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INTRODUCTION Geoffrey G.E. Scudder: zoologist, conservationist, educator Robert A. Cannings Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2 (e-mail: [email protected]) Geoffrey George Edgar Scudder DPhil FESC FRSC CM is professor emeritus in the Depart- ment of Zoology at the University of British Co- lumbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada, and spent his entire postgraduate university career (1958– 1999) there. He was head of the department from 1976 to 1991 and is the only UBC faculty member ever to receive all four of the highest honours the university can bestow: the Master Teacher Award (1976), the Killam Research Prize (1989), the President’s Service Award for Excellence (1993), and the UBC Alumni Fac- ulty Citation Award (1997). How does one begin to describe the phenom- enon that is Geoff Scudder? Superb zoologist. Intellectual whirlwind, prodigious writer, force- ful speaker. Enthusiastic and supportive teacher and mentor. Relentless researcher, tireless insect collector, curious naturalist. Efficient adminis- trator and organizer. Dedicated conservationist, lobbyist for biological causes, and servant of science. A dynamic but unassuming, kind, and private man. Accomplished scientist known and deeply respected across Canada and around the world. Geoff Scudder retired from official duties at UBC in 1999. As is true for many energetic personalities, retirement has hardly changed Geoff’s life; for example, he published nearly as many peer-reviewed papers in 2001 (7), 2 years after retirement, as he did in 1977 (8), in the middle of his career! He would never, however, consider counts of published papers a gauge of his contribution; his work results from his desire to learn and to transmit knowledge of the world he loves. Despite periodic bouts of serious ill health over the years, Geoff has con- tinued to astound all who know him with his energy and his “I’ll do that” attitude. His work ethic is legendary. Some of us who served at his side on the Biological Survey of Canada recall more than once finding him working late at night after a day-long Ottawa meeting or a long flight east, identifying bugs in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, only to discover the next morning that he had returned to his hotel room to write grant proposals or manuscripts from 3 to 6 AM. I’m not sure that’s a recommended practice, but it is Geoff in action! And that’s one way he gets all that work done. Colleagues, students, and friends gathered on 8 May 1999 to celebrate Geoff’s many achieve- ments. A symposium was held in his honour, © 2006 Entomological Society of Canada ix Fig. 1. Professor Geoffrey G.E. Scudder, early 1990s. Photo courtesy of the Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Transcript
Page 1: Geoffrey G.E. Scudder: zoologist, conservationist, …...INTRODUCTION Geoffrey G.E. Scudder: zoologist, conservationist, educator Robert A. Cannings Royal British Columbia Museum,

INTRODUCTION

Geoffrey G.E. Scudder: zoologist, conservationist,educator

Robert A. Cannings

Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria,British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2 (e-mail: [email protected])

Geoffrey George Edgar Scudder DPhil FESCFRSC CM is professor emeritus in the Depart-ment of Zoology at the University of British Co-lumbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada, and spenthis entire postgraduate university career (1958–1999) there. He was head of the departmentfrom 1976 to 1991 and is the only UBC facultymember ever to receive all four of the highesthonours the university can bestow: the MasterTeacher Award (1976), the Killam ResearchPrize (1989), the President’s Service Award forExcellence (1993), and the UBC Alumni Fac-ulty Citation Award (1997).

How does one begin to describe the phenom-enon that is Geoff Scudder? Superb zoologist.Intellectual whirlwind, prodigious writer, force-ful speaker. Enthusiastic and supportive teacherand mentor. Relentless researcher, tireless insectcollector, curious naturalist. Efficient adminis-trator and organizer. Dedicated conservationist,lobbyist for biological causes, and servant ofscience. A dynamic but unassuming, kind, andprivate man. Accomplished scientist known anddeeply respected across Canada and around theworld.

Geoff Scudder retired from official duties atUBC in 1999. As is true for many energeticpersonalities, retirement has hardly changedGeoff’s life; for example, he published nearlyas many peer-reviewed papers in 2001 (7),2 years after retirement, as he did in 1977 (8),in the middle of his career! He would never,however, consider counts of published papers agauge of his contribution; his work results fromhis desire to learn and to transmit knowledge ofthe world he loves. Despite periodic bouts ofserious ill health over the years, Geoff has con-tinued to astound all who know him with hisenergy and his “I’ll do that” attitude. His workethic is legendary. Some of us who served at hisside on the Biological Survey of Canada recallmore than once finding him working late at night

after a day-long Ottawa meeting or a long flighteast, identifying bugs in the Canadian NationalCollection of Insects, only to discover the nextmorning that he had returned to his hotel roomto write grant proposals or manuscripts from 3to 6 AM. I’m not sure that’s a recommendedpractice, but it is Geoff in action! And that’sone way he gets all that work done.

