IDENTIFICATION OF ASIAN HORNBILLS 41 browner than male. Bill & casque: Sexes differ. The male has bill and casque similar yellow to male austeni. Female differs from female austeni by having dark horny brown bill with small casque. Color of bare skin: Both sexes have pale blue to blue orbital skin. Measurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm). Male Wing (11) = 326 (314-343) Tail (5) = 288 (280-295) Tarsus (7) = 48 (46-52) Bill from nostril (5) = 109 004-115) Bill from skull (7) = 127 022-132) Female 02) = 308 (300-320) (5) = 270 (258-270) (7) = 46 (45-47) (4) = 98 (94-105) (9) = 116 010-122) GENUS PENELOPIDES The genus Penelopidesis a group of small hornbills found on the islands of Indonesia and Philippines. The major field characteristics of the group are males having head, neck and underparts white to dirty white. Ear-covert and throat are black or deep dark brown. Upperparts are glossy brown or green. Tail is dark brown and may be broken by white or rufous band. Most species have tail tip deep dark brown. Bill is dirty brown with or without marks on mandibles. Casque low and small compressed at anterior tip. Female is usually black or dark brown except Penelopides mindorensis. Genus Penelopides comprises species and subspecies as follows: PeneloPides exarhatus exarhatus Penelopides exarhatus sand/:0rdi Penelopides manillae manillae Penelopides manillae subnigra Penelopides panini panini PeneloPides panini ticaensis Penelopides affinis affinis Penelopides affinis samarensis PeneloPides affinis basilanica PeneloPides mindorensis Comparison of average size of all species and subspecies is shown in Table 8, comparison of field characteristics of some species and subspecies of Penelopides shown in Fig. 15. Penelopides exarhatus exarhatus Sulawesi Hornbill Synonym: Distribution: Buceros exarhatus. Occurs in Lembeh and North Sulawesi. Subspecies sandfordi
Transcript
IDENTIFICATIONOF ASIAN HORNBILLS 41
browner than male.
Bill & casque: Sexes differ. The male has bill and casque similar yellow tomale austeni. Female differs from female austeni by havingdark horny brown bill with small casque.
Color of bare skin: Both sexes have pale blue to blue orbital skin.Measurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
The genus Penelopidesis a group of small hornbills found on the islandsof Indonesia and Philippines. The major field characteristics of the group aremales having head, neck and underparts white to dirty white. Ear-covert andthroat are black or deep dark brown. Upperparts are glossy brown or green.Tail is dark brown and may be broken by white or rufous band. Most specieshave tail tip deep dark brown. Bill is dirty brown with or without marks onmandibles. Casque low and small compressed at anterior tip. Female is usuallyblack or dark brown except Penelopides mindorensis.
Genus Penelopides comprises species and subspecies as follows:PeneloPides exarhatus exarhatusPenelopides exarhatus sand/:0rdiPenelopides manillae manillaePenelopides manillae subnigraPenelopides panini paniniPeneloPides panini ticaensisPenelopides affinis affinisPenelopides affinis samarensisPeneloPides affinis basilanicaPeneloPides mindorensis
Comparison of average size of all species and subspecies is shown inTable 8, comparison of field characteristics of some species and subspecies ofPenelopides shown in Fig. 15.
Penelopides exarhatus exarhatusSulawesi Hornbill
Synonym:Distribution:
Buceros exarhatus.
Occurs in Lembeh and North Sulawesi. Subspecies sandfordi
~~
42 Chapter 2
occurs in Central, East, Southeast Sulawesi and South Sulawesi,Muna and Butang (see Fig. 7).White & Bruce 1986, Sanft 1960 (see Fig. 15 & Plate 5).Small.
Male, face and throat white, the rest of plumage black includ-ing tail. Female entirely black.
Bill & casque: Bill yellowish white with a black plate over the basal half ofthe mandible. Female has higher casque, bill yellowish whitewithout any mark. Subspecies sandJordi has this plate brokeninto black and yellow bars.
Color of bare skin: Orbital and gular skin flesh colored, iris red, feet blackMeasurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
Synonym: Buceros Manillae, Penelopides talisiDistribution: Endemic to Luzon and Marinduque (see Fig. 7). Subspecies
subnigra is endemic in Polillo.Du Pont 1971, Sanft 1960. (see plate 5).Small.
