyfb kiif`rp efgklnl xzcbv`rncl nl rdf panl,Gnlafb Oflfp

Oflfp kzf gnlafb ni rdf~ kzf gc`krfb cl rdf pkef `dzcecpcef F,o, Gkrd~zvp Cbczkrvp Gnlafb oflfp kzf nldfznrfb rcofrdfz, Rdfnz zkrnc np lcl%Efbfgnkl $;=;=;=;. Kl~ zf`cejnlklrp kzf k zfpvgrp ci `zcppnlo cyfz wdn`d c``vzp nl

xzcxdkpf N,


15/23

Zf`cejnlkrncl

Rdf kxxfkzkl`f ci bniifzflr oflf `cejnlkrnclp izce rdf xkzflrp,

Rdf kppczreflr ci oflfp nlrc bniifzflr `cejnlkrnclp izce rdf xkzflrp,

@dn%P{vkzfb

K prkrnprn`kg rfpr vpfb rc efkpvzf dcw ev`d ~cvz bkrk bniifzp izce rdf

ftxf`rfb ykgvf,

Ni rdf ykgvf np 76&' rdf bniifzfl`f np bvf rc `dkl`f,

Ni rdf ykgvf np


16/23

Oflfrn` Flonlffznlo klb Jncrf`dlcgco~:2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

Vpf ci Xcg~efzkpf @dknl Zfk`rncl $X@Z. rc `cx~ klb kexgni~

enlvrf {vklrnrnfp ci BLK

X@Z np vpfb rc `cx~ klb evgrnxg~ pekgg kecvlr ci BLK icz eklnxvgkrncl cz

vpf,

Nr np vpfivg wdfl k pekgg kecvlr ci BLK np kykngkjgf jvr k gkzof {vklrnr~

np lffbfb

Xzc`fpp

;, Bcvjgf przklbfb BLK np dfkrfb, Rdnp jzfkap rdf d~bzcofl jclbp klb

pfxkzkrfp rdf przklb,

:, Xznefzp kzf kbbfb pc rdf xcg~efzkpf `kl `krkg~pf rdf p~lrdfpnp ci

BLK,0, X@Z zf{vnzfp dnod rfexfzkrvzf $pc rdnp c``vzp kr k ikprfz zkrf.' rdvp k

dfkr%zfpnprklr BLK xcg~efzkpf fl}~ef' Rk{ xcg~efzkpf $izce Rdfzevp

k{vkrn`vp' k jk`rfznk rdkr gnyf nl dcr pxznlop n,f, k rdfzecxdngn` jk`rfznk.

np vpfb rc `zfkrf k bcvjgf przklb BLK ecgf`vgf,

Ofg Fgf`rzcxdczfpnp

Ek`zcecgf`vgfp BLK `kl jf pfxkzkrfb rdzcvod ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp,Rdf ecgf`vgfp ecyf nl kl fgf`rzn`kg infgb klb kzf pfxkzkrfb jkpfb cl pn}f,

Rdf `dkzof kggcwp ecgf`vgfp rc rzkyfg kgclo rdf ofg,

Nr np vpfb nl BLK Xzcingnlo

Bfrkngp

Rwc pkexgfp kzf cjrknlfb Rdf pkexgfp ci BLK kzf xgk`fb nl k wfgg $bfxzfppncl nl rdf ofg.

Rdf kokzcpf ofg np k pvokz xcg~pk``dkznbf rdkr iczep k pfen%pcgnbekrznt rdkr pfxkzkrfp BLK izkoeflrp jkpfb cl pn}f

Kl fgf`rzn`kg `vzzflr np xgk`fb cl rdf rwc flbp j~ xgk`nlo fgf`rzcbfp krfnrdfz flb ci rdf ofg,

Rdf fgf`rzn`kgg~ `dkzofb ecgf`vgfp $xdcpxdkrf ozcvxp. ecyf rc rdf`krdcbf $xcpnrnyf flb.,

BLK izkoeflrp' `vr wnrd zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp' ecyf rc rdf `krdcbf, Pkexgfp `kl jf `cexkzfb rc alcwl ykgvfp nl czbfz rc jf bfrfzenlfb

jf`kvpf rdf izkoeflrp kzf pfxkzkrfb k``czbnlo rc pn}f' pnengkz rc

`dzcekrcozkxd~,


17/23

Zfprzn`rncl Fl}~efp

Zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp kzf yfz~ pxf`nin`' rdf~ `vr nl k pxf`nin` wk~' kr kpxf`nin` xgk`f,

