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GEO BON Group on Earth Observations
Biodiversity Observing Network
RJ (Bob) Scholes Chair, GEO BON
CSIR Natural Resources and Environment
PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
IGOS-GEO Symposium, Washington DC
19 November 2009
The mission, paraphrased
• What forms of biodiversity are changing
• Where, and
• Why; and
• with what consequences?
Where are we at?
• Stakeholder endorsement received- Users: CBD, IPBES, IUCN, National nature protection agencies - Providers: Biodiversity NGOs, GBIF, Space Agencies
• Founding documents (Concept and Implementation Plan) accepted• A network has been formed, committee and task groups appointed• Detailed design in progress• Work underway on early products
GEO BON Early Products: Example 1Protected Areas Monitoring Pilot
Species from GBIF
PA boundaryFrom WCMC
Early products Example 2Continuous Plankton Recorder
Scholes, RJ et al 2008 Towards a global biodiversity observation system. Science 321,1044-5
Various
ITISCatalog of Life
GBIF GenBankBOLD
GBIF
WWF-Living Planet
IUCNRed list
GOFC/GOLDGEOSS
WCMC
GEOSS
Spaceagencies
Some missing pieces
• A global database of interaction observations- Food webs (who eats who?)- Pollinators- Hosts and pathogens/parasites - Symbionts, mutualists
• A community/plot/site database- Species that co-occur
• Relative or absolute abundances- Community attributes
• Functional type profile (broadleaf, needleleaf, grass…)• Structure (Height, crown cover, biomass, leaf area…)• Function (NPP, albedo, bulk conductance…)
• Uses of biodiversity (societal benefits)- Nature of use (food, fibre, medicinal, cultural…)- Use intensity- Value
Making the links
Gene sequences
Organisms (indexed by species)
Ecosystems
Persistent identifier
Non-biodiversity dataSpatial location
Interactions Functional types
Abundances (indexed by popn,polygon and time)
spec
ies
Simplicity in complexity: A biodiversity syntax[optional] (quality control)
• Nouns: What, where, when,[how many],(by who),(how)- Ecosystem extent- Species presence/absence/abundance record- Genetic record
• Adjectives: A is a member of B (says who) (when)- Nested taxonomies- Cladistics- Functional types- Communities
• Verbs: A performs action C on B [intensity] (where)(when)(by who)- Food webs- Non-tropic interactions- Ecosystem service flows
Hypothesis: there are just three basic types of record
A natural succession in biodiversity information
1. Presence/absence2. Abundance
1. Confidence intervals2. Time series3. Known individuals
3. Genetic relatedness, phylogenetics4. Species interactions
Simple
Complex
Dealing with institutional diversity and complexity
Observers/data holders
Brokers/intermediaries
Users Countries &Organisations
TDWG
GBIFGenBank GxOS
GEOSS
WCMCEncyc of Life
Nations
Space agenciesLocal biodivNGOs
National/local
Inter-national /global
public
GEO BON
researchers
Internationalbodies
InternationalEnvironmentNGOs
Information divergence versus convergence
Reduce rate of biodiversity loss
Rate of loss Sustainable use ThreatsEcosystems
IntegrityTraditionalknowledge
Benefitsharing
Financialresources
Indicators
Goals
Subtargets
2010 target
Example of an integrated indicator
Biodiversity Intactness %
Species richness (R)
Change in abundance (I)
Land cover/use (A)Ecosystem type
AR
IAR
jkij
ijkjkij
i j k
i j kBII
Scholes, RJ and R Biggs (2005) A biodiversity intactness index Nature 434, 45-9
Some thoughts on the post-2010 targets• A positive vision
- Perhaps based on avoidance of critical thresholds- eg Increasing natural capital, sufficient supply of key services- Stay within adaptive limits
• Based on the possible and desired, rather than the readily available
• Small set that is socially relevant and specific- Health, food and other ecosystem services, hazard avoidance- Key ecosystems: eg Amazon, Great Barrier Reef etc- Central tendency and limits at ecosystem, species and gene levels
• Gene level• Phyllogenetic richness • The genetic foundation of the global food basket
• Species level• Broad-based abundance (population trends in several thousand representative
species)• Risk of extinction (eg red list index)
• Ecosystem level• Natural capital (the capacity to deliver ecosystem services)• Effective extent of critical ecosystems
Achieving the power of integration within GEOSS
BiodiversityBI-07-01b Invasive Species Monitoring System
BI-07-01c Capturing Historical and New Biodiversity Information
EcosystemsEC-09-01a: Ecosystem Classification and Mapping
EC-09-01b: Ecosystem Status and Trends EC-09-01c: Regional Networks for Ecosystems
EC-09-01d: Protected Areas Assessment and Monitoring EC-09-02a: Impact of Tourism on Environmental and Socio-Economic Activities
EC-09-02b: Impact of Transport Infrastructure Development EC-09-02c: Vulnerability of Sea Basins
EC-09-02d: Vulnerability of Mountain Regions
AgricultureAG-06-02: Data Utilization in Fisheries and Aquaculture
Disturbances DI-09-03b: Implementation of a Fire Warning System at Global Level
HealthHE-09-03c: Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Health EN-07-02: Energy Environmental Impact Monitoring CL-09-01a: Enhanced Climate, Weather, Water and Environmental Prediction CL-09-01b: Climate Information for Decision-making and Adaptation
What is going on in 2010• Early Products’ throughout 2010, the International Year of
Biodiversity
• GEO BON all working group meeting,
Asilomar, USA 22-25 Feb 2010
• The run-up to the CBD
- Preparatory science conference, Nagoya, Japan
22-23 March 2010
- Inputs to CBD SBSTTA, Nairobi,May 2010
- World Biodiversity Day, 20 May 2010
- UN General Assembly special session on Biodiversity,
September 2010
- CoP in October 2010