Colleagues, students, and friends gathered on8 May 1999 to celebrate Geoff’s many achieve-ments. A symposium was held in his honour,

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Fig. 1. Professor Geoffrey G.E. Scudder, early1990s. Photo courtesy of the Department of Zoology,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

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with presentations ranging from PeterHochachka’s views on the unity/diversity para-dox in physiology to Dolph Schluter’s rumina-tions on natural selection and sticklebackevolution; from Janine Caira’s revelations con-cerning the tapeworm parasites of sharks toDoug Currie’s adventures with giant water strid-ers in the forests of Vietnam. The idea for thisspecial issue of The Canadian Entomologistwas born that day and, although it is not a pro-ceedings of the 1999 symposium, it containspapers dedicated to Geoff by friends and col-leagues in arthropod biology.

Geoff Scudder was born 18 March 1934 atFawkham, Kent, United Kingdom. At the age of12 he knew he wanted to be an entomologistand began pursuing that dream. He graduatedwith First Class Honours from the University ofWales, Aberystwyth, in 1955 and in 1958, atthe age of 24, received his doctorate in ento-mology from Oxford University. He and Jac-queline Howard were also married that year,and in Vancouver in 1965, daughter NicolaClaire was born.

In 1958, fresh from Oxford, Geoff arrived inVancouver to take up a teaching position atUBC, replacing Professor George Spencer, thefamous, long-serving zoology and entomologyprofessor who had retired 2 years before. Thecharismatic Spencer was a hard act to follow,but Geoff, although more reserved than his fa-mous predecessor, succeeded brilliantly. He es-tablished the Spencer Memorial Lecture tohonour Spencer, over the years inviting dozensof international luminaries to UBC to speak oninsect biology; for example, the first to lecturewas the famous insect physiologist Sir VincentWigglesworth. In 2001, after Geoff’s own re-tirement, this lecture series was succeeded bythe Geoffrey G.E. Scudder Lecture in Entomol-ogy, a tribute by Geoff’s students and col-leagues to his influence. Like Spencer, Geoffloved the open rangeland of the dry interior ofBritish Columbia and, although he energeticallytravelled the whole province studying its in-sects, he made the Cariboo–Chilcotin region thefocus of his field studies. He was made Assis-tant Professor in 1960 and Professor in 1968.

Researcher, writer, and fieldbiologist

Geoff Scudder has published more than 210peer-reviewed papers, mostly on entomologicalsubjects. He has edited 2 books, produced 6

book chapters, and written 68 other publica-tions on biology. A brief summary of his work,including references to selected papers, is givenhere to illustrate the breadth of his interests andthe accomplishments of his research.

Geoff’s early interest in Hemiptera resultedin publications during his university studies.His first peer-reviewed paper was coauthoredby his contemporary and early colleague inHemiptera systematics, the well-known Britishecologist Sir Richard Southwood; its subjectwas the life histories of two British lace bugs(Tingis spp.) on thistles (Southwood andScudder 1956). Other early papers on faunisticsand taxonomy (Scudder 1956a) also resultedfrom his undergraduate studies in Wales.

While at Oxford, Geoff published the first ofdozens of papers on the seed bugs (Lygaeidae),many of which concerned foreign faunas(Scudder 1956b, 1957a). For decades, Geoffhas been a world authority on these insects andhas concentrated especially on the subfamilyRhyparochrominae (now considered a separatefamily) from around the world (Scudder 1957c,1962, 1971e, 1984). Overall, in the seed bugfauna, he has described 2 new families, 68 newgenera, and 275 new species. He has studiedlygaeids in most world regions, especiallyNorth America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, andhas participated in expeditions and research pro-jects in Kenya, Tanzania, Indonesia, Malaysia,Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, and PapuaNew Guinea. He has visited most of the majorworld biological museums and has spent ex-tended periods working in the Natural HistoryMuseum (London), the Russian Academy ofSciences (St. Petersburg), the Canadian Na-tional Collection of Insects (Ottawa), and theB.P. Bishop Museum (Honolulu). He is a re-search associate of the Bishop Museum and theRoyal British Columbia Museum (Victoria).

