Date post: | 26-Jan-2015 |
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GENOMESEQUENCINGPROJECT
by Luvanee Parkianathan, Mahathir Mohmed,Nurul Asyikin Sharuddin, Muhammad Syamil Zahari,
and Azman Muin
BACKGROUND
Genome sequencing projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete
genome sequence of an organism
requires the DNA sequences for each of the chromosomes in an organism to be determined
The information gathered from sequencing will provide the raw data for the exploding field of bioinformatics,
where computer science and biology live in symbiotic harmony.
FREDERIC SANGER
Frederic Sanger is the person that invents “shotgun” sequencing method.
This technique involves the separation of fluorescent labelled DNA fragments according to their length on a polyacrilimide gel (PAGE)
He is the fourth (and only living) person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.
SANGER “Shotgun” method
The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at
The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995
BACKGROUND
Human Genome Project starts at 1990
C. elegans finished in 1998, Drosophila melanogaster finished in 2006, the mouse which has less than 1% finished (December 2007: only 20%),
and the human which is only 1.5% completed (current: 92%).
genome assembly
…process of taking a large number of short DNA sequences, all of which were generated by a shotgun sequencing project, and putting them back
together to create a representation of the original chromosomes from which the DNA originated
"read" by automated sequencing machines, which can read up to 900 nucleotides or bases at a time
genome assembly
1
2
3
assembly software
Phrap AMOS
The Celera Assembler The Arachne
TIGR Assembler
genome annotation
… process of attaching biological information to sequences
1st: identifying elements on the genome, a process called gene finding
2nd: attaching biological information to these elements.
basic level of annotation is using BLAST for finding similarities
genome annotation databases
Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)
Ensembl
RefSeq
Uniprot
plant genome sequencing project
Rice
plant genome sequencing project
animal genome sequencing project
Mouse
marine genome sequencing project
Nanoflagellates
Human genome sequencing project
issues in genome sequencing project
Plant Human
• safety• access to intellectual property• ethics• labeling• society
• treatment and medicine• insurance companies• employment• moral issues• society
The end