Genocide and War

Dr. Steven M. HaysBKHS

Leadership and EthicsSpring 2014

GENOCIDEO Genocide: An attempt to eliminate, in whole or in

large part, a particular group of people (such as national, ethnic, racial, religious, social, or political groups).

O Mass Murder: The intentional killing of a large number of people who are either unwilling or unable to defend themselves.

O Ethnic Cleansing: The attempt to remove a particular group of people from a particular geographic area through the use of terror.

O Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior toward a particular group

• rules or laws directed against a group or its members;

• or practices that subordinate people of a particular group.

• positive behaviors, policies and practices that systematically advantage one group over another. 2

Genocide and Mass Murder

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O GENOCIDEO Nazis: (1933-1945)

O Jews, Gypsies, gays & lesbians, communists, mentally ill

O KILLED: @11 MILLION

O Turks: Armenians in WWI (1914-1918)O KILLED:@2 MILLION

O MASS MURDERO Slave Trade

O (U.S. & many W. European countries):

O @1600-1850O KILLED:@20

MILLION

O TurksO Armenians, 1890s

O KILLED 300-400,000

Ethnic Cleansing and Discrimination

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O ETHNIC CLEANSINGO U.S. & Native

AmericansO Pop. of NAs reduced

from about 2million to 500,000 over 300 years. -- mass murder -- starvation -- war -- forced removals -- disease

O Yugoslavia Serbs in Bosnia (1980s,1990s) -- terror, expulsion, and thousands found in mass graves

O DISCRIMINATION

O History of many non-Northern European groups in U.S.

O -- Irish, Italians, eastern Europeans, Jews, African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, etc.

O Women around the world

O Hindu Caste system

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Discrimination

EthnicCleansing

Geno-cide

Mass murder

1. Genocide is a type of ethnic cleansing, mass murder, and discrim.

2. Ethnic cleansing is a type of discrimination.

3. Mass murder can be used for genocide and ethnic cleansing, but can also occur for reasons other than genocide, ethnic cleansing, and discrimination.

4. There are many types of discrimination that have nothing to do with genocide, ethnic cleansing, or mass murder.

DemocideO Democide: The murder of any person

or people by a government, including genocide, politicide, and mass murder

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Relationships between Democide, Mass Murder, and Genocide

All genocides are democides.

Most mass murder is democide.

Some mass murder is genocide, but some is not.

Democide

mass murder

Genocide

Mass Murder and Genocide in the 20th Century

O TOTALITARIAN REGIMESO USSR, 1917-1987 62,000,000O Chinese Communists, 1923-1987 39,000,000O Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 21,000,000

O AUTHORITARIAN REGIMESO Chinese Nationalists, 1928-1949 10,000,000O Japan, 1936-1945 6,000,000O Turkey, 1909-1923 2,600,000O Cambodia, 1975-1980 2,000,000

O Note: These numbers are best guesstimates. In most cases, because of denials, secrecy, and coverups, it is impossible to know the exact number with precision.

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Mass Killing is Common in Africa

O CongoO 4 million deaths since 1998, prompted by endless

fighting between armed gangs/warlords.

O Sudan (Darfur)O 800,000 dead since 2002, in tribal/religious

warfare/genocide

O UgandaO Idi Amin (dictator) killed 400,000 of his own people in the

1970s and 1980s. (Last King of Scotland)O Since 2002, another 100,000 dead from rebellion in

North.

O Nigerian Civil War (1970s)O 400,000 dead

O Rwanda (1990s)O 800,000 dead (about half from gov’t-sponsored

genocide)O (Hotel Rwanda) 9

Civilian Death Tolls by Democracies vs. Totalitarian/Authoritarian

Regimes in WWIIO Numbers Approximate

O Civilian Dead Resulting from Civilian Dead Resulting fromAllied invasion&bombing of Germany

O German Invasion, mass murder: Total German civilian dead:O @21 million @2 millionO O Allied bombing

(including nuclear) of Japanese

citiesO Japanese Invasion, mass murder: Total Japanese civilian dead:O @20 million @600,000

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Civilian Deaths in the Modern Middle East,

since 1975O Authoritarian Regimes:O Ethiopia: 800,000 (“class enemies,” Eritrean

war)O Iraq: 100,000 (Kurds, Shi’ites, Kuwaitis)O Iran: 60,000 (Kurds, Bahai, Monarchists)O Sudan: 2,000,000 (Darfur, Africans,

Christians)O Syria: 21,000 Kurds, Sunnis

O Democracy:O Israel: @15,000 (Palestinians, Lebanese) 11

Civilian Deaths by Authoritarian Regimes vs.

Democracies

O llustrates two key points:1. War pushes democracies in an authoritarian direction• Democracies kill civilians mostly during wars• Willingness to cause and justify civilian deaths2. Democracies almost never commit mass murder of their own

people, whereas authoritarian and totalitarian regimes frequently do so.

WWII

Modern

Middle East

Authoritarian/Totalitarian

Regimes

35 million 3 million

Democracies 2.5-3 million @15,000

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