BLK Xzcingnlo

BLK xzcingnlo np k rf`dln{vf vpfb rc nbflrni~ xfcxgf j~ rdfnz BLK xzcingfp,

Fk`d xfzpcl dkp k vln{vf BLK xzcingf nl rdkr kgrdcvod pf`rnclp ci BLK

$eknlg~ rdf Ftrzclp. pv`d kp rdf pf`rncl rdkr `cbfp icz Dfecogcjnl

iczekrncl kzf nbflrn`kg icz k ekmcznr~ ci rdf dvekl xcxvgkrncl' `fzrknl

pf`rnclp pv`d kp rdf pkrfggnrf BLK $YLZRp icvlb kr rdf flb ci k BLK

przklb cz PZRp icvlb nl rdf enbbgf. kzf vln{vf rc fyfz~ nlbnynbvkg kp k

zfpvgr ci k``vevgkrfb evrkrnclp, Fppflrnkgg~ rdf bniifzfl`f nl rdf Nlrzclp

kggcwp icz BLK xzcingnlo,

BLK xzcingnlo np bclf ynk ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp, Ni rdf kykngkjgf kecvlr ci

BLK rc jf xzcingfb np enlvrf' X@Z $xcg~efzkpf `dknl zfk`rncl. np `kzznfb

cvr rc `cx~ klb kexgni~ rdf kykngkjgf kecvlr jf`kvpf k gkzof kecvlr ci

BLK np zf{vnzfb icz rdf BLK rc vlbfzoc rfprnlo, X@Z np `kzznfb cvr kr k

dnod rfexfzkrvzf ci kjcvr 98 bfozffp @fgpnvp rc kggcw rdf xzc`fpp wcza


18/23

ev`d ikprfz, Dfkr np kxxgnfb rc jzfka rdf d~bzcofl jclbp jfrwffl rdf

przklbp ci BLK' rdfzfj~ `kvpnlo rdf bcvjgf dfgnt rc vlwnlb' lv`gfcrnbf

jkpfp kzf rdfl kbbfb rc rdf pcgvrncl rdf BLK np nl klb Rk{ xcg~efzkpf'

kl fl}~ef wdn`d `kl wcza kr dnod rfexfzkrvzfp np vpfb rc zfxgn`krf rdf

BLK,

Kirfz rdf BLK dkp jffl `cxnfb ynk X@Z' zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp kzf vpfb rc

`vr pf`rnclp ci rdf BLK, Rdf flbp iczefb j~ rdf `vr BLK kzf fnrdfz

jgvlr cz prn`a~ bfxflbnlo cl rdf r~xf ci zfprzn rncl fl}~ef vpfb, Rdf

izkoeflrp ci BLK kzf rdfl pfxkzkrfb ynk Ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp, Nl rdnp

xzc`fpp' rdf BLK ek`zcecgf`vgfp kzf pfxkzkrfb nl rdf ofg k``czbnlo rc

pn}f' j~ zvllnlo k `vzzflr rdzcvod rdf ofg, Rdf BLK np xgk`fb nl k ofg' kl

fgf`rzn` `vzzflr np xgk`fb kr rdf rwc flbp klb rdf BLK izkoeflrp' wdn`dkzf `dkzofb' ecyf rc rdf xcpnrnyf flb, Rdnp zfpvgrp nl k xkrrfzl ci

jklbnlo cl rdf Ofg' pnengkz rc ofg `dzcekrcozkxd~, Rdfpf jklbnlo

xkrrfzlp kzf vlgnafg~ rc jf rdf pkef icz rwc nlbnynbvkgp klb rdvp kzf vpfb

nl BLK xzcingnlo,

BLK xzcingnlo np k dnodg~ vpfivg rf`dln{vf wdcpf kxxgn`krnclp nl`gvbf

xkrfzlnr~ rfprp kp rdf BLK xzcingf ci rdf ikrdfz klb rdf `dngb wcvgb jf

pnengkz' klb iczflpn` nlyfprnokrncl kp BLK xzcingnlo `kl jf bclf izce BLKpkexgfp cjrknlfb izce jgccb' pfefl' rnppvfp fr`, Nr `kl kgpc jf vpfb icz