Of course, Hemiptera of all sorts have fasci-nated Geoff throughout his career; in additionto his international systematic studies, he hasmade impressive contributions to the under-standing of the systematics and diversity of theCanadian fauna (Scudder 1963, 1971b, 1987,1991, 1993a, 1997b; Maw et al. 2000; Scudderand Schwartz 2001). He is the Canadian experton the suborder Prosorrhyncha (= Heteroptera)and continues to produce systematic synthesestreating the Pentatomoidea, Lygaeoidea, Miridae,and aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera ofCanada.

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Despite all his work with the Hemiptera dur-ing his student years, Geoff’s doctoral researchwas a ground-breaking and original investiga-tion of the insect ovipositor. In this work hestressed the importance of the abdominal struc-ture of the Lepismatidae (order Thysanura) inthe interpretation of female genitalia (Scudder1957b, 1957d, 1961a, 1961b). Also, in an im-portant early paper (Scudder 1959), he describedthe heteropteran female genitalia and their rolein classification. His 1971 paper in the AnnualReview of Entomology (Scudder 1971a) is anadmirable summary of the understanding at thetime of the comparative morphology of insectgenitalia.

Geoff’s interest in morphology is not re-stricted to taxonomic questions concerning theHemiptera or to comparative studies of insectgenitalia. Publications range from the evolutionof the thoracic ears in Lepidoptera (Yack et al.1999) to the evolution of the secondary palatein vertebrates (Shah et al. 1990). His teachingbackground in morphology and developmentalbiology is broad, too, and many UBC under-graduates probably recall the enthusiasm withwhich he drilled the comparative morphologyof the vertebrate cranial nerves, aortic arches,and other critical evidence of evolution into their

brains. He has investigated the structure and de-velopment of insect flight muscles to clarify thebiology and ecological roles of populations ofaquatic Hemiptera (Corixidae, Notonectidae,Gerridae) that display various reductions ofwings and musculature and a correspondingvariability in their ability to disperse by flying(Acton and Scudder 1969; Scudder 1971d,1972, 1975; Scudder and Meredith 1972). Hestudied the structure and function of Malpi-ghian tubules in water boatmen (Corixidae) todetermine the distribution of various species ofthese bugs in saline lakes and ponds (Jarial andScudder 1970).

These last examples are part of the researchthat Geoff and his many students undertook fromthe 1960s to the 1980s in the saline lakes of thegrasslands of the Cariboo–Chilcotin andThompson regions of British Columbia. Theseprojects were eclectic and varied, but most cen-tred on the adaptations of aquatic insects to sa-line environments. For example, many studies,both physiological and ecological, were under-taken on the osmoregulation of corixids to ac-count for their distribution among the varyingsalinities of the lakes. Insect survival in salineenvironments is related to the permeability ofthe integument (Oloffs and Scudder 1966;

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Fig. 2. Geoff Scudder at a field camp, Westwick Lake, Cariboo region, British Columbia, May 1970. Photoprovided by Robert A. Cannings.

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Cannings et al. 1988), the ability to modify theuptake of ions from the water, and the ability toosmoregulate the composition of the urine(Scudder 1976b). Geoff worked extensively onosmoregulation in corixids (Scudder 1971c;Scudder et al. 1972), finding, among other criti-cal results, that apparently there is neurosecre-tory involvement in osmotic and ionic balance(Jarial and Scudder 1971).

All sorts of other ecological and evolutionaryresearch on the aquatic insects of these salinehabitats occurred during this fruitful period.Studies of faunistics and diversity (Scudder1969, 1971b; Cannings and Scudder 1978), tax-onomy and life histories (Scudder 1966;Jansson and Scudder 1974; Cannings andScudder 1979; Rowe and Scudder 1990), com-munity structure (Spence and Scudder 1980;Lancaster and Scudder 1987), competition(Scudder et al. 1972; Bennett and Scudder1998), feeding and predation (Jamieson andScudder 1977; Reynolds and Scudder 1987),behaviour (Spence et al. 1980), and physiology(Scudder 1971c) — especially of the Corixidae,Gerridae, and Chironomidae — occupied thetalents of Geoff and many students and col-leagues.

