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GENOCIDE IN GENOCIDE IN RWANDA RWANDA
International Security Study on Rwanda
Presented By:
Topics
• Background
• Causes of the Conflict in Rwanda
• Political and Cultural
• “CNN Effect”
• U.S. Involvement
• U.S. Instruments of Power
• Recommendations
Background• 1300s - Tutsis migrate into what is now Rwanda, which was already inhabited by the Hutu peoples.
• 1600s - Tutsi King Ruganzu Ndori subdues central Rwanda and outlying Hutu areas.
• Late 1800s - Tutsi King Kigeri Rwabugiri establishes a unified state with a centralized military structure.
• 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda.
• 1923 - Belgium granted League of Nations mandate to govern Ruanda-Urundi, which it ruled indirectly through Tutsi kings.
• 1957 - Hutus issue manifesto calling for a change in Rwanda's power structure; gave them a voice commensurate with their numbers; Hutu political parties formed.
• 1959 - Tutsi King Kigeri V and thousands of Tutsis, forced into exile in Uganda following inter-ethnic violence.
• 1961 - Rwanda proclaimed a republic.
• 1962 - Rwanda becomes independent with a Hutu leader
• 1963 - Some 20,000 Tutsis killed following an incursion by Tutsi rebels based in Burundi.
• 1973 - President Gregoire Kayibanda ousted in military coup led by Juvenal Habyarimana.
• 1978 - New constitution ratified; Habyarimana elected president.
• 1990 - Forces of the rebel, mainly Tutsi, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invade Rwanda from Uganda.
• 1993 - President Habyarimana signs a power-sharing agreement with the Tutsis in the Tanzanian town of Arusha, signaling the end of civil war; UN mission sent to monitor the peace agreement.
Causes of Conflict in Rwanda
• Political
• Arusha Accord could have
ended 4 year Civil War
• Plane shot down by Hutu
extremists killing Presidents
Habyarimana (Rwanda) and
Ntaryamira (Burundi)
• Rwanda armed forces and
militia retaliate against Tutsi
Causes of Conflict in Rwanda
• Cultural
• Hutu and Tutsi Feud origins
• Feud reaches boiling point in 1994
• Hutu massacre 800,000 Tutsi in 100
days
• 10% slain, millions fled to
neighboring countries
• Killings devastated mostly
agricultural based economy
“CNN Effect”
• 10 U.N Peacekeepers killed
protecting Prime Minister
• Hutu used 1993, U.S. and Somalia
conflict, as leverage
• Clinton Administration/UN:
“Withdrawal…leave Rwanda to it’s
fate”
•Source: Frontline: The Triumph of Evil: Interviews: Philip Gourevitch h
ttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/gourevitch.html)
U.S. Involvement
• U.S. stance was not to get
involved
• U.S. Intel on conflict given to top
administration before day 2 of
killings
• Media Attention got US and UN
involved in conflict after 100 day
massacre was over
• U.S. used its military and economic
IOPs to assist Rwanda in aftermath
U.S. Instruments of Power
• Military (Source: http://www.udayton.edu/~rwanda/articles/usrole.html )
• Unstable Rwanda = Unstable Central Africa
• U.S. Military trained Rwandan participants (Tutsi)
• Combat, Military Mgt, Disaster Relief, etc.
• U.S. sought greater military involvement in
African nations
• “Vietnamization”
U.S. Instruments of Power
• Economic (Source: www.cnn.com)
• U.S. gives humanitarian aid to African nations
• Mostly Financial
• President Bush pledges $674 Million in aid to Africa
(Rwanda to receive also)
• G8 to forgive $55 Billion debt for 18 poor African
Nations
Recommendations
• U.S Should Continue to Support Financially and
Militarily • Region is showing to be breeding ground for terrorist
organizations Source: (http://countrywatch.com/cw_topics.aspx)
• Ex.) 1997- ALIR
• Much needed ally on “Global war on terrorism”
• A stronger Rwanda + Robust Rwanda Military = More
Stable Central Africa
Summary
• Background
• Causes of the Conflict in Rwanda
• Political and Cultural
• “CNN Effect”
• U.S. Involvement
• U.S. Instruments of Power
• Recommendations
QUESTIONS???
RWANDA
Video???
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hotel_rwanda/trailers.php