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Geocoding in Geographic Information Retrieval Systems
UT-Knoxville Geography Research Symposium 02/22/2014
Tanner JesselSchool of Information Sciences
What is Geocoding?
➲ Geography + Code = Geocode
Place + Space
Assigning geographic coordinates to a recognized location.
Location + Spatial Coordinates
What is Geocoding?
Means different things to different practitioners
Addresses Objects People Animals / Habitats
What is Geocoding?
Sometimes referred to as “Georeferencing” or “Geotagging.”
1955 – 2008 Google “ngram” illustrates trend Interdisciplinary
Geocode (Blue) Georeference (Red)
Interdisciplinary
Georeferencing
Knoxville, Tennessee – what do you think of?
Georeferencing in IR
Knoxville, Tennessee – what Google thinks
Georeferencing in IR
Knoxville, Tennessee – what Bing thinks
Georeferencing in IR
Knoxville, Tennessee – what Bing thinks you think
Georeferencing in IR
➲ How do we answer this question?
What do we mean by “Edinburgh”
What do we consider “near”
Query: what castles are near Edinburgh?
Georeferencing in IR
➲ Which castle? Scotland?
Jamaica?
Georeferencing in IR
➲ What is “near?” 1 km? 3 km? 20 km?
Georeferencing in IR➲ Match text to known “footprint,” or space an
object occupies Castle footprint is known City footprint is known Country footprint is known
Geoparsing
➲ Evaluate the geographic context of an item➲ “Castles near Edinburgh” A physical place Implied location
Edinburgh Scotland United Kingdom Europe
Geoparsing
➲ Possible castle names Craigmillar Castle Edinburgh Castle Lauriston Castle Tantallon Castle Chricton Castle Blackness Castle Dirleton Castle
Gazetteer➲ Links a name to a footprint (point or area)
Gazetteer
➲ Links a name to a footprint (point or area)
Gazetteer
➲ Geographical Index or Dictionary
Ontology for Geo IR
➲ Pragmatic Ontology: how entities can be grouped in a hierarchy
➲ Nation➲ State➲ County➲ City➲ Neighborhood
Ontology for Geo IR
➲ Semantic Ontology➲ words have different meanings to different
groups
“Skin Temperature” of Atmospheric Scientists “Surface Temperature” of Marine Scientists Both are same data point, but mean different things to
different communities of scientists
➲ Technology can handle these differences➲ “Semantic” mediation➲ Applies to spatial domain
Real-World Ontology
Ontology to Computer
Metadata: Machine Friendly
➲ Place➲ Time➲ Geographic Coordinates➲ Geographic Footprint (Area coverage)➲ Relationships Parent Child Similarities
Geographical Information Retrieval System
➲ Spatially Aware➲ Can handle spatial queries Castles
Within 1 KM of Edinburg (Scotland)
Geographical Information Retrieval System
Geographic Information Retrieval System Application
Geocoding Toolkit
➲ Research effort reviewed 53 citations Extracted tools mentioned across citations➲ Categorized tools:
Geographic IR Tools Disambiguation Tools
Georeferencing Tools Error Calculation Tools
Ontology Tools Algorithmic and Programming Tools
Geographic IR Systems Visualization Tools
Database Tools Thesauri ToolsExtraction Tools
Need?
➲ Tools for automation of geocoding / georeferencing
Next Steps
➲ Specialized gazetteers for subject areas are needed These reliably link place to space They enable spatial queries
➲ Specialized ontologies for domain-specific applications are needed These establish relationships between objects in the real and
virtual worlds They enable spatial queries
Questions?