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Genetics Nathan Lin Period 5 Campfield

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Disclaimer My videos are approximately 99.9% correct 0.1% error Like hand sanitizer Some videos are a little factually off Sorry

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DNA Intro Video Helpful Video Disclaimer The audio is a bit messed up because of the rendering process (not my fault)

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Transcription The copying of a sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.

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Initiation RNA polymerase binds to the promoter in DNA This is the start area for the specific protein It clears the promoter RNA polymerase unzips portion of DNA (part needed for protein synthesis) Not the whole thing

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Initiation Video Helpful Video Disclaimer The audio is a bit messed up because of the rendering process (not my fault)

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Elongation RNA polymerase then codes mRNA from the strand of DNA A=U There is no thymine G=C This pairing forms the complementary strand of mRNA from the DNA

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Elongation Video Helpful Video Disclaimer The audio is a bit messed up because of the rendering process (not my fault)

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Termination Termination is the end of the RNA transcription Final step The synthesized mRNA is released to the ribosome for protein synthesis The RNA polymerase is removed

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Termination Video Helpful Video Disclaimer The audio is a bit messed up because of the rendering process (not my fault)

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RNA Splicing A component of transcription

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What is RNA Splicing? RNA splicing is when the introns are removed and the exons are joined Occurs after transcription Perfection stage

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Introns Introns are sections of DNA They dont code for anything Cut out before final mRNA strand is made

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Exons Exons are separated by introns Exons are spliced together to made the final mRNA Allows humans to generate more complexity (splicing)

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Introns and Exons Video Helpful Video Disclaimer The audio is a bit messed up because of the rendering process (not my fault)

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5 and 3 Caps Form the ends of a DNA or RNA molecule DNA 3carbon atom at one end and the other end has a 5 phosphate group RNA The two ends are modified with special structures (5 cap and 3 poly(A) tail) due to the translation process

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Caps Video

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Translation Process of reading and coding sequences of nucleotide bases in mRNA to join amino acids to create proteins.

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Initiation Occurs in the ribosome P-site A-site Start codon positioned in P-site (AUG) Ribosome reads the codon tRNA (with anticodon) brings in amino acid to form a peptide chain

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Elongation The ribosome continues reading the codons on mRNA tRNA continues adding amino acids tRNA floats away when its amino acid is attached to the chain Amino acids are added to the polypeptide chain Peptide bonds covalent bonds between amino acids

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Translocation Moving of the tRNA molecule from the A site to the P site Growing polypeptide chain

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Translocation (other one) Chromosomes switch multiple traits with another chromosome Chromosome abnormalities Problems occur in meiosis No loss of genetic material

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Comparisons Original Translocated

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Termination Ribosome reads the stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG) Stop codon not associated with any amino acid Ribosome then releases newly created protein into the cell

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Translation Video

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A and P Sites Located on the large subunit of the ribosome P site (left side) holds tRNA molecule carrying a specific amino acid A site (right side) holds tRNA molecule carrying a specific amino acid which is attached to the polypeptide chain Translocation

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A & P Site Video

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Works Cited "Chromosomal Translocations." Translocations. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.. Lin, Anthony Nathan. Genetics. Richmond, 4 March 2012. "Orientation of Primers." DNA Asymmetry. Rutgers University. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.. I, Anthony Nathan Lin, hereby authorize this work to be released in the public domain.

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