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Report on Study Trip April 2006
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. THE CITIES 6
2.1. Geneva 6
2.2. Paris 7
3. THE ORGANISATIONS 9
3.1. UNECE 9 3.1.1. The Organisation 10 3.1.2. The Departments of the UNECE 11 3.1.3. Summary of Briefing by Mr. Jakobowicz 15 3.1.4. Guided Tour through the UN Building 17
3.2. WTO 19 3.2.1. Devision: Trade in Services 20 3.2.2. Summary of Briefing 21
3.3. The International Committee of the Red Cross 22 3.3.1. Some key ideas 23 3.3.2. Summary on Guided Tour 24
3.4. International Labour Organisation 27 3.4.1. Structure, Activities, Roles and Problems 28 3.4.2. The Department (Communication and Public Information) 30 3.4.3. Summary of Lecture by Mr. Rohland 31
3.5. UNCTAD 33 3.5.1. Mandate 33 3.5.2. Main Activities 34 3.5.3. Organizational Structure 36 3.5.4. Future Outlook 37 3.5.5. Summary of Lecture 37
3.6. OECD 38 3.6.1. Public Affairs & Communications Directorate 39 3.6.2. Austrian Delegation 42 3.6.3. Summary of Lecture by Mr. Jochen Picht (OECD Department of Public Affairs and
Communication) 43 3.6.4. Summary of Lecture by Ms. Scheffel (Austrian delegation) 44
3.7. International Energy Agency 46 3.7.1. Department (Energy Efficiency and Environment Division 47 3.7.2. Summary of Lecture by Ms. Philipine de T’Sercalaes 48
3.8. DEXIA 49 3.8.1. Business Lines 50 3.8.2. Summary of Lecture 51
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4. DIARIES 54 4.1. Saturday & Sunday (22.04 – 23.04.2006) 54 4.2. Monday (24.04.2006) 55 4.3. Tuesday (25.04.2006) 56 4.4. Wednesday (26.04.2006) 57 4.5. Thursday (27.04.2006) 59 4.6. Friday (28.04.2006) 61 4.7. Saturday & Sunday (29.04 – 30.04) 62
5. CONCLUSION 64 6. COMMENTS 65 7. SOURCES 68
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1. Introduction
In their 5th semester the students of the Export Management degree program at the IMC
Krems got the chance to attend the course on international law chaired by Mr. Dr. Anis
Bajrektarevic. In the wake of these lectures topics such as International Organisations,
supranational governmental and non-governmental bodies and agencies were analyzed,
discussed and scrutinized.
In the process of talking about all of these important organisations that influence so many
aspects in our life left most of us with a weird sense of detachment; sitting in the auditorium
in Krems and imagining the importance of so distant places in which history was and
continues to be made. At that very moment the idea was born, and notion which subsequently
lead to this remarkable study-visit to Geneva and Paris.
Mr. Anis Bajrektarevic mentioned his excellent contacts to influential individuals in the high-
ranks of organisations such as the UN, WTO, OECD, IEA, etc. and expressed the possibility
of actually going to visit them at their offices and headquarters. From that point on an
incredible amount of coordination and determination was necessary to asses the feasibility of
the trip for over 60 students originating from different semesters. The subsequent workload
was immense, all the officials in the organisations needed to be contacted and dates agreed
upon. Administrational topics such as hotel bookings, the organisation of the transport by bus,
the attempts for attracting sponsoring and the collection of the individual contributions by the
students demanded nerves of steal, patience, and incalculable amounts of time by the students
involved in this process. Nevertheless the objective was clear; an overwhelming majority of
the students was supportive to the idea of this study trip within the 6th semester and finally, on
Saturday the 22nd of April, 2006, a double-decker bus with over 60 Export students left Krems
going west, heading direction Geneva….
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2. The Cities
2.1. Geneva
The city of Geneva is a piece of enclosed land encircled by France. It is located between the
Alps and the Jura mountains, at the very south-west of Switzerland and at the Lake Geneva.
The Rhône and the Arve are the main rivers crossing Geneva. The elevation of the City is 373
meters. The city claims around 185,000 residents. One of Geneva’s most famous sights is the
Jet d’eau (Water Fountain). The fountain pumps half a cubic meter of water per second with a
speed of 200 km/h up to 140 meters high in the air. The city’s ancient Old Town offers a
living glimpse of the past while Geneva’s more than thirty museums and art galleries capture
the rich and vibrant history of the city including the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Museum. But Geneva is not only interesting for tourists and organisations. Geneva is a major
business centre in Europe, home to hundreds of international and multi-national companies
from around the world.
In Switzerland, Geneva comes first
with the number of foreign people
regarding its population: around 45%
represent nearly 180 nations. This
internationality is mainly due to the
many international organisations on
its soil. Geneva plays host to some
200 international organizations - the
UN European headquarters, the UN
Conference for Trade and
Development (UNCTAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Health
Organization (WHO), and the High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) as well as Non-
governmental organizations (NGO’s) such as the Red Cross.
The city of Geneva
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But why is Geneva so interesting for the establishment of the seats for all international
organizations? Among the many reasons why this city is so attractive are firstly Geneva is
located around the Lake Geneva and this makes it a very beautiful place to live in, secondly
Geneva can look back on a very long tradition as an international centre, for instance the
WTO (former GATT) decided to establish the seat in Geneva already 50 years ago but more
importantly the League of Nations were also located in this city. Furthermore the United
Nations have their main activities located in Geneva, namely the offices for Human Rights,
Disarmaments and Trade (as well as Health under the WHO).
Another reason can be found in the fact that Switzerland is situated in the centre of Europe
and that it represents a neutral territory regarding for example the European Union. Already in
former times the Swiss neutrality was as a very important issue, like for example Switzerland
was for a long time neutral of any system like the UN or NATO.
Another very important reason is that after World War 2 the Bretton Woods Institutions
(World Bank and IMF) were built up in the United States and so the GATT decided to situate
itself in Geneva in order to balance the power and to coordinate more efficiently the way of
reconstruction and development in Europe. Additionally this destination was chosen to
enhance international trade. After the establishment of GATT in Geneva in 1955, all the other
international organizations followed as well.
2.2. Paris
The capital of France is located in north central France on the Île-de-France (Paris and
suburbs) at the bank of the river Seine. More importantly Paris is the most visited city of the
world with approximately 30 million visitors a year. Like some other cities Paris has also a
nickname, which is the City of Light (la Ville Lumière) and an air of romance is always
attached to its name. Probably among the most recognisable sights of Paris are the 324 metre
Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, Sacre Coer and Notre Dame. The city of Paris in 2004 had a
population of 2,144,700 but the urban area of Paris has a population of 9.9 million according
to an INSEE report. Paris is a municipality consisting of 20 municipal arrondissements, which
are numbered clockwise spiral outward from the premier arrondissement. Each of these has a
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directly elected council, which then is responsible for electing the arrondissement mayor.
Representatives of each of these councils form then in turn the Council of Paris, which in turn
elects the mayor of Paris.
According to an INSEE report Paris and the Île-de-France account for almost a quarter of the
French GDP of €450 billion. More importantly due to the massive business district of La
Défense Paris is home to almost half of the headquarters of all French companies. Paris is also
the headquarters of the French bank Dexia, which where one of the numerous visits during
this study trip and will be mentioned later in this paper. Of central importance are also the
many offices of international organisations such as UNESCO and OECD to name just a few.
Paris has been the scene of much diplomatic
activity and was already in the 18th century
boasting the largest foreign affairs department in
Europe. The main reason for this might be that
the country was and still remains an intensely
elitist society whereas the peak of the elite will
be found in the government. The French civil
servants and diplomats are of the first order, well
educated and sophisticated, with a great sense of
the state - a loyalty to the community that one
represents. Nevertheless, the French are known
to be very difficult, however very effective
people in conflict. This refers specially to the
“French pride” being justifiably proud of their
nation's culture and notably confident of their intellectual superiority. In the after war periods
the French played a more independent role as far as the European partners were concerned,
going their own way not tending to side with anybody. Moreover the French have always
insisted that official business be conducted exclusively in their language which is maybe the
main reason why French is the diplomatic language within the official languages in
international organisations.
The Eiffel Tower in Paris
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3. The Organisations
3.1. UNECE
On July 1946 the “Temporary Sub Commission on the Economic Reconstruction of
Devastated Areas“ recommended the foundation of the Economic Commission for Europe in
London". In 1947, ECE was given the mandate to rebuild post-war Europe, develop economic
activity and strengthen economic relations between European countries and between them and
the other countries of the world.
During its first four years after its establishment the Commission functioned only on a
provisional basis. Then it was up to the provisional institution to prove whether a permanent
establishment of the Economic Commission on Europe would be effective. The reviewing
report revealed that the Commission’s objectives are to “initiate and participate in measures
for facilitating concerted action for the economic reconstruction of Europe, for raising the
level of European economic activity, and for maintaining and strengthening the economic
relations of the European countries, both among themselves and with other countries of the
world"
Its major aim consists of making sponsoring, investigations, and studies of economic and
technological problems, developments as well as the collection, evaluation and dissemination
of economic, technological and statistical information. In addition to that, the General
Assembly and the Council were concerned with the reparation of war damages and in the
light of the winding up of the United Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) in
1947, the ECE received the order to "give prior consideration, during its initial stages, to
measures facilitating the economic reconstruction of devastated countries of Europe which are
members of the United Nations.
Basically the Commission is empowered to issue recommendations on any matter within its
competence directly to the participating governments. Those recommendations are subject to
two different qualifications: Firstly to the activity of the Commission, which functions within
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the framework of the policies of the United Nations and under the general supervision of the
Council, is subject to the provision that the Commission "takes no action in respect to any
country without the agreement of the government of that country" (article 1); and secondly the
Commission is required to "submit for the Council's prior consideration any of its proposals
for activities that would have important effects on the economy of the world as a whole"
(article 4).
In June 1951 the Commission unanimously adopted resolution 1 (VI) on its future, in which it
considered that constructive economic co-operation was essential to the maintenance of
peace, reaffirmed its faith in the possibility of such co-operation within the framework of the
Commission, and recommended that it should continue its work in this direction.
Finally as a result of that Committee's recommendations the Council, in its resolution 414 C
(XIII), expressed unanimous appreciation of the work of the regional commissions and
decided to continue them indefinitely. By virtue of this decision the ECE became a permanent
body of the United Nations.
3.1.1. The Organisation
In principal the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe is one of five regional
institutions of the United Nations. Concerning the representation and the credentials, each and
every member shall be represented by an accredited representative, who also can be
accompanied by advisors and deputies, who are empowered to temporarily replace the
representative if he should be absent.
Basically each and every member is in charge of one vote. Furthermore it is required that a
majority of all members needs to be present and has to participate in the voting. Concerning
actions to be taken, the UNECE is not empowered to take actions without prior consultation
of the country constraint.
In principal all the terms and obligations can be amended and suspended by the Commission,
apart from aiming at setting the terms of references aside provided for by the UNECE.