Male, head and neck are dirty white; back, wing and tail-coverts are brown glossed with dull green; outer margins ofprimaries and secondaries are buff, throat and ear-coverts areblack; lower neck, breast, belly and under tail-coverts arebuffy white; tail basal half is dark brown followed by lightbrown band then dark brown with glossy green. Female,head, neck and underparts are dark brown and blackest onthroat; the rest is similar to male. Subspecies subnigra differsby having upperparts and tail glossy green black instead ofbrown.
Bill & casque: Bill is basically brown with a number of ochre ridges on bothmandibles. Low and small casque is brown. Young lackscasque and ridges on bill.
Color of bare skin: Iris is crimson, feet are black. Orbital skin and skin at baseof lower bill are pink or flesh color. '
Measurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
Description:Size:
Plumage:
-~
Male
Wing 09)Tail 05)Tarsus 06)Bill from 05)
nostrilBill from 04)
skull
Weight: Male (9)
= 233 (226-248)
= 198 085-210)
= 42 (40-44)= 78 (72-87)
= 91 (83-100)
= 450.2 (400-479)
Penelopides panini paniniPanay Tarictic Hornbill
IDENTIFICATION OF ASIAN HORNBILLS 43
Female
(9) = 220 (207-230)
(8) = 184 066-198)(8) = 40 (38-41)
(9) = 64 (54-70)
(6) = 73 (62-80)
(2) = 470, 475(Goodman & Gonzales 1990)
Synonym: Buceros Panini.Distribution: Guimaras, Masbate, Negros and Panay (see Fig. 7).
Subspecies ticaensis endemic to Ticao.
Description: Du Pont 1971, Sanft 1960 (see Fig. 15 & Plate 5),Size: Small subspecies ticaensis is larger than PeneloPides panini
panini.Male differs from P. manillae by having upperparts with
stronger green gloss, less brown, underparts are more rufous,
not so pale buff. Basal half of tail white. Female, black excepttail with basal half white.
Bill & casque: Bill and casque color (?) with oblique marks on the side of thebill in both sexes.
Color ofbare skin: Orbital and gular skin flesh color, feet dark brown, iris redMeasurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
Endemic to Dinagat and Mindanao (see Fig. 7). Subspeciessamarensis and basilanica endemic to Bohol, Leyte andSamar and the latter endemic to Basilan.
Du Pont 1971 (see Fig. 15).
Synonym:Distribution:
Description:
~- - ~
44 Chapter 2
Small.
Male, green gloss on upperparts much darker than P. manillae.Tail, basal black band which is lacking in P. manillae. Fe~male, similar to that of P. manillae. P. samarensis havingupper tail-coverts much paler than affinis. Subspeciesbasilanica having basal half of the tail rufous; base ofmandibles flesh color.
Bill & casque: Similar to P. manillaeColor of bare skin: Similar to P. manillaeMeasurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
Male, similar to P. manillae except for having back glossed
with green not brown and much more white tail and no band.Female, head white as in male not brown as others. Femalesand some males have blackish foreheads.
Bill & casque: Similar to that of P. manillae.Color of bare skin: Orbital and gular skin whitish, feet dark brown, iris
The genus Aceros is a group of medium-sized to large hornbills, themajority of which possess entirely black plumage in adult females. Male plu-mage varies from buffy white to rufous on neck, head, crown, upper breast orbelly. Both sexes have pure white graduated tail or basal half black as in Aceros(Rhyticeros) corrugatus and Aceros nipalensis. Bill ivory white with or withoutmarks or corrugations on its side. Casque wreathed with a number of ridges,which, perhaps, correspond with age. Most species have gular pouches mainlyblue in color, particularly females, except Aceros nipalensis of which both sexespossess bright orange gular pouches. Aceros (Rhyticeros) undulatus and A.(Rhyticeros) subruficollis, males of both species possess bright yellow gularpouches which differ from that of blue in females. Orbital skin is colorful, andvaries from pale blue to bright cherry red as in Aceros (Rhyticeros) undulatus.