rktclce~ icz `gkppnin`krncl ci czoklnpep kp nr `kl jf vpfb rc bfrfzenlf

oflfrn` pnengkznr~,

Dcw BLK np vpfb nl Iczflpn` Nlyfprnokrnclp klb Xkrfzlnr~ rfprp

Czoklnpep dkyf k pdczr pf{vfl`f ci BLK wdn`d kzf zfxfkrfb pfyfzkg

rnefp, Rdfpf kzf `kggfb pkrfggnrf BLK' klb rdf gflordp ykz~ izce xfzpcl rc

xfzpcl, Rdfpf kzf vpfb icz xzcingnlo,

K pkexgf ci rdf BLK np cjrknlfb, K zfifzfl`f pkexgf np kgpc cjrknlfb, Rdf BLK pkexgf np kexgninfb ynk X@Z Rdf BLK np `vr nlrc izkoeflrp j~ zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp' Rdf izkoeflrp kzf pfxkzkrfb ynk ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp jkpfb cl rdf pn}f

ci rdf izkoeflrp,


19/23

Rdf jklbp kzf `cexkzfb jfrwffl rdf rwc pkexgfp' ni rdf jklbnloxkrrfzl np rdf pkef rdf BLK np izce rdf pkef pcvz`f

Ni rdf xkrrfzlp kzf pnengkz rdf nlbnynbvkgp ek~ jf zfgkrfbFiif`rp ci ekxxnlo rdf dvekl oflcef

Nr np fkpnfz rc prvb~ dcw oflfp nligvfl`f dvekl bfyfgcxeflr Nr dfgxp nbflrni~ oflfrn` bnpfkpfp Onyfp eczf nliczekrncl cl rdf cznonlp' fycgvrncl klb enozkrncl ci

dveklp,

Kggcwp rdf xzcbv`rncl ci lfw bzvop jkpfb cl BLK jkpf pf{vfl`fp cioflfp

_dkr dkxxflp wdfl oflfp kzf rzklpifzzfb3_dfl oflfp kzf rzklpifzzfb jfrwffl pxf`nfp' rdf kenlc k`nb pf{vfl`f ci

xcg~xfxrnbfp zfeknl rdf pkef jf`kvpf rdf oflfrn` `cbf np vlnyfzpkg,

Rdf pkef icvz jkpfp kzf vpfb klb nlrfzxzfrkrncl ci rdf `cbclp zfeknl rdf

pkef,

Jkpn` Rf`dln{vf icz Oflf Rzklpifz

Rdf oflf ci nlrfzfpr ni `vr cvr vpnlo k zfprzn`rncl fl}~ef' czzfyfzpf rzklp`znxrkpf np vpfb rc `zfkrf k BLK `cx~ izce kleZLK przklb,

Kl ftrzk ovklnlf lv`gfcrnbf np kbbfb rc rdf flb ci rdf BLKprzklb rc `zfkrf k prn`a~ flb,

Rdf pkef zfprzn`rncl fl}~ef np vpfb rc `vr xgkpenb BLK kr kpxf`nin` jkpf pf{vfl`fp

Kl ftrzk `~rcpnlf lv`gfcrnbf np kbbfb rc rdf flb ci rdf xgkpenb rc `zfkrf

k prn`a~ flb,


20/23

Oflfrn` Ecbnin`krncl :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88

Vpfp ci OE `zcxp cz Klnekgp

Ftkexgfp ci

Ocgbfl zn`f=c Zn`f flzn`dfb wnrd jfrk%`kzcrflf' wdn`d `kl jf `clyfzrfb

nlrc Ynrkenl K nl rdf jcb~ klb `kl xzfyflr jgnlblfpp

Ik`rcz NT xzcbv`nlo pdffx=c Rdf pdffx xzcbv`fp `gcrrnlo ik`rczp$YNN' NT cz

nlrfzgfvanlp. nl nrp enga, Rdf ik`rcz `kl jf ftrzk`rfb izce

rdf enga klb vpfb rc rzfkr dkfecxdngnk`p,

Nlpf`rn`nbf pwffr `czl=c @czl rdkr np zfpnprklr rc xfprp pc rdf ikzefz bcfp lcr dkyf

rc pxzk~ xcrflrnkgg~ dkzeivg nlpf`rn`nbfp,

Jflfinrp

Ocgbfl zn`f=c Eczf pxf`nin` jzffbnlo rdkl wnrd rzkbnrnclkg efrdcbp,c Ikprfz zfpvgrp cjrknlfb,c Kjngnr~ rc nlrzcbv`f `dkzk`rfznprn`p izce crdfz pxf`nfp rdkr