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The UNECE functions as the regional arm of the United Nations in order to guarantee that all
the different problems are covered at the United Nations world conference. The underlying
reason is that the Commission should facilitate follow up at a regional level. The terms of
reference had been defined by ECOSOC.
In addition to this UNECE provides a forum for the 55 countries in order to foster the
economic cooperation between the countries of North America, Western, Central and Eastern
Europe as well as Central Asia.
Furthermore there are 70 international professional organisations, accredited with a
consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.
The Commission mainly pursues its goals through policy analysis, the development of
conventions, regulations and standards, and the provision of technical assistance.
Until now, UNECE has drawn up more than 30 conventions and protocols, and over 250
regulations and standards. These instruments eliminate obstacles and simplify procedures for
trade throughout the region and with the rest of the world. A number of them also aim at
improving the environment. Furthermore it also strengthens the integration of member States
at the regional and international level.
3.1.2. The Departments of the UNECE
The cooperation amongst UNECE member states concerns a wide variety of areas which are
consolidated into following divisions:
Economic Cooperation and Integration
On demand of UNECE member states this new subprogram on economic cooperation and
integration was established in order to implement the reforms which were adopted in
December 2005. The first session of the Committee is scheduled for autumn 2006. Several
countries including Austria already submitted proposals regarding the work of the Committee.
The objective is the promotion of a better policy, financial and regulatory environment for
economic growth, an innovative development and higher competitiveness of enterprises and
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economic activities in the UNECE region. The focus will be on countries with economies in
transition. It will deliver policy advice, improve policy dialogue and give the possibility to
exchange experiences between countries. The work will be demand driven and focused on
special topics.
Proposals and options for policy will be provided by the Secretariat, other organisations and
institutions and external experts. This output will be delivered to the Committee of economic
cooperation and integration and subsequently discussed by member states. The results serve
finally as basis for the operational work such as policy advisory services and capacity-
building workshops.
Environment
The aim is to safeguard the environment and human health and the promotion of sustainable
development in member states in line with Agenda 21 by reducing pollution. Industrial
pollution like air pollution is transboundary and makes cooperation among member states the
basis for improving the situation.
Through the Committee on Environmental Policy member states formulate environmental
policy. It supports also the implementation of the very policies.
Regional and cross-sectoral processes (for example “Environment for Europe” Ministerial
process, “Environment, transport and health” tripartite cooperation) serve the same aim.
Environmental performance reviews, assesses and measures the member countries efforts and
results and makes recommendations for improvement.
So far five environmental treaties (for example Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution) have been negotiated. The respective governing bodies are serviced by the UNECE
secretariat.
Housing and Land management
Established in 1947, when infrastructure and housing were still devastated from World War 2,
the Committee today provides a forum for the compilation, dissemination and exchange of
information and experience on housing, urban development and land administration. The
Committee advises member countries on human settlement policies and strategies and
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encourages their implementation. Today help is, for example, given to Bosnia in order to set
up a functioning land register. The Committee works closely with the European Union,
OECD and other UN commissions and agencies.
Statistics
Any sound strategy and policy developed by politicians or managers must be based on up-to-
date, accurate and comparable data and statistics. The UNECE statistical database provides
statistics on all member countries and covers macroeconomic, gender and social studies. The
UNECE statistical work is steered by the Conference of European Statisticians. Their aim is
to improve national statistics and their still lacking international comparability, to promote the
coordination of statistical activities and to respond to any cooperation need both within the
ECE region and other regions. The database can be used free of charge.
Sustainable Energy
Given the fast growing energy consumption in countries like PR China and India and the
related pollution of environment through energy production, the promotion of sustainable
energy production becomes extremely important for UNECE members. The Committee on
Sustainable Energy is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the field of
energy. It is a forum for issues like industry restructuring, energy efficiency, market
liberalisation, energy pricing and energy security. It encourages the use of natural gas, to
bridge the gap until new environmentally friendly energy sources are commercialised, and
improves the environmental friendly production of energy out of coal.
Technical Cooperation
A support unit of the UNECE is the Technical Cooperation Unit. It supports and also
coordinates all operational activities undertaken by UNECE divisions. Most of the activities
dial with the implementation of specific projects in member countries.
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Timber
The UNECE Timber Committee and the FAO European Forestry Commission cooperate in
order to promote a sustainable forest management in the UNECE region. Forests act as “green
lungs” all over the world and are an important factor in regulating the world climate. But
timber is used by humans all over the world for heating and construction.
The Committee works on principles like partnerships, consensus and a balance between
ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. The Committee is active in
analysing and monitoring policy and developments, collecting and disseminating information
and stimulating the exchange of experience and cooperation.
Trade
Although world trade is increasing nowadays it has not reached again the peak it had in the
19th century and the time until World War 1. The aims of the UNECE’s trade development
programme are the development and maintenance of effective international norms and
standards, the reduction of barriers to trade in goods and services especially in UNECE
member countries and the policy development by offering a platform for the exchange of
views.
Several working groups deal with issues like trade facilitation and electronic business (UN
EDIFACT), agricultural quality standards, and regulatory cooperation and standardization
policies (ISO).
Transport
Along with the increase in international trade goes an increase in international transport and
traffic. Transport is therefore an important concern for all UNECE members.
Intergovernmental cooperation is necessary to reduce delivery times and costs and to connect
remote areas to international transport routes. As important is the improvement of security
and environmental-friendliness of modes of transport.
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Guided by the Inland Transport Committee, following working parties deal with a great
variety of issues regarding to transport (examples):
Working Party on Road Transport; on Road Traffic Safety; on Vehicle regulations; Rail
Transport; Transport of Dangerous Goods.
Many UNECE legal instruments and regulations are used as the basis for EC/EU directives,
and vice versa.
3.1.3. Summary of Briefing by Mr. Jakobowicz
After a warm welcome to Geneva and the UN Economic Commission for Europe Mr.
Jakobowicz first gave us a short overview of the UNECE: It is rather small department within
the UN consisting of approximately 200 persons at the moment, with a budget of 27 mil US $
every two years. It was created in 1947 and at this time it was the only place where
communist and capitalist countries came together. By now 55 countries are members to the
UNECE and it consists of 5 regional commissions.
According to Mr. Jakobowicz, the
main task of the UNECE in Geneva
is to set international standards; this
includes the standardisation of fruits,
vegetables, cars, roads and much
more. The main reason for this is to
define how things should look like in
international trade. As an example
Mr. Jakobowicz mentioned the “War
of Nuts” between France (Grenoble)
and the US (California), thus showing that standardisation is important because huge amounts
of money are involved in international trade. Not only many countries worldwide but also the
EU relies on UN standards and does not set their own standards.
Standardisation is an important tool for trade facilitation as e.g. the TIR standard in
international road transport. Mr. Jakobowicz explained us that TIR is an official seal on trucks
Briefing in the UN Building in Geneva
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which allows the driver of the truck to transport the cargo to the final destination, within all
European countries, without having to open it in-between.
Due to dying lakes in Scandinavia as a result of acid rain the UNECE started its environment
program, with the convention on protection of air pollution TDT, in the 1970`s. At this time
the Scandinavian countries started to invest abroad in order to safe the environment as they
itself don’t produce a lot of pollution as they mainly rely on hydropower. Other protocols
regarding the environment are dealing with persistent organic pollution (POPs) and water
problems. The ARIS convention on communication obliges countries to disclose everything
to the public which could harm them in case of environmental accidents. The latest two
protocols in this category, Mr. Jakobowicz, explained are the PRTC, which obliges countries
to declare dangerous products and have list where they are located, and the protocol on
GMO’s, which has the aim that all GMO’s should be identified.
Regarding energy the UNECE has an energy security forum which meets once a year and
discusses issues such as the long term supply of energy or fight against terrorism. The speech
was continued with the topic of statistics, which, in regard to standardisation, is discussed
together with other organisations like e.g. Eurostat.
The UNECE has its own division dealing with trade, which has come up with the UN
EDIFAC.
This is a system of codes used by 300,000 companies worldwide and helps to ease
international trade. Everything what used to be transmitted by fax is now transmitted by
codes. The only drawback of this system is that it is free and thus big companies are not all in
favour of it.
The very interesting and humorous lecture by Mr. Jakobowicz was followed by an open floor
discussion, where the plenum took the unique opportunity to get a deeper understanding of
the department and its work. Please find the respective questions and answers following to
this paragraph:
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• In which way does the Geneva office cooperate with other regional offices in regards
to standardisation?
Depending on which countries/parties are affected by certain standardisations/changes in
standardisations, cooperation among countries and/or regional offices is varying greatly.
(e.g.: Standardisations in the field of flowers would trigger cooperation between major
flower producing nations such as Northern Africa, Holland etc. and the office in Geneva.)
In general one can state, that there is no or not much cooperation between the regional
offices with the exception of Geneva and Bangkok (Asia-Pacific) where this can
sometimes be necessary, as there is no need for closer collaboration.
• In which way are standards monitored and enforced?
As soon as states are accepting standards set by the UNECE, they integrate those into
their own regulatory systems for monitoring and enforcement. Therefore the UN
Economic Commission for Europe is not responsible for those, as it is not involved in
national politics.
• In which way is standardisation influencing diversification?
The UNECE is confronted with the question, if succeeding standardisation is suppressing
diversification – this has already been discussed internally. On the one hand this
suppression seems very obvious – on the other hand “You know what you get!” This
problem setting is especially worsening with the emergence with the “BIO” labels
nowadays, as it is quite difficult to include those into currently existing standards.
In order to get more detailed information on the workings of the department please consult its
homepage on www.unbc.org.
3.1.4. Guided Tour through the UN Building
On Monday the 24th of April at 11:45 the delegation participants from the IMC-Krems had the
pleasure to participate in a guided tour through the United Nations Building in Geneva.
At the beginning the tour guide introduced herself, Constanze Barmoo, and welcomed all
students. The tour began with a deep explanation of the United Nations structure and the brief
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history overview. The beginning of the United Nations started with the foundation of the
League of Nation after World War II. There was a need for an organisational body which
promotes and encourages a peaceful living and harmless dispute settlement but also advises
countries on certain issues such as importance of Human Rights.
The United Nations is an international organization that describes itself as a “global
association of governments facilitating cooperation in international law, international security,
economic development and social equity”. It was founded on 24th of October in 1945 by 51
states signing the Charta of the United Nations. The precursor of the United Nations was the
development of the League of Nations. Today the United Nations is composed of 191
member states, including virtually all international recognised independent nations, except the
Vatican City (Holly See), which has declined membership but is an observer state.
From its headquarters in New York
City, the UN's member countries and
specialized agencies give guidance
and decide on substantive and
administrative issues in regular
meetings held throughout each year.
The organization is divided into
administrative bodies, including the
UN General Assembly, UN Security
Council, UN Economic and Social
Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UN Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice, as
well as counterpart bodies dealing with the governance of all other UN system agencies, such
as the WHO and UNICEF. The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General.