Genus Aceros comprises species and subspecies as follow:Aceros nipalensisAceros undulatus
Comparison of average sizes of all species and subspecies is shown inTable 9.
Aceros nipalensisRufous - necked Hornbill
Synonym:Distribution:
Description:
Size:
Plumage:
Buceros nipalensis, Aceros leucostigma
This hornbill species ranges from Nepal, the last report beingin 1846, Fleming et al. 1976) to Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, SWChina, Myanmar, N and NW Thailand, N Lao PDR and NW
Vietnam (see Fig. 9) (Ali & Ripley, 1970; Lekagul & Cronin,1974; King & Dickinson, 1975).
Smythies 1953, Sanft 1960, Ali & Ripley 1970, King & Dickinson1975, Lekagul & Round 1991, Author's pers obs. (see Plate 6).116 cm.
Sexes differ. Adult male, head neck and upper breast rufous,lower part chestnut. Back and wings black glossed with
green, outer primaries tipped white. Long tail with terminal
46 Chapter 2
half white. Adult female, smaller and similar to the male but
entire body black except for terminal half of tail and primarytips white. Immature, similar to adult except for the fledglingfemale which has rufous plumage like adult male, butbecomes black as in adult female by the first year.
Bill & casque: Bills of both sexes yellowish ivory without casque. On uppermandible there are a number of black marks. This number of
marks, perhaps indicates rough age of the bird. Immature billis smaller.
Color of bare skin: Both sexes possess bright orange scarlet gular pouch,gular edge and lower mandible base purplish blue. Iris red,orbital skin brilliant turquoise blue. Tarsus black.
Sexes differ. Adult male with forehead, crown and nape
chestnut. Face, side of neck and upper breast buffy white.From hindneck throughout the rest of plumage (body and
wing) glossy black except for pure white tail. Female hasentirely black plumage except for pure white tail. Immature,similar to adults. Fledgling, plumage resembles male.Adult and immature bills ivory. Fledgling, bill greenish pale
yellow. Casque low and wreathed. Number of ridges on cas-
Distribution:
Description:
Size:
Plumage:
Bill & casque:
----
Male Female
Wing 04) = 434 (415-455) 06) = 420 (392-440)
Tail (9) = 419 (395-430) (13) = 394 (375-415)
Tarsus 00) = 71 ( 67-75) 01) = 66 (60-70)
Bill from (8) = 195 065-215) 01) = 160045-178)nostril
Bill from (9) = 222 095-240) 04) = 185 070-205)skull
Weight = 2,500 g = 2,270 g(Ali & Ripley 1970)
IDENTIFICATION OF ASIAN HORNBILLS
que indicates ages up to a certain age. Sides of bill, both lowerand upper mandibles, have ripples extending forward. Numberof ripples, perhaps, related to age of the bird as well.
Color of bare skin: Adult male has bright yellow gular pouch with blackstrokes on both sides of the pouch. Adult female gular pouchvaries from pale to bright blue with black strokes on bothsides of the pouch. Immature female has gular pouch yellowishgreen for few years before turning totally blue. Fledgling,gular pouch resembles male but with traces of black strokeson the side of the pouch. Orbital skin of both sexes is cherryred.
Synonym: Rhyticeros plicatus subruficollis.Distribution: Occurs in West and Southwest Thailand and along Thailand-
Myanmar border up to extreme north of Myanmar. (Wells,pers.comm. believes this species does not occur in Malaysia).(see Fig. 9).Smythies 1983, Lekagul & Round 1991, (see Plate 6).90 cm.Sexes differ. Resembles Wreathed Hornbill but smaller.Similar to that of the Wreathed Hornbill but the sides of the
bill lack ripples.Color of bare skin: Exactly the same as that of the Wreathed Hornbill but lack
of black strokes on gular pouch of both male and female. Or-bital skin is cherry red in both sexes.
Measurement: Only one female specimen with 3 ridge casque collected fromThongpapoom Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
Description:Size:
Plumage:Bill & casque:
Wing 358 mmTail 227 mmTarsus 35.5 mmBill from nostrilBill from skull
109 mm158 mm
47
/\\
48 Chapter 2
Notes from editors: It has been proved that Aceros subruficollis is a full species.A few nests of this species are found in the forest of Western Thailand whereAceros (Rhyticeros) undulatus also occurs.