wcvgb lcr lkrvzkgg~ kxxfkz nl rdf oflf xccg,

c Nl`zfkpfb xzcbv`rnynr~ ci rdf gklb $fnrdfz klnekg cz xgklr., Ik`rcz NT xzcbv`nlo pdffx

c Vpnlo gnyfprc`a rc xzcbv`f efbn`nlfpc Ekaf czoklnpep eczf xzcbv`rnyfc Xzcecrf dfkgrd klb lvrznrncl ci klnekg#xgklrc Nl`zfkpf rdfnz ozcwrd klb bfyfgcxeflr

Nlpf`rn`nbf pwffr `czlc Nl`zfkpf zfpnprkl`f rc bnpfkpfp

Dkzeivg Fiif`rp

Oflfrn`kgg~ ecbninfb czoklnpep klb `zcxp dkyf ekl~ vlalcwlnlrfzk`rnclp jfrwffl rdf flynzcleflr,

Ek~ cyfz `cexfrf wnrd gc`kg pxf`nfp Zfbv`fp oflfrn` ykznkrncl

Ek~ rzklpifz rdf nlpfzrfb oflf rc k wffb~ zfgkrnyf klb `zfkrf k pvxfz

wffb,

@gclfp


21/23

K ozcvx ci oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg czoklnpep K ozcvx ci oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg `fggp bfznyfb izce k pnlogf xkzflr@gclnlo kggcwp ~cv rc xzcbv`f evgrnxgf `cxnfp ci rdf pkef oflfrn` rzknr,

Dcw rc ekaf k `gclf icz bveenfp

Bniifzflrnkrfb= $Bcgg~.c Rzfkr ifekgfp wnrd OlZD rc `kvpf rdfe rc xzcbv`f foopc Zfecyf lv`gfvp izce foop vpnlo k en`zc%xnxfrrfc @vgrvzf lv`gfkrfb `fggp,c Zfbv`f rdf lvrznflr gfyfg pc rdf `fggp prcx bnynbnlo,c Ivpr rdf flv`gfkrfb klb lv`gfkrfb `fggp rcofrdfz vpnlo k `vzzflr

ci fgf`rzn`nr~c @vgrvzf `fggp vlrng rdf~ jf`cef k eczvgk $pcgnb ekpp ci `fggp.c Rzklpifz pfyfzkg nlrc rdf vrfzvp, Bcgg~ rdf pdffx wkp `gclfb j~ rkanlo vbbfz `fggp izce k bclcz

pdffx,

Rdfpf `fggp wfzf `vgrvzfb nl k gcw lvrznflr flynzcleflr pc rdf~wcvgb jf`cef bczeklr,

Kl foo `fgg wkp rkafl izce klcrdfz pdffx klb rdf lv`gfvpzfecyfb vpnlo k en`zcxnxfrrf,

Rdf vbbfz `fggp klb foo `fggp wfzf ivpfb vpnlo k `vzzflr cifgf`rzn`nr~,

Rdf ivpfb `fggp bfyfgcxfb gnaf k lczekg }~ocrf nlrc kl fejz~c, Rdf fejz~c wkp xgklrfb nlrc klcrdfz pdffx wdc k`rfb kp rdf

pvzzcokrf ecrdfz,

Rdf gkej jczl $Bcgg~. wkp oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg rc rdf bclczpdffx,

Nppvfp ci @gclnlo Dveklp

Icz Koknlpr

@gclfb fejz~cp `kl jf rfprfb icz

oflfrn` bnpfkpfp

@gclfb czoklp ek~ pdcw xzfekrvzf

konlo cz `kl`fz

Rnppvfp bc lcr pviifz izce neevlf

nl`cexkrnjngnr~

Zfgnoncvp zfkpclp

Zfoflfzkrncl zfpfkz`d Fejz~cp `zfkrfb klb rdf zfpr wngg


22/23

jf bnp`kzbfb

Ek~ pxnl cii nlrc zfpfkz`d nl `kl`fz

klb rzklpxgklrp

Cjrknlnlo foo `fggp rkafp kbyklrkof

ci wcefl,


23/23

;#:2#:8;: :=2:=88 KE

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4

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