Considering the organisational structure of the United Nations it is important to mention that
there are currently four office locations available; Paris, Vienna, Geneva and New York.
The biggest office in terms of conference held per year is New York followed by Geneva
which hosts 8.000 – 9.000 meetings per year.
After this special insight into the organisational structure the tour continued and the
delegation from the IMC-Krems had the chance to see different conference rooms. The first
room had the capacity to host around 900 persons which can be either delegates from nations
Meeting hall of the UN in Geneva
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or members of NGO’s (Non Governmental Organisations), which act as a advisory body to
the United Nations but also civilians may have the chance to listen to meetings in Geneva.
The tour through the United Nations Building in Geneva also gave the students from Krems
the opportunity to see different gifts from the member nations of the United Nations. For
example the silk carpet from Beijing/China which is one of the most well known gifts from a
member country.
The symbol of the United Nations is the globe made out of iron in the garden of the United
Nation which emblematizes the collective thought of the UN.
Considering the building in Geneva is it important to mention that every member country
provide different raw materials during the construction for example the marble for the
building came from Sweden and Spain.
3.2. WTO
The World Trade Organization was founded in
1995 (in the Uruguay Round) as the successor of
the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade) which remained the WTO’s principle rules
for trade in goods.
Today the WTO has nearly 150 members who
account for over 97% of the world trade.
It is the only international organization dealing with
global rules of trade between nations. Its main
purpose is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,
predictably and freely as possible by lowering trade
barriers among member countries.
The main functions of the WTO are to administer
WTO trade agreements, to act as a forum for trade negotiations, to handle trade disputes, to
Export 2003 students posing in front of the entrance of the WTO
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monitor national trade policies, to provide technical assistance and training to developing
countries and to cooperate with other international organisations.
The agreements reached are the legal rules for international commerce and binding for all
member countries. Negotiations take place only between governments, but finally exporters
and importers and therefore the peoples of the member countries are the ones benefiting. The
decisions are usually taken by consensus among all members.
The highest decision making body within the structure of the WTO is the Ministerial
Conference which has to meet at least every two years. The second important body is the
General Council which shares its work with the Dispute Settlement Body and the Trade
Policy Review Body.
3.2.1. Division: Trade in Services
The WTO Secretariat is organized into divisions with functional, information/ liaison and
support roles, which are normally headed by a Director who reports to a Deputy-Director
General or directly to the Director General.
The Trade in Services Division can be found under the functional support role; it provides
support for the new round of services negotiations since the year 2000. It also continues to
provide support for the Council for Trade in Services and other bodies established under the
GATS including the
• Committee on Financial Services
• The Working Party on Domestic Regulation
• Disciplines under Article VI:4 of the GATS
• The Working Party on GATS Rules
• Disciplines relating to safeguards, subsidies, government procurement
• The Committee on Specific Commitments
and any additional bodies set up under the Council as well as any dispute settlement panels
involving services.
Other work includes providing support for the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements in
its work relating to Article V of the GATS, and for working parties on accession of new
Members in relation to services; facilitating the implementation of the results of negotiations
on basic telecommunications, financial services and professional services; participating
actively in technical cooperation and other forms of public explanation of the GATS, and
providing a continuing service of advice and assistance to Geneva delegations; monitoring
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implementation of the GATS in terms of notifications and implementation of existing and
new commitments.
Within the Trade in Services Division there are in total 16 people employed, 15 of them are
considered as regular staff and they report to one director.
Deputy Director- General of the Trade in Services Division is Harsha Vardhana Singh, who
simultaneously serves as the Deputy Director- General for the Agriculture and Commodities
Division and as well for the Trade and Environment Division.
3.2.2. Summary of Briefing
On the 24th of April 2006 a meeting with a delegate employee of the WTO was scheduled on
the timeline of our Study Trip. The US citizen Dale Hutchens who works for the “Trade and
Service Division” of the WTO gave us a general overview of the activities of the
organization.
The WTO replaced its three predecessors and has in contrast to its antecessor an institutional
character. The headquarter was agreed to be placed in Geneva / Switzerland.
The WTO has six main tasks, namely:
• Administering WTO trade agreements
• Forum of trade negotiations
• Handling trade disputes
• Monitoring national trade policies
• Technical assistance and training for developing countries
• Cooperation with other international organizations
Currently the WTO has 150 members worldwide. The map below shows the members in
particular. Green indicates members, yellow observers and grey neither of both.
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Furthermore Mr. Hutchens was so kind to give us information about the possibilities to work
for the WTO after graduation or to do an internship at the organization. Not astonishing Mr.
Hutchens explained us that the demand for internships is tremendously high and that it is
consequently difficult to get the possibility to realize an internship in Geneva at the WTO.
About the opportunity of facing a career at the WTO after graduation, Mr. Hutchens
explained us the procedure of applying for a working possibility at the WTO.
Generally spoken, the briefing was highly interesting, as we could gain insight into the WTO
from a specialist’s point of view in contrast to the more general view, that we got
communicated during our education at IMC.
3.3. The International Committee of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is
one of the most important worldwide organizations. The
ICRC was established in 1864 in Geneva, after the idea of
Henry Dunant to set up a permanent organisation to help
the wounded.
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Additionally to the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, modern
humanitarian law came into existence. Those are internationally-agreed rules, applicable to all
conflicts to assure assistance for the wounded and sick – and later, to apply to prisoners and
civilians affected by conflicts (revision and expansion of the Geneva Conventions, in 1949; in
1977 and two Additional Protocols). The Geneva Conventions are binding instruments of
international law, applicable worldwide. The ICRC has a permanent mandate under
international law to take impartial action. The ICRC is at the origin of both the International
Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of international humanitarian law, notably the
Geneva Conventions.
The ICRC can be seen as an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian
protection and assistance for victims of war and armed violence. The ICRC is headquartered
in Geneva, Switzerland and based in around 80 countries with about more than 12,000
employees. In case of conflicts the ICRC is organising actions of the national Red Cross / Red
Crescent societies and their International Federation.
The ICRC is governed by an Assembly which is the supreme governing body, an Assembly
Council (a subsidiary body of the Assembly) and a Directorate. The Assembly delegates
certain powers to the Assembly Council. The Directorate is responsible for the execution. The
Assembly and the Assembly Council are both chaired by ICRC President Jakob Kellenberger,
PhD.
3.3.1. Some key ideas
In 2004:
• ICRC delegates visited more than 570,000 people deprived of their freedom.
• The ICRC set up water, sanitation and construction projects for around 20 million
people.
• The ICRC supported hospitals and health-care facilities for about 2.8 million people.
• Essential household goods were provided to more than 2.2 million people.
• Food aid was given to 1.3 million people.
• The ICRC established sustainable food-production and micro-economic initiatives for
1.1 million people.
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The ICRC is voluntarily funded by contributions from governments, party to the Geneva
Conventions, the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, supranational organizations
(such as the European Commission) and public and private sources.
3.3.2. Summary on Guided Tour
The guided tour through the Red Cross Museum started with a general explanation of the
history of the world largest humanitarian organization. We found ourselves in a symbolic
building where we could see sculptures in representation of the violation of the Human
Rights. Moreover the unfinished ceiling of the building symbolised the ongoing work of the
Red Cross Organization.
The museum very much communicates the idea of
self reflection, which is visualised in a saying on
the wall in the entrance area: “Chacun est
responsible de tout devant tous” – “Each one is
responsible for everything before us all”.
The first impressions we got were that the Red
Cross and Red Halfmoon is an Organisation for
the whole of Earth’s society, irrespective of race or heritage. This is something Henry Dunant,
the founder of the organisation had emphasised from the very beginning.
The guided tour comprised the five major aspects of national society, which were explained to
us in detail during our guided tour. Several rooms in the museum provided us with an insight
into the different areas of responsibility covered by the Int. Red Cross Committee:
1. The first room dealt with national society. This project was sponsored by the national
society of Denmark and it provided help in the form of hygiene and the empowerment
of the victim. We were told that children in the Philippines could benefit from this
project as they could exchange waste products for medicine.
2. In the following room, we were confronted with the ground symbolism of the
Federation of the Red Cross: shelter, water, personal hygiene, pots & pans, food.
These items are offered by the Red Cross in order to empower those in need for help.
Moreover we could listen to a message of a traumatized person in this room.
Museum of the ICRC
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3. “Get families together” was the message of the next room we entered. Hundreds of
photos of young African children were
stacked on the wall in representation of the
work of the Red Cross after the Genocide in
Ruanda in 1994. Many children affected
were simply too young and traumatized in
order to be identified, so the Red Cross took
pictures of them with numbers in order to
find the way back to their families. The first
3 letters indicate the area in which they were found followed by the number assigned
to the child.
4. The International Committee of the Red Cross visits prisoners of war and issues
reports on these visits to inform about the living conditions in these prisons. The next
room we entered was a rebuilt prison in real size of a prison in Latin America, where
actually 17 people were forced to live on an area of about 4x3x2 metres. Water could
be accessed in the corners. After the issuing of the report it took another five years to
close down this prison. Moreover we could see gifts which were given to the delegates
who visited the prisoners.
5. The fifth room dealt with landmines. When
entering we stepped on round trunks and
saw several landmines as well as prostheses.
Enforcement of the population training in
how to avoid landmine fields is of utmost
importance in countries as e.g. Angola,
Afghanistan, Vietnam, etc. Affected persons
receive prostheses and children require a new one every three to five years. Children
are highly affected by landmines as they mix up one form of landmines called
“butterflies” with some sort of broken material they play with, which, as we know, has
fatal consequences.
When walking from one room to another one could see transparent veils hanging from the
ceiling, representing the concern for human life. Moreover there were boards dedicated to
famous personalities, such as Florence Nightingale, who reduced the mortality rate of the
Museum of the ICRC
Artificial legs in the museum of the ICRC
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wounded in the battle fields or Charly Barton, who motivated people during Civil Wars and
pushed the U.S. to sign the convention.
A definitely very inspiring and emotional part of the guided tour
was the film/dia-show about the battle of Solferino. The dia-
show ended with a slide showing Mr. George Seagal in a
naturally lighted room appearing all in white. Suddenly the
projection wall opened and we saw a white room with the
sculpture of Mr. George Seagal. The next room was full of
boxes with a collection of around 700 cards describing the faith
of prisoners.
In the following area, a sculpture, the “Humanitarian Gesture”, represented the humanitarian
spirit, often crushed but always renewed by Alexander Meylan and Laura Pisnor. It was at
this point, our guide reminded us that it lies in the responsibility of every one of us to make
the world a peaceful place.
Next we watched film about the impact of World War II, when the Central Prisoners War
Agency sent out around 200 000 messages a day. Packages of food were sent to overcome
scarcity and even intellectual aid was given by this postal service where some prisoners could
acquire a 2nd university education. Moreover, a wall we passed displayed a poster campaign
of the Red Cross in the Communist time.
Several items were exhibited which we were
recommended to look at in detail. One was
particularly interesting: a bird carved out of
wood handmade, with simplest means by a
prisoner which was given to a guard in
exchange for bread.