Another strong branch of study in the 1970sand the 1980s was the morphological and phys-iological research linking Geoff’s interests inthe lygaeid bugs and the evolutionary signifi-cance of warning coloration. This work focusedon species of brightly coloured, red and blackLygaeinae such as Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dal-las) and emphasized the defensive role of thecardiac glycoside heart poisons that these bugssequester from milkweed plants. Geoff and hisstudents showed how these insects are adaptedto living on these poisonous plants (Scudderand Duffey 1972; Isman et al. 1977), how theyisolate and sequester the cardenolide chemicals(Scudder and Meredith 1982), and how they usethese chemicals in their defence against preda-tors (Moore and Scudder 1985; Scudder et al.1986).

Geoff’s writings range widely in other areas,of course. His interests in biogeography andfaunistics have resulted in many papers on in-sect groups other than Hemiptera (Vickery andScudder 1987), especially those in British Co-lumbia (e.g., Scudder 1976a). In his retirementhe is leading a major effort to document themorphology, biology, and diversity of the insectfamilies of British Columbia. His synthetictreatments of various faunas and biogeographic

themes are well known, especially his signifi-cant contributions (Scudder 1979a) to Canadaand Its Insect Fauna (Danks 1979) and his tire-less work with insect surveys and publicationsconcerning the Yukon fauna (Scudder 1997a,1997b), where his interests in Beringian rela-tionships and relict northern grasslands areshowcased. He has been active in documentingthe biogeography of the Queen Charlotte Is-lands (Haida Gwaii) (Scudder and Gessler1989) and in promoting the work of the Ecolog-ical Monitoring and Assessment Network ofEnvironment Canada. For this organization hehas coordinated and written several assessmentsof species diversity in Canadian ecozones(Scudder 1998; Scudder and Smith 1998).Geoff’s fascination with the history of biologyis exemplified by his authorship of papers onpast entomological studies in British Columbia(Cannings and Scudder 2001; Cannings et al.2001).

The examples above illustrate that Geoff hasnever been narrow-minded in his approach toresearch on insects. But he is not averse to tack-ling the investigation of other organisms, too.From the taxonomy of copepods (Sandercockand Scudder 1996) to the distribution of leechesin British Columbia (Scudder and Mann 1969),from keys to the myriapod families of Canada(Kevan and Scudder 1989) to the documenta-tion of shrew species new to Canada (caught inhis insect pitfall traps in the Okanagan)(Nagorsen et al. 2001), he is strikingly eclecticin his work.

The bigger picture is Geoff’s domain, too.Evolutionary and systematic theory have alwaysplayed a large part in his thought. He haslooked at industrial melanism in moths in theVancouver area (Scudder 1972), and his interestin managing species at risk has drawn him tostudy the adaptive significance of marginal pop-ulations of species (Scudder 1989). He haswritten on systematic theory (Scudder 1973)and species concepts and speciation (Scudder1974, 1979b).

The conservation of biological diversity hasbecome a driving force in Geoff’s research andpolitical action. Especially since the late 1980s,he has helped document the rare and potentiallythreatened species and habitats of British Co-lumbia, notably those of the grasslands of thesouthern Okanagan Valley, where he has estab-lished a second home. He has stressed theimportance of new arthropod surveys by devel-oping lists of target species and priorities for

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inventory (Scudder 1994, 1996a) and has en-couraged the creation of useful inventories bypublishing efficient methodologies (Winchesterand Scudder 1993). Using his own extensivegrassland surveys, he has studied the effects offire and grazing on the biodiversity in grass-lands, focusing on the conservation of the en-dangered Antelope-brush (Purshia tridentata(Pursh) DC) community and the many speciesof rare insects in the South Okanagan (Scudder1980, 1993b, 2000a). This research has givenhim a detailed understanding of issues in con-servation biology and has gained for him thescientific credibility to push for conservationmeasures on the provincial and national politi-cal stages. He has published extensively on en-dangered species, habitat protection, andassociated legislation in Canada (Scudder1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c,2002; Schindler and Scudder 1999).

Geoff’s fieldwork is an integral