Aceros (Rhyticeros) narcondamiN arcondam Hornbill
Rhytidoceros narcondami.Endemic to Narcondam Island (see Fig. 9).From Ali & Ripley 1970 (see Plate 6).66 cm.
Sexes differ. Male, head and neck rufous; throat a little paler;tail white; the rest of plumage black with dark green gloss.Female, entirely black except pure white tail as in male.
Bill & casque: Both sexes have ivory white bill, side of bill smooth, halfbasal of bill deep dark reddish brown. Casque, wreathed witha number of ridges which perhaps correspond with age.
Color of bare skin: Both sexes have pale blue gular pouches and orbital skin.Leg and feet black.
Synonym: Rhyticeros leucocephalus corrugatus, Cranorrhinus corrugatusmegistus, Aceros corrugatus, Buceros rugosus, Hydrocissa mi-gratoria, Buceros corrugatus, Buceros glacilis.Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra (see Fig. 9).Smythies 1960, King & Dickinson 1975, Medway & Wells 1976(see Plate 6).81 cm.
Sexes differ. Adult male is black with white head and neck.It can be distinguished from Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undulatusand Plain-pouched Hornbill Aceros subruficollis by smallersize. It has black crown and crest. The female is black. Both
Distribution:
Description:
Size:
Plumage:
IDENTIFICATIONOF ASIAN HORNBILLS 49
sexes have tail basal half black and white terminally.Bill & casque: Male has yellow bill becoming reddish at the base of the bill.
Lower mandible is wrinkled. Casque large, slightly writhedand red. Female has yellow bill, smaller and shorter laterallycompressed casque but somewhat straighter. Fledgling hasa smooth uniform yellow bill.
Color of bare skin: Male has bluish white gular pouch whereas female haslight greenish blue or blue. Both sexes have blue orbital skin.
Measurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
Male
Wing (16)Tail (16)Tarsus (12)Bill from (13)
nostril
Bill from (13)skull
Weight: Male 1,570 g (Ripley, 1944)Aceros c. corrugatus which occurs in Borneo is smaller.
Endemic on South Camiguin Mindanao Islands (see Fig 9).Du Pont 1971, Gonzales & Rees 1988, Sanft 1960(see plate 6).68- 70 cm.
Male, crown and nape chestnut, side of neck, upper breast are
yellowish buff. The rest of the plumage is glossy greenishblack. Female, entirely glossy greenish black except white tailtipped black as in male. White tail may be tinged with darkbrown to black near the tip.
Bill & casque: Male, bill red with dark grooves on lower mandible. Red
casque, high, short and writhed. Female, bill similar to male,casque small, short and not writhed.
Color of bare skin: Gular pouch and orbital skin reddish range yellow in bothsexes. Feet black. Iris reddish brown to red.
This former monotypic genus has distinct characteristics of long whitecrest and tail and black bill. Kemp (1988) put together with genus Acerosbecause of the males' pure white tail, neck and breast.
Berenicornis comprises only one species, Berenicornis comatus.
Berenicornis comatusWhite-crowned Hornbill
Synonym:Distribution:
Buceros comatus , Buceros lugubris.
This species ranges from West Thailand (Kanchanaburi, UthaiThani),South Myanmar, Central Annam, South Vietnam, Southto Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. (see Fig. 8).
Smythies 1986, King & Dickinson 1975, Lekagul & Round1991 (see plate 6).100 cm.
Sexes differ. Adult male and female show bushy white crest
when at rest and long white tail which is conspicuous in
flight. Male differs from female by having white neck andunderparts, but black in the female. Wing black with white
Description:
Size:
Plumage:
IDENTIFICATION OF ASIAN HORNBILLS 53
band at the rear edge. Immatures differ completely from bothadults by having plumage tinged brown, tail black with broadwhite tip and greater wing coverts tipped white.
Bill & casque: Bill and casque are small and blackish.Color of bare skin: Orbital skin is pale blue in both sexes.Measurement: From Sanft 1960 (all in mm).
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