Sculpture of Mr. George Seagal, Museum of the ICRC
Bird carved out of wood, Museum of the ICRC
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Definitely this guided tour through the Red Cross Museum contributed incredibly to our
understanding of the scope of work of the Red Cross. It inspired us by the various
representations and primary artefacts from the organisation’s various areas of responsibility. It
is hard to say which part of the museum or which one of the small rooms we visited was the
most fascinating. However one can say for sure that the impressions will have a lasting effect
on all of us!
3.4. International Labour Organisation
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is (beside the UNESCO, UNHCR, FAD ...) a
UN specialised agency. One of the functions the ILO has performed has been the
establishment of international standards for workers' conditions, which have then become the
basis for trade unions and other activism in individual countries. It is a relatively low-profile
UN agency compared to some of those more active in crises, such as the World Health
Organization.
The ILO is acting on behalf of a better living world population. The ILO is one of the oldest
Organisations in Geneva. Due to this fact they had to face many changes. It was founded in
1919 and is the only surviving major creation of the Treaty of Versailles which brought the
League of Nations into being and it became the first specialised agency of the UN in 1946.
After the First World War the ILO strived for more social justice and internationally
recognized human (such as elimination of child labour) and labour rights (such as dumping or
discrimination). Their main goal is to harmonise national labour legislations via the
International Labour Court.
The three main motivations of the ILO were: political-, social- and economic motivations.
Another reason for the creation of the International Labour Organisation was added by the
participants of the Peace Conference, linked to the end of the war to which workers had
contributed on the battlefield and in industry.
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3.4.1. Structure, Activities, Roles and Problems
Structure
The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies, all of which encompass the unique
feature of the Organisation: government, employers, and workers.
• International Labour Conference: The member States of the ILO meet at the
International Labour Conference in June of each year, in Geneva. Each Member State is
represented by two government delegates, an employer delegate and a worker delegate. They
are accompanied by technical advisors. It is generally the Cabinet Ministers responsible for
labour affairs in their own countries who heads the delegations, takes the floor and presents
their governments' points of view.
• The Governing Body is the executive council of the ILO and meets three times a year
in Geneva. It takes decisions on ILO's policy. It establishes the programme and the budget
which it then submits to the Conference for adoption. It also elects the Director-General.
• The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International
Labour Organization and focal point for the overall activities that it prepares under the
scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of a Director-General, who is
elected for a five-year renewable term. The Office employs some 1,900 officials of over 110
nationalities at the Geneva headquarters and in 40 field offices around the world. In addition,
some 600 experts undertake missions in all regions of the world under the programme of
technical cooperation. The Office also constitutes a research and documentation centre and a
printing house issuing a broad range of specialised studies, reports and periodicals.
Activities: 4 Pillars of the ILO exist
1. Employment Promotion
2. Social Promotion (two social security system components
3. Social Dialogue (consensus between workers and employers)
4. Social Labour (standard setting activities)
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Roles
The ILO formulates international labour standards in the form of Conventions and
Recommendations, setting minimum standards of basic labour rights.
It also provides technical assistance primarily in the fields of:
• vocational training and vocational rehabilitation;
• employment policy;
• labour administration;
• labour law and industrial relations;
• working conditions;
• management development;
• cooperatives;
• social security;
• labour statistics and occupational safety and health.
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Problems the ILO has to face
Due to too many members (178 member countries) it is sometimes difficult to agree on
decisions in the World Parliament of Labour. In the World Parliament of Labour usually the
proposals have to come from the worker representatives and not from the Government
benches. The initiative has to come from the society and not from the Government. The
Government benches change every four years, which leads to the loss of qualified people and
knowledge.
It is not always easy for the Organisation to put links between the different offices.
It is also hard to have a convention on standard working hours in different countries (e.g.: In
France 35 hours or in Germany 40 hours. Another example is the maternity leave.
3.4.2. The Department (Communication and Public Information)
This department is dedicated to the main task of spreading knowledge and information on the
work the ILO is doing and justification for launching ILO programmes. It represents the
responsible part of the ILO to answer to external world and to illustrate its work.
This is frequently done and updated by
editing a “world of work-magazine” to the public (storing articles online,
providing for an article data base sorted by region and year back to 1996)
providing for a press room (focuses releases on international ILO meetings,
storage of past releases back to 1995, presenting i-news consisting of the latest
news, and a current general director’s statement)
publishing fact sheets (on poverty, agriculture, social security, child labour,
HIV/aids, hotel/catering/tourism, microfinance and decent work, migrant
labour, safety and health at work, small-scale mining, women at work, youth
employment)
presenting events and campaigns (announcing current and forthcoming events,
storage of past meetings’ information)
presenting ILO on air (video clips on public discussions and meetings, presents
TV and radio channel news internationally on labour-related information)
establishing a photo gallery (to use and search for pictures directly)
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3.4.3. Summary of Lecture by Mr. Rohland
On the forth day of our study trip we had the pleasure to be a guest at the International Labour
Organisation in Geneva. We were heartily welcomed by Mr. Rohland, who has been working
for the ILO for 15 years and acts as a press officer in the Department of Communication and
Public Information.
The content of the lecture by Mr. Rohland was focused on comprehensible information about
the history, structure and activities of the organisation. As these points were already discussed
in detail in the report about the background information, I will not concentrate in this report
on reproducing the whole content, but moreover I will give you additional information on
some aspects.
The creation of the ILO had political, social and economic reasons, which are closely related
to each other. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, there was the fear that such events might
happen again. In order to avoid that, more social justice through an organisation was sought.
With its help, consensus between employers and employees could be enhanced.
So, the ILO actually emerged
from the growing labour unions.
The trade union leaders can be
seen as the “Godfathers” of the
ILO, who were mainly
following the rules of
masterminds, like Friedrich
Engels. Another social part of
the evolvement of the ILO
might be the idea of
compensation for people’s death
in the First World War. Thus, trade unions were formed in order to defend people’s working
right.
Lecture with Mr. Von Rohland, International Labour Organisation, Geneva
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The phenomenon of today’s social dumping can be connected to economic motivations. In
order to fight against such phenomenon the ILO creates international standards to harmonize
national labour legislation, which is done with the help of the international labour court.
At the end of the lecture, Mr. Rohland gave us the opportunity to ask questions about the
organisation. Mainly, the questions were about how to work for and how to enter the
organisation.
The ILO offers the possibility for an internship. In past this internship was not paid, but now
there is payment, but only a little. So you should make sure that you have enough budget at
your disposal, when you are planning to do a practical training at the ILO. Concerning the
application it is very important to contact directly the head of the department you are
interested in. It is not advisable to contact only the Human Resource Department. The ILO
offers also a social experts program after your graduation. This is a good way to enter the
organisation and it lasts for over 2 years. In general, the government of your home country
will finance this program for the first 2 or 3 years. In order to apply please contact the Foreign
Ministry of your home country, but please be aware of the fact, that the application process is
extremely competitive.
Another way of entering the organisation is to start a career in your home country, for
example in a worker’s organisation and then switch to the ILO.
However, be aware of the fact that you earn approximately 30 – 40 % less than in other
organisations, and the ILO does not offer unemployment insurance. The wages abroad,
meaning not in Geneva, are usually higher.
All in all, the lecture at the ILO in Geneva was a valuable experience. The lecture took place
in a venerable conference room. In that way it was very easy to come into contact with the
idea and spirit of the organisation.
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3.5. UNCTAD
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was held in
Geneva in 1964. The reason for establishing this organisation was the growing concern of
developing countries in the area of international trade.
Currently 192 countries are members of the UNCTAD. The organisation employs
approximately 400 staff members. The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr. Supachai
Panitchpakdi (Thailand), who took office on 1 September 2005. The annual regular budget
amounts to 55 million USD financed by the member states and additionally 27 million. USD
financed from extra budgetary resources for technical cooperation.
3.5.1. Mandate
The aim of UNCTAD is to assist developing countries in the efforts to integrate into the world
economy on an equitable basis. Furthermore they try to optimize developing countries trade,
investment and development opportunities.
The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions:
• It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations, supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience, aimed at consensus building.
• It undertakes research, policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts.
• It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries, with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and of
economies in transition. When appropriate, UNCTAD cooperates with other organisations
and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance.
In performing its functions, the secretariat works together with member Governments and
interacts with organisations of the United Nations system and regional commissions, as well
as with governmental institutions, non-governmental organisations, the private sector,
including trade and industry associations, research institutes and universities worldwide.
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3.5.2. Main Activities
Trade
The main problems developing countries faced in this area were; tariffs on products of
interest, tariff escalation, NTB´s (Non tariff barriers) and subsidies. The measures taken by
the UNCTAD were the following:
Intergovernmental measures:
Generalized system of preferences (GSP, 1968)
Generalized system of trade preferences (GSTP, 1989)
Policy Analysis on GATT/WTO negotiations
Providing a neutral forum during the negotiations
Technical Assistance through Training and Capacity building on:
WTO accession
WTO rules, fulfilling standard
ASYCUDA (www.asycuda.org customs atomization in 80 countries), port
management
Modelling studies
Commodities
The main problems in the trade of commodities are the volatile and declining prices. The
measures taken by the UNCTAD are the following:
• Commodity Agreements / Common Fund
• Risk management methods
• Technical cooperation in the form of; market studies (Infocomm;
www.unctad.org/infocomm ), training in modern financial risk management,
diversification of industries and Fair Trade.
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Least developed countries
UNCTAD draws attention to the particular problems of the least developed countries (per
capita GDP < 750 US $, composite index on nutrition, health, education and adult literacy and
economic vulnerability index). In the year 1971 a number of 25 states fell in this category, by
2005 the number doubled. The following measures are taken to help these countries:
• Organisation of LDC – Least Developed Countries conferences (Brussels 2001)
• Publication of LDC report
• Technical assistance
Development strategies
For long term development of the member countries the UNCTAD tries to address
macroeconomic questions as FX-rate regimes and debt management. Furthermore they raised
their voice regarding structural adjustment policies, in case financial crisis. In addition they
also work on debt management / relief, where they already managed to half the official debt
of the developing world. Another important part of their work is to support them in their
membership of the IMF and WB.
Investment
On a global scale there is an unequal distribution of FDI flows. As for the year 2003 the main
part (2/3) was flowing to developed countries and the rest mostly to large developing
countries. The UNCTAD therefore tries to help small developing countries to attract and
profit from FDI. The measures taken in order to achieve these goals are the following:
• Data collection and analysis of new trends (World Investment Report)
• Policy research and development questions (e.g. ensuring technology transfer)
• Technical assistance in the form of; drafting investment laws, publishing investment
guides and setting up investment promotion agencies.
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3.5.3. Organizational Structure
The Trade and Development Board
In the four years between the meetings of the conferences, UNCTAD’s work is guided by the
Trade and Development Board. Board membership is open to all States members of
UNCTAD, and accredited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations enjoy
observer status.
The Board meets in Geneva once a year in regular session and up to three times a year in
executive sessions to deal with ad hoc policy and institutional issues.
The Commissions
The Trade and Development Board currently has three Commissions that meet once a year to
address policy issues in specific areas and provide guidance for the work of the secretariat.
These Commissions are:
• Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities
• Commission on Investment, Technology and Related Financial Issues
• Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development
The UNCTAD secretariat also services the Commission on Science and Technology for
Development (CSTD), which is a subsidiary body of the United Nations Economic and Social
Council.
Ministerial Conference
Trade & Development Board
Trade Commission
Investment Commission
Enterprise Commission
Technology Commission
Expert Meetings
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These Commissions allow Governments to exchange views on policy issues in their
respective ambits. As in all of UNCTAD’s intergovernmental bodies, decisions of the
Commissions are taken by consensus, and thus agreed conclusions and recommendations
reflect the collective political will of UNCTAD’s membership.
Expert Meetings
The work of the Commissions is supported by discussions among specialised technical
experts in specific fields. Up to 10 such Expert Meetings are convened by the Commissions
every year. They allow the Government representatives attending the Commissions to take
advantage of valuable technical input from academics, practitioners and the private sector.
3.5.4. Future Outlook
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development dimension
of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related areas. In particular,
UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalisation and the need to overcome the
supply constraints of developing countries, so as to ensure development gains and poverty
reduction. This is captured in the theme of the UNCTAD XI Ministerial Conference, where
below one can screen the content.
3.5.5. Summary of Lecture
First of all before describing the
lecture it is important to mention the
events before. As agreed we were at
the entrance 2 o’clock pm, but due to
security reasons, we had first walk
again back to another building were
our badges were issued. The whole
procedure accounted for
approximately one hour, what lead to
a delay of our arrival in the
UNCTAD building of an hour. This delay caused a cut of the lecture by the half, what meant
Moritz Meier-Ewert, lecture at UNCTAD
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to the audience that especially the question and answer session was shortened quite
substantially. Nevertheless the lecture held by Moritz Meier-Ewert gave a clear picture about
UNCTAD. He introduced the organisation with a short historical introduction, explained then
the principal activities, which were always illustrated by practical examples and finalized his
official part of the lecture with the outline of the organizational structure. Although the Q & A
session was short, he was able to answer the emerged questions in a competent and clear
manner, which gave us a quite good insight into the organisations work.
In short, it was a pleasure to get first hand information from this competent lecturer.
3.6. OECD
The roots of the OECD go back to the post war period of the Second World War and are in
direct connection with the Marshall Plan. In the year 1948, 18 European countries decided to
found the forerunner of the OECD, the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
(OEEC) in order to develop a common concept for the economic reconstruction and
cooperation for the countries. The primary goal has been to involve the European Countries
within the decision process how to use the money available in the European Recovery
Program. The headquarters for this permanent established organisation was in Paris, France.
The principles of the OEEC were: to promote the cooperation between the countries and to
reach a reduction in tariffs or other barriers to trade between them, studying the feasibility of a
custom union, improving the conditions in order to utilize the labour force more efficient and
analysing the multi lateralisation of payments. Another main task for the OEEC was the
creation of the European Payment Union in order to fight against the inconvertibility of the
currency.
In the year 1961 the OEEC was substituted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), which can be seen as an economic counterpart to NATO, and
allowed entering membership also for non European Countries like the USA and Canada.
Member countries are pledged to work together to promote their economies, to extend aid to
underdeveloped nations, and to contribute to the expansion of world trade. Agencies operating
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under the OECD include the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, the
Development Centre, and the European Nuclear Energy Agency. Today the OECD group is
formed by 30 countries committed to market economy and democracy; furthermore it
cooperates with 70 other countries, NGOs and civil society. Considering the fact that the 30
member countries produce 60 % of the worlds goods and services it is obvious that within this
organisation also power is concentrated, that allows improving policy and implement “soft
law” on a “Peer pressure” principle, which later on can lead as well to formal agreements or
treaties.
In this forum economic, social and governance challenges are addressed. It allows an
exchange of policy experiences and seeks answers to common problems including matters
like bribery, education, energy, environment which consequently should foster prosperity and
fight poverty. From main importance in this whole process of actions are the underlying
information provided by the secretariat which collects data, monitors trends and analyses and
forecasts economic developments. Worth to mention is that the OECD counts to the world’s
largest and most trustworthy sources of comparable statistical, economic and social data.
3.6.1. Public Affairs & Communications Directorate
The OECD directorate of public affairs and communication is one of the 15 OECD
directorates that operate under the secretariat. The following organisation chart shows clearly
where it can be found in the overall organisation of the OECD:
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(Source: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/13/2348887.pdf; OECD Organizational Chart)
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The main activities of this department can be divided into three major tasks, namely media
relations, public affairs and publishing. In the following I will give a short overview of these
three major areas of activity:
Media Relations
The division for Media Relations provides up-to-date information on the OECD’s work for
the world’s media.
Public Affaires
The Public Affaires department is responsible for the co-operation with business, labour,
parliamentarians, civil society and the general public with the goal to build trust in public
institutions and promote understanding of economic and social change. As such this
department makes an important contribution to the work of the OECD.
Publishing
This department is responsible for OECD publications which can be mainly found in the field
of Economics and Public Policy and range form studies like internationally comparable
statistics, analysis, outlooks to country surveys. The organisation publishes around 250 titles a
year in English and in French, with selected titles translated into other languages.
Information about publications is available through the OECD in Paris, OECD offices in
Berlin, Tokyo, Mexico City and Washington. The publications can be acquired either as book
(print form) or as digital version which can be downloaded on www.oecd.org. In the course
of the lecture the guest speaker offered access to this database for all IMC students – meaning
that all students can access it until the end of may with the following account data: User:
21499 / Password: aprmay.
Furthermore publications can also be purchased in the OECD Online Bookshop
(http://www.oecdbookshop.org/) or through their own distributors (see:
http://www.oecd.org). In addition to that there is the Organisation’s own public magazine,
the “OECD Observer”, that keeps readers up to date on key issues related to OECD work
(www.oecdobserver.org).
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3.6.2. Austrian Delegation
Since 14th December 1960 – the time of signing the Convention on founding the Organisation
for Economic Co- Operation and Development – Austria is a permanent member of the
OECD together with other 19 countries. That means a full dedication to achieving the various
fundamental aims of the Organisation. The main purpose of the Austrian delegation in Paris
which acts as a link between Austria and the OECD is to present, support and carry through
Austrian interests concerning the OECD procedures and general questions on Austria’s
position. This has to be done especially in the Council and concerning ministries. Another
task is the preparation of the annual OECD Council of Ministers as the sectoral minister
councils.
Currently there are 8 Austrians working at the OECD Secretariat and Austria chairs in 8
committees. Members of the Austrian Delegation monitor the work of the OECD’s various
committees as well as the activities of the Development Centre, the European Conference of
Ministers of Transport, the International Energy Agency, the Nuclear Energy Agency and the
Sahel and West Africa Club, of which Austria is a member. Austrian delegates participate in
213 different committees and other subgroups and in total there are 331 Austrian participates
in 475 OECD meetings.
To be a permanent member means for Austria first of all to maintain a permanent delegation
to the OECD, this is composed of diplomats and an ambassador. Austrian’s ambassador is a
member of the Council and agrees to the programme of work, validates with his peer the
strategic work and additionally establishes the volume of the annual budget along with
contributions being assessed according to the size of the economy of each country.
Due to all those facts it can be said that the Delegation plays an important communication role
in providing a kind of link between the OECD Secretariat and the national authorities. It
represents the positions and statements of the Austrian government in the negotiations
indicating some areas in which the OECD expertise is needed. Thus they have the possibility
to forward the recommendations and advices of the OECD, insuring in this way a good fit
between OECD work and the proceeding and other affected issues of the home country.
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All Federal Ministries of Austria are affected by the OECD programme and therefore they
represent diverse Austrian interests in the working groups and the responsible committees.
The Federal Chancellor ministry deals with the administration and coordination of the
Austrian position. At the moment some studies on Austria are worked out by the OECD as
well.
Finally some essential benefits for Austria from OECED membership have to be mentioned.
First of all, the OECD provides important tools to analyse and monitor economic, social and
environmental policies. Next each member country can draw on the OECD’s great expertise,
including reviews and surveys and access all of the concluded research and analysis. Among
major advantages of OECD participation is the access to a forum within which countries have
the possibility to discuss national experience, share and identify best practices and find
solutions to common problems.
It is possible to contact Austrian Delegation at the OECD under the following address:
Ständige Vertretung Österreichs bei der OECD 3, rue Albéric Magnard, F-75016 Paris
Tel.: +331/ 53 92 23 30,
Fax: +331/ 40 50 87 05
e-mail: [email protected]
3.6.3. Summary of Lecture by Mr. Jochen Picht (OECD Department of Public Affairs
and Communication)
After a very warm welcome in the OECD’s most important and really picturesque hall, Mr.
Jochen Picht gave us a brief introduction and general overview of the OECD.
As Mr. Picht works within the Department of Public Affairs and Communication he
demonstrated us how to use one of the OECD’s latest achievements, the new OECD online
library (www.sourceoecd.org). This library offers us the unique possibility to set up statistical
data according to our specific needs. One can choose the type of data (specific countries or
regions, economic data, etc.), type of diagram, periods under review and select only those
categories which are of relevance and transfer them directly to an Excel spreadsheet.
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Apart from statistical data the OECD is an important provider of databases, reports,
publications and economic outlooks. As an example the OECD distributed free samples of the
OECD Factbook 2006 to all students, comprising 100 indicators with definitions, time-series
tables and graphics.
Moreover Mr. Picht gave us an insight of
the procedure of collecting the data, which
could sometimes be a very hard procedure
and could last for several years. However,
the effort the OECD puts into collecting the
data pays off because this institution is seen
as a very reliable provider for accurate data
and not few organisations base their
findings on OECD data. We could also
verify this during our subsequent lectures, which all mentioned the OECD as a provider of
their data findings.
We think it was a great opportunity to get an in-depth insight into one branch of the OECD’s
activities and we really appreciated the opportunity to get a “special training on how to use
the OECD online-library” by an expert. As I could read out of one of Anis’ emails the IMC is
already trying to establish contacts to use the OECD online-library permanently. So far we
have only got the password to use it for the months of April and May. (Username: 21449,
password: aprmay)
3.6.4. Summary of Lecture by Ms. Scheffel (Austrian delegation)
The lecture given by Ms. Sandra Scheffel about the Austrian delegation of public governance
in the OECD was concentrating on the OECD itself as well as on the role of Austria within
the organisation.
In the beginning of the presentation a short overview about the OECD was given. In its very
beginning the organisation was the political arm of the Marshall plan, however, often was
seen as a "club of rich countries". In the recent past the OECD got the fame of being a think-
tank for liberalisation and a Boy Scout for globalization.
Main meeting hall at the OECD, Paris
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As OECD’s member states represent
59% of BIP generated all over the
world and 18% of world population,
the important role of the OECD in
world policies can not be doubted.
The budget of 329.4 million Euros is
contributed by member countries; the
exact contribution is calculated in
accordance to the country’s
respective GDP.
Austria and the OECD:
Because the OECD’s working program affects Austria on all national ministry levels,
Austrian interests have to be represented in OECD’s committees and working groups. This is
done by the Austrian ministries itself. However, administrative and content coordination of
Austria’s position is with the Office of Federal Chancellor. To ensure the above mentioned
representation constantly the Austrian government delegated fourteen people to Paris, the
Austrian Delegation to the OECD. Out of these fourteen employees, ten are responsible for
content work and four are assistants.
The main tasks of the delegation are to be the interface between Austria and the OECD and to
preserve Austria’s interests on OECD level. It also has to represent the position of Austria on
general questions concerning the organisation. It has to provide Austria with information of
OECD activities and studies which may include recommendations which interests the
ministries should foster and OECD’s opinion on current reforms in Austria. In addition to that
the delegation organizes the annual council of ministers.
Current studies to Austria:
Current studies on Austria are “Ageing and Employment Policies”, “Reforming Federal Fiscal
Relations” and “Environmental Policy Review”.
Ms. Sandra Scheffel, Austrian Delegation, OECD, Paris
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Internship possibilities:
Internships are only offered to people who are already working in a ministry. Nevertheless,
the Austrian delegation can provide assistance for an application for internship with OECD.
Additional information can be found at www.oecd.org/austria and Miss Scheffel can be
contacted via the following email address: [email protected]
After the lecture a question and answer session took place. Questions included topics like the
enlargement of the OECD and entrance criteria. Here is to say that until now a mechanism
with defined criteria does not exist. It is more a political and strategic decision whether a
country can join OECD or not. However, efforts are made to establish a more transparent
method.
3.7. International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous agency, linked with
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), based
in Paris.
The organisation was founded after the Oil shock in 1974 as an
intergovernmental organisation with the initial purpose of coordinating measures in times of
oil supply emergencies. Nowadays, it additionally focuses on broader energy issues, including
climate change policies, market reforms, energy technology collaboration and outreach to the
rest of the world.
The Agency is composed of five Standing Groups and Committees which are:
• The Standing Group on Emergency Questions
• The Standing Group on long-term co-operation
• The Standing Group on the Oil Market which assists member countries to respond
effectively to changes in market conditions.
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• Committee on Non-Member Countries focusing especially on strengthening co-
operation with Russia, China and India
• Committee on Energy Research and Technology
The organisation’s main decision making body is the Governing board which is composed of
senior energy officials from each member country that are supported by the members of the
Secretariat also drawn from the member countries. It collects and analyses energy data
assesses member countries domestic energy policies and programmes, makes projections
based on different scenarios and prepares recommendations on specialised energy topics.
Main objectives of the International Energy Agency include:
• Maintaining and improving systems for coping with oil supply disruptions
• Promote rational energy policies
• Operate a permanent information system on the international oil market
• Improve energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources
• Assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies
The IEA acts as an energy policy advisor for its 26 member countries, among them most of
OECD member countries, in their effort to ensure reliable and clean energy for their citizens.
These member countries cooperate among each other in order to increase their collective
energy security through diversification of their energy sources and improved energy
efficiency and at the same time ensuring competitiveness and protection of the environment.
What’s more, IEA member countries commit themselves to take measures to meet any oil
supply emergency and reduce the dependence on oil in the long term via promoting natural
gas, nuclear power and renewable energy sources.
3.7.1. Department (Energy Efficiency and Environment Division)
In order to guarantee long-term energy security basic conditions within the energy sector must
be considered such as diversity, efficiency and flexibility. It is important that fuels, used
within as well as across sectors, together with their sources are diverse as practicable in order
to not to rely only on one source and thus waste this source completely. As a matter of fact,
hydro power as well as, unfortunately, nuclear power contributes substantially to the diversity
of energy supply of IEA countries.
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Through improved energy efficiency both environmental protection and energy security in a
cost-effective manner can be supported. Energy efficiency has a great potential at all stages of
the energy cycle from production to consumption. Thus strong efforts by Governments and all
energy users are required to realise these opportunities.
The energy efficiency department supports governments in showing how they could be more
sufficient and efficient through various statistics and reports.
In order to achieve these above mentioned objectives governments, states and also the IEA
does research on a continued basis. A further critical contribution is the development and
market deployment of new and improved energy technologies. The IEA suggests that energy
technology policies should be added to broader energy policies and encourages an
international co-operation in the development and dissemination of energy technologies,
including industry participation and co-operation, also with non-Member countries.
3.7.2. Summary of Lecture by Ms. Philipine de T’Sercalaes
Ms. Philipine de T’Sercalaes presented us an overview on the work of the International
Energy Agency, with an emphasis on Energy Efficiency and Energy Labelling. The
importance of Energy Efficiency was furthermore highlighted by showing its uses,
applications and potentials. Energy Efficiency is very valuable for the assessment of current
energy uses as well as assessing possibilities for improvement. The International Energy
Agency derives its relevance from the widespread application if its recommendations and
prevalent use of its policy suggestions (e.g. the recommended IEA Energy Labelling is
applied by the European Union). As conclusion, the presentation of Ms. Philipine de
T’Sercalaes provided us with a fascinating insight into the workings of the IEA, with a special
emphasis on Energy Efficiency.
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3.8. DEXIA
Dexia was born out of the 1996 alliance of the
two major European players in local public
finance: Crédit Local de France and Crédit
Communal de Belgique. Dexia forms one of the
first cross-border mergers in the European
banking sector, which is today one of the top
fifteen banking groups in the euro zone.
Dexia operates on two principal markets: local
public institutions and the retail market. On the
first market, Dexia occupies a leading position
on a world scale, and on the second its field of
action is regional.
Since the acquisition in 2000 of Financial
Securities Assurance (FSA), in the United States,
Dexia has been market leader in providing
financing to the local public sector. The Group has several subsidiaries in the principal
industrialised countries of the world.
Dexia is a first class retail bank in Belgium and in Luxembourg. In Belgium, Dexia Bank
offers a complete range of banking services to its domestic clientele. In Luxembourg, Dexia
BIL occupies an important position. Principally from its base in Luxembourg, Dexia has
developed private banking services for affluent clients in various European countries.
The group has capitalised on the know-how and the distribution network of Dexia BIL in
Luxembourg in sectors such as asset management and fund administration. The acquisition of
Artesia in 2001 contributed additional competences and activities, notably in asset
management and insurance services which are now combined in this business line with a view
to offering innovative high-performance products. These products are distributed through
Dexia distribution channels.
The commercial activities of Dexia imply an extremely active presence on the capital
markets, whether in refinancing or the development of sophisticated solutions and products
Dexia Building in Paris
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intended for the clients of the various business lines.
The very nature of Dexia's activities, the roots and the values to which the Group marks its
attachment, confer upon it a distinctive signature in a universe of financial organisations as a
"bank for sustainable development".
3.8.1. Business Lines
Public project financing and credit enhancement
Recognised for its expertise and savoir-faire in the field of local authority financing and
financial services in the public sector, Dexia is world leader on that market. Dexia has built its
expertise in Belgium and France where its market share is of 80% and 42%, respectively,
thanks to continuous financial and technological innovation. It is active mainly in Europe,
North America and the Asia-Pacific region and its presence is growing in other parts of the
world.
Retail financial services
Dexia develops its retail banking activities in Belgium, Luxembourg and Slovakia. In
Belgium in example it offers a complete range of banking and insurance services to its
clientele of households and small and medium-size enterprises. In private banking, the group
is active in Belgium and Luxembourg, but also in France, Spain and Switzerland.
Investment management services
Asset management, fund administration and insurance services are all included in this
business line in order to offer performing and innovative products.
Capital markets and treasury activities
The Treasury and Financial Markets business line ensures Group funding in the short and
long term and makes it possible to offer clients of the Group's commercial businesses a broad
range of market products.
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3.8.2. Summary of Lecture
An introduction to the topic of local finance in the European Union is given in this
presentation; focusing on the major indicators (expenditure, capital expenditure, tax revenue,
budget balance and debt). Not only does this give a major insight into this topic but also a
picture of the key figures and happenings which have to be considered in evaluating the local
finance infrastructure.
Local Public Expenditure
Generally speaking local public expenditure has been steadily rising over the period of 1999
to 2004. This can be reasoned differently in the specific market of the European Union.
Within the EU-15 partly this is due to rising spending in social and healthcare projects and
partly due to strong general economic growth. In addition, especially in Greece and Ireland it
can be attributed to the European subsidies received. It can be stated that the EU-15’s local
public expenditure (app. 4%) has a high percentage share of GDP; nevertheless app. 2% lower
than the EU-10 average (app. 6%).
This trend is also observed when looking at the year 2004; hereby referring to the EU-25. As
an example, can be seen the Olympic Games taking place in Greece, which contributed a
great deal to the rise in local public expenditure.
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Local public capital expenditure
The rather sharp increase of local public capital expenditure in the EU-15 between 1999 and
2001 followed a slow down, nevertheless, a steady rise to the year 2004. Comparing the
average annual rate in the period of 1999-2004 of the EU-15 and EU-10, the latter obviously
shows a higher number meaning 5.8% versus 3% of the former. This shows the amazing
investment necessities in the EU-10, which was also continued if looked at the year 2004 in
detail. As a matter of fact the local public capital expenditure rose by 3.4% at a quiet faster
rate compared to the EU-15 (+1.5%). One major reason for this boost can be seen in the
European regional funding; whereas in many EU-15 countries the moderate rise can be
attributed to the trend of public-private partnership financing.
Local Tax Revenue
Local tax revenue also increased at a steady pace in the EU-15, and with a sharper boost from
2001 onwards. The annual average from 1999 to 2001 was 4.8%; here it has to be added that a
major contributor to this average is Spain, due to restructuring, namely shifting finance
responsibilities to the regions. Deducting Spain from the annual average stated above, the rate
would only be 2.6% for the overall period in the EU-15. This trend can also be observed in
the EU-10, even though at a slightly higher percentage of 5.2%.
Looking specifically on the year 2004, the upward trend continued in both groups of
countries; nevertheless the EU-10 show a rise of 24,8% compared to the EU-15 with an
increase of 5,3%. Here it has to be stated that the mentioned percentage can be judged as a
rather dynamic rise within the EU-15.
Local Budget Balance
In the EU-15 the local public budget became a deficit by the year 2001, ending in a
percentage of 0.22% of GDP by the year 2004. Nevertheless within this group of countries the
local public budget reached from a deficit of 0.94% in Italy to a surplus of 0.19% in Ireland.
Generally seen the EU-10 seem to having recovered from the great deficits of the years 1999
and 2001, so as to show only 0.05% deficit of GDP in the year 2004; hence continuing the
positive trend.
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Local Public Debt
The EU-15 show a continuous upward trend of local public debt; namely to 5.8% of GDP in
2004. This number shows a twice as fast increase compared to the year 2003. Nevertheless
local public debt increases slower than GDP lowering its share of GDP. A significant rise of
local public debt can be seen in the EU-10 since 1999, reaching an annual increase of 22.4%
in 2004. However, its ratio to GDP is healthier (2%) compared to the EU-15.
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4. Diaries
4.1. Saturday & Sunday (22.04 – 23.04.2006)
Very anxious to get started, we all
gathered at 7:15 after a wonderful
spring afternoon, at the Bus Station in
Krems. After the luggage has been
loaded, the last snacks and drinks
have been purchased and a nice cup
of ice cream the final check started.
The notorious passport list has been
drawn and everybody had to verify
that their passport was ‘onboard’. Without any major troubles we were able to take off at
eight o’clock sharp. After a little while, dusk faded to night and we had our first stop of the
tour at the rest stop in Mondsee. This, of many eagerly awaited stops, lasted for about 20
minutes before we hit the road westbound again. The following drive through the night was
accompanied by good movies, illustrious rounds, many warnings to refrain from using the
toilets and a little bit of sleep. After a short delay at the border we drove right across the
country of alphorns, cheese and neutrality, and made a breakfast stop of around 30 minutes
early in the morning. At ten o’clock we had arrived at our hotel, right across the border of
Geneva, on French soil. Our check-in has been scheduled for eleven o’clock, so we took the
chance and explored the surrounding area and got a little snack to eat. Since the lack of sleep
tore heavily on most of us, we made use of our comfortable beds for a little while, only to get
up again and start with sightseeing. Soon we discovered that Geneva was a nice quiet city and
that a Pizza costs easily 13 euros. But that didn’t hinder us from strolling through the narrow
alleys of the picturesque old town and sunbathing on the Quay. In the evening the general
tenor was to get something to eat and off to the rooms for a good night’s rest.
Students after the arrival in the Hotel near Geneva
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4.2. Monday (24.04.2006)
Our first full day in Geneva started early, namely at 7 a.m., when we met for breakfast in the
hotel. After breakfast we met again at 7:45 a.m. to depart to the centre of Geneva. Finally we
left the hotel at 8 a.m. Luckily we planned in enough time, as in Geneva streets were
considerably jammed and it took quite long until we eventually reached the United Nations
building-complex. When we arrived at the United Nations at 9 a.m. things really seemed to be
set for a nice day of sightseeing as the weather was sunny and warm. However, our first
appointment was scheduled for 9:30.
At 9:30 we were welcomed by Mr. Jakob of the United Nations Economic Conference on
Europe (UNECE). He delivered a very insightful speech including topics such as general
information, product standardisation, energy and trade and later on stood ready for a
questions-and-answers session.
Our program continued
with a briefing on the
World Trade
Organization (WTO). A
representative of the
WTO’s Trade and
Services Division
introduced us to the
WTO in general and
continued to talk about
the role of the
secretariat, the current
negotiations on agriculture and the generally rather troublesome situation in the negotiation
process within the Doha Round. The speech was followed by a discussion in which students
had the opportunity to ask questions.
Shortly before noon we were split into two groups in order to take a tour through the United
Nations building-complex. This tour took us through all major buildings, also including the
older buildings in which the League of Nations was founded after World War One. We even
had the opportunity to visit the League’s main conference room which certainly was an
exiting moment for all of us. Our tour guide went on to show us other conference rooms.
Breakfast room in the
Ibis Hotel near Geneva
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Among them was the most modern and biggest room which can seat an astounding 2000
delegates for large summits.
After the tour we had lunch in the cafeteria of the Red Cross Museum. Some lasagne and
salad had been ordered for us in advance for a special price.
After lunch a program continued with a visit to the International Red Cross Museum in which
we were given a very interesting tour. Our tour guide who worked for the museum on a
voluntary basis elaborated on topics such as the history, the background, the Red Cross’s
position in many wars and its role nowadays.
At approximately 4 p.m. the official part of the program ended. Almost everyone went on to
do some sightseeing in Geneva. Later on unfortunately the weather turned bad and it started to
rain.
Facing bad weather and a probably strenuous next day, everyone returned home rather early
in order to relax and rest after a long and interesting day.
4.3. Tuesday (25.04.2006)
In the morning we already
loaded our entire luggage in
to the bus, to be ready for
our journey to Paris.
The first point of our
programme today, was a
visit to the International
Labour organisation. We
there had a lecture about the
ILO in general, but what
exactly the organisation
does and our lecture was
about will be described later on. What is important to write in our diary about the ILO is that
they had a wonderful patio where we could spend some time and enjoy the sun. The ILO also
had a quite extensive library we could have a look at and learn more about the organisation.
Checking out of the Ibis Hotel
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The second part of or programme today was a visit to the UNCTAD. We had quite some time
to get from the ILO to the UNCTAD building – and we were already confident that this could
be the first time, since we arrived in Geneva, that we would make it on time to an
organization. Well, what we did not calculate in our schedule was that it takes more than an
hour to get the badges for everybody to enter the building. Those badges were printed for
everybody individually and the building where we got the badges was a 15 minute walk from
the building we had the lecture in. In the end everybody got a badge and we could participate
in the interesting lecture about the UNCTAD.
After that, we had the rest of
the day off until the departure
to Paris at 23:00. By the way
the departure time was
changed from 22:00 to 23:00
because our male colleagues
wanted to watch the
champions league soccer
game Arsenal – Villa Real.
So one part of the class was
searching for a bar where they
could watch the game which by the way ended with a 0:0, and the others tried to find some
inexpensive dinner – which can be a bit difficult in Switzerland.
At 11pm everybody had found their way to the bus and we were ready to start our second
long bus ride, from Geneva to Paris.
4.4. Wednesday (26.04.2006)
Wednesday was our first day in Paris. At 23:00 sharp we wanted to leave Geneva – what we
also did after the last of us completely exhausted entered the bus three minutes later. Soon
after “taking off” we started the day/night with a movie in order to make the journey less
boring. “Oceans 11” was put on TV (and for whatever reason was partly watched twice).
Spare time activities: IMC students enjoying the free evening in Geneva
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When the movie was finished finally everyone became tired and most of us fell asleep as far
as this was possible (thanks god the driver didn’t).
When those who were able to sleep woke up we had already reached Paris. After making a
short break in order to avoid the Parisian morning traffic we arrived at our hotel (Holiday Inn
Garden Court Paris-Porte de Saint Ouen) at about 9 o‘clock. As already anticipated the rooms
were unfortunately still not ready so we stored our entire luggage in two of our rooms. Then
our first day in Paris could be started. A breakfast for about 30 people could be negotiated
(though negotiations seemed to be quite tough), so some of us could have something to eat at
the hotel.
But the hardest problem was only
about to come: unfortunately there
was no parking space for the bus
near our hotel. Quite clearly one
needed to find a solution for this
problem and again it was up to our
chief Sheila to organize this. After
further negotiations with the hotel
manager (which took nearly seven
hours) the fight with French
bureaucracy was won by her and
our bus was placed somewhere on
the outskirts of the city where it
stayed for the rest of the week.
As we had a free day for recovery
everyone did whatever he liked.
Small groups were formed
according to interests and more or
less intensive sightseeing tours were started as those who had never been to Paris before were
already eager to look around. This is why some of the most famous sights of the beautiful city
were visited. In most of the cases those included some of the following: Arc de Triomphe,
Champs-Élysées, Place de Concorde, Louvre, Notre Dame, Quartier Latin, Montmartre, some
museums and, quite clearly, the Eiffel tower.
Also the evening program was rather diverse. Some were exhausted from the sightseeing
marathon and therefore decided to spend their first night in Paris at the hotel in order to
Looking for information
brochures in the Holiday Inn in
Paris
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recover. Others tested some French bars and had some drinks there while some also passed by
at the well-known club “Queens”.
Only one of us suffered heavy consequences from our long lasting journey from Geneva to
Paris and the following sightseeing tour. In desperate need for a doctor again problems with
the hotel reception occurred as the mission of getting one to the hotel was not as easy as it
seemed to be. The receptionists simply were not willing to call one so this time our colleague
Monika helped out. More or less shouting at the hotel staff she could finally solve this issue
and our colleague was brought to a hospital nearby where she, some friends and Anis spent
(most of) the night.
This is how the day passed by. After spending a wonderful first day in Paris everyone sooner
or later fell asleep and was excitedly looking forward to the following days in Paris.
4.5. Thursday (27.04.2006)
Thursday is our second day in Paris. After the free Wednesday we had a tighter program on
this day. Nevertheless the whole morning was free for sightseeing or recreation. Most
participants used it to explore the city; for example the business quarter of La Défense with its
grand Esplanade. Other groups were more interested in the cultural richness of Paris and
visited the Picasso Museum. Although there is the possibility of free entry to the famous
Louvre for students on Friday night, a group already experienced the great painting sculptures
and other pieces of art in this marvellous building. Some people used the morning for
recreation after a long Wednesday night to be fit for the afternoon program with the various
international institutions. 4 persons participated in an international student competition in
Riga and left at noon to fly to Latvia
We participated in 3 lectures in the afternoon. In contrary to Geneva, where our bus took us to
the international institutions, we had to find our own way to the location. Thanks to the good
metro system of Paris this was not a problem at all. All 3 lectures were held at the OECD
premises not very far from the Eiffel Tower. After passing the obligatory security checks our
lectures took place in a nice conference room which is usually reserved for official OECD
meetings. Thanks to our big group size we had the pleasure to use this special room. The first
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lecture started at 3:00 pm and was held by Mr. Jochen Picht, a manager in the Public Affairs
and Communications Directorate. He informed us about the structure and history of OECD.
Special emphasize was put on how to access data on the web page of sourceOECD.org. After
the in-depth explanation of this service Mr. Picht gave us a trial login and password for this
web page.
In the break we had the opportunity to access the web in the entrance hall and buy snacks for
very reasonable prices (for Parisian standards) at the buffet. The second lecture dealt with the
role of the Austrian delegation at the OECD. Ms. Sandra Scheffel told us more about the
OECD specifically from the Austrian point of view. The last lecture of this day was held by
Ms. Philipine de T’Sercalaes from the International Energy Agency in Paris. She works and
the Energy Efficiency and Environment Division and therefore explained us about the Energy
Outlook for 2030 and how to save energy. In the presentation she had a lot of graphs and data
supporting her information but unfortunately the time frame was so tight that we could not go
into detail and much further discussion. As Ms. T’Sercalaes had to leave at 5:15 the official
program for the day was finished with the obligatory IMC family picture.
The evening was free for
sightseeing. Most students
used it to eat dinner in the
city. One group went to
the Eiffel Tower and set
out for the top platform. It
took nearly 4 hours to
move up and down again
because of the big crowds
of tourists this night. The
waiting time paid off with a great view of Paris by night including the boats and buildings at
the Seine River. Some participants tried their luck in a casino at the Champs Elysees. They
did not return in a limousine back to the hotel but they enjoyed the casino atmosphere.
Romantic atmosphere: Dusk at the Seine in Paris
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4.6. Friday (28.04.2006)
Today is Friday the 28th of April, and by the way a very festive day, as it is the birthday of
Sheila, Verena and Petra.
The day already started very early in the
morning for some of us because they were
going to the palace of Versaille. The journey
lasted for approximately one hour.
Unfortunately the weather was not good so
they couldn’t relax in the beautiful park that
surrounds the palace of Versaille. More details
about Versaille can be read in tomorrow’s
diary report.
Furthermore a few of us were exploring the
shopping centre Les Halles. Les Halles is
located in the 1st district. It is named after the
large central wholesale marketplace, which
was demolished in 1971, to be replaced with
an underground modern shopping centre, the
Forum des Halles. Interesting is that the open
air centre area is below street level, and it
contains sculptures, fountains, and mosaics.
After the stressing shopping tour we were heading towards the church Notre Dame.
Notre Dame is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It was one of the first gothic cathedrals, and was
built throughout the Gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence
of naturalism. It is located on the western half of the Île de la Cité and has its main entrance to
the west.
In the afternoon we had the opportunity to go to the Dexia bank and listen to an interesting
lecture there.
At about six p.m. the majority was visiting the museum Louvre.
The Louvre Museum is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. The
building, a former royal palace, lies in the centre of Paris, between the river Seine and the Rue
On the Champs Élysees, Paris
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de Rivoli. Its central courtyard, now occupied by the Louvre Pyramid, lies in the axis of the
Champs-Élysées.
At night birthday parties were going on all over the place.
4.7. Saturday & Sunday (29.04 – 30.04)
As a result of Paris Friday’s
nightlife, some of us had the chance
to meet other colleagues at the hotel
lobby early Saturday morning
before going to sleep. After a nice
reception with a fresh glass of water
of one of our colleagues, some of us
stayed up until breakfast was ready
at 7:00 h. Due to the exploration of
Paris nightlife not all of us managed
to visit “Château de Versailles” Saturday morning. But still some of us took the opportunity to
leave the hotel in the morning and visit Versailles, as our departure from Paris was scheduled
for 6 o’clock in the afternoon. From our hotel one could easily take the metro & train to
access Château de Versailles in about one hour.
One hint in order to avoid a long waiting time at the Château’s entrance:
There is the possibility to buy the “Transilien leisure package” in advance which is a
combining return transport with the One Day Pass of the Château de Versailles. It’s sold at
the SNCF Transilien ticket windows in train stations, areas 1 to 6 and at the Espace du
Tourisme Ile-de-France in the Carrousel of the Louvre. Furthermore the FNAC store offers
the possibility to purchase in advance a One Day Pass, Admission to the Château and
Admission to the Grand and Petit Trianon at the FNAC ticket counters.
There are three different ways to explore the Château de Versailles, its gardens, and the Grand
and Petit Trianons: independent visit, audio tour, or guided tour. First you must buy an
admission ticket, which grants access to the State Apartments (Grands Appartements), and
Back side of the church ‚Notre Dame’ in Paris
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then purchase a supplement for additional areas. Consider to stay at least 3-4 hours at the
Château de Versailles in order to see the most important parts of it. All of the interviewed
students which have been there definitely enjoyed the visit of Versailles.
We all had to check-out of the hotel rooms by latest 12 o’clock noon, but we had the
possibility to store our luggage in a hotel room. After the check-out many visited places
which they had not yet seen in Paris and went to eat before the long bus journey. Some of us
got in the hustle of some French football fans in the metro going back from the city centre to
the hotel because of an important French football match at night. The bus picked us up closed
to the hotel and we left Paris at about 18:15 h. During the trip we saw the following movies:
Robots, Bee Cool, Constant Garden and The Fast and the Furious II
Most of the students were able to sleep during the night travel from Paris to Krems and after 7
stops and 16.5 hours of travelling we arrived safely at 10:45 h on Sunday 30th of April at the
Bahnhofsplatz in Krems.
Sightseeing in Paris: Anis Bajrectarevic and Export 2003 students at Moulin Rouge
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5. Conclusion
Drawing a general conclusion is not as easy as it may seem. Every participant of the study trip
has his or her own personal impressions which in the end make up the entire picture. The few
chosen comments on the topic give clear indication of that fact. But a handful of things can be
said in general; the trip was definitely worthwhile, extraordinary and rewarding from both an
academic as well as personal standpoint.
A big thanks goes to our Professor Dr. Anis Bajrektarevic who chairs the International Law
and Global Political Studies department at our university. Through his exceptional career and
resulting contacts we had this unique possibility of entering the International Organisations as
well as getting wide-ranging lectures on a broad range of topics.
The content of these lectures in Paris and Geneva could in theory also have been taught at our
premises in Krems. But, as briefly mentioned in the introduction, to understand the scale and
importance of these International Organisations one actually has to have been there – hearing
something is one thing, but seeing and believing it another.
One has to envision the scope and scale of the study trip to comprehend its benefits and
effects. Organising and academically justifying that more than 60 students from different
semesters participate in an endeavour like this was no easy task to accomplish. Many parties
were involved in the process; the IMC EXP Program Director Prof. Ernst Fietz, the rectorate,
the executive board as well as the students of the 6th semester, merely to name a few.
This study trip certainly was an extraordinary event all students were glad to take part in.
Besides the academic viewpoint, it has to be mentioned that this trip also strengthened group
dynamics among us students – an aspect which shouldn’t be underestimated. Further it gave a
very nice impulse to our daily student life, providing for a lot of energy and motivation in
order to achieve visions and goals.
We know of no other comparable university in Austria which can boast itself to have done
something comparable – definitely a reason to be proud of.
It is absolutely worth to organise such a trip again for future IMC EXP students.
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6. Comments
Michael Ornik
This study trip certainly was an extraordinary event and I was glad
to take part in it. First of all each and every visit was truly interesting
and very valuable for us students. On the other hand I also had the
opportunity to get to know two cities in which I had not been before.
Besides the academic viewpoint, I have to mention that this trip also
strengthened group dynamics among us students.
I would like to take this opportunity and thank everyone who took
part in organizing this trip and helped to make it happen. Special
thanks to Sheila Poor and Anis Bajrektarevic for their efforts.
Claudia Schierer
The study trip to Geneva and Paris has been a great experience even
though not all of the presentations were what I expected. The
opportunity to see these organisations and talk to people was great. As
I see it learning theoretically about them is not always interesting and
thus to experience the actual situation there is important to really
understand their contribution to our lives.
Linn Olsen
The study trip was an original, but excellent suggestion for covering
one part of the Economic Areas class. It was far better to visit the
organisations in person and to get firsthand knowledge from them
directly than reading it all from some internet pages or books. Although
some lecturers were poorly prepared and pretty standardized the visits
gave us a different perspective and interest of the organisations as you
feel you “know” them better by physically being there, observing and
being able to ask questions. The trip was a perfect combination of business and pleasure.
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Reinhard Fischer
For me it was a great opportunity to participate in this study trip
which had never been organized in that form at the IMC before.
The trip gave us interesting information about various
international organizations and the opportunity to see them in
reality after learning about them at the university. Nevertheless
there was still a lot of time for sightseeing to explore the beautiful
cities of Geneva and Paris. The organization of the trip was very
well and also tried to keep it affordable for us in view of the high
price levels of the cities visited. Although the lectures at the international institutions were
quite interesting it seemed to me that they were in general not very well prepared for us and
our questions. At time their presentations included information already learned in class with
Mr. Bajrektarevic. Overall I think this trip was a great success and should be repeated in the
coming years.
Christina Hassler
Considering our study trip to Geneva and Paris I have to admit
that it was an enormous enrichment on the professional as well as
on the private scale. Concerning the professional field this journey
allowed us to complete our picture referring to the areas of
activities of international acting organisation and furthermore
provided us with the unique opportunity to convince ourselves of
the professional competences of the people who are employed at
such institutions.
In terms of the personal experiences this travel led for sure to an improvement regarding our
group dynamics.
Furthermore I would like to express my honest respect for the accomplishment of the
organisational tasks, done by the “committee”.
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Claudia Höbarth
To be provided with the unique opportunity to visit the respective international organisations
and furthermore to get the possibility to listen to briefings of the individual guest lecturers
have been of great value to me. As I am very keen on working within the UN after completion
of my studies, our study trip definitely had a positive impact on my future career, as we were
able to establish direct contacts with the professionals and moreover a realistic picture of their
scope of work. From my point of view, I am convinced that it is a complete different story to
actually be at the premises of the respective organisations, than to listen to guest lecturers
within the university setting, not only due to the fact that we could experience the flair of
Geneva and of Paris. It was a well- balanced combination of leisure time and time where we
were busy with the individual visits, I think everybody had enough time to do sightseeing and
to explore the cities.
All in all, I was and still am grateful for forming a part of our study trip and very thankful for
all work regards to the organisation.
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7. Sources
Geneva General Information about Geneva http://www.ville-ge.ch/en/decouvrir/en-bref/index.htm
Paris Tourism figures http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561798_6/Paris_(city_France).html#B2 General information http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561798_1/Paris_(city_France).html Population estimation http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/grandes-villes-2005.htm European cities with more than 1 mio. inhabitants http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMPTEF01103&tab_id=18
UNECE General Information www.unece.org History http://www.unece.org/info/CDTour/textes/english/history/history_1.html United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Programmes http://www.unece.org/programs/programs.htm
WTO
The World Trade Organization in Brief http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm Understanding the WTO – The Organisation http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org4_e.htm The WTO – Secretariat and Budget http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/div_e.htm Distribution of staff positions within the WTO's various divisions (2005) http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/div_e.htm#distribution
International Committee of the Red Cross
Brochure ‘La convention de Genève de 1864 – Naissance du droit international humanitaire’ Brochure ‘Croix-Rouge Croissant Rouge’ International Committee of the Red Cross www.icrc.org International Red Cross www.redcross.int
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ILO
Department of Communication http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/index.htm About the ILO - Mandate http://www.ilo.org/public/english/about/index.htm History http://www.ilo.org/public/english/about/history.htm Structure of the ILO http://www.ilo.org/public/english/depts/fact.htm
UNCTAD
General Information www.unctad.org
OECD General Informaiton www.oecd.org Overview of the OECD http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,2340,en_2649_201185_2068050_1_1_1_1,00.html About the OECD http://www.oecd.org/about/0,2337,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html History of the OECD http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1876671_1_1_1_1,00.html
International Energy Agency IAEA IEA Differences & Similarities – PPP - Regina Geissberger International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA (1956) vs. International Energy Agency (1974) – PPP – Anja Semmellechner Organizational Profile http://www.iaea.org/About/index.html About the IEA http://www.iea.org/Textbase/about/index.htm
DEXIA General Information www.dexia.com
Other
Briefings by Representatives of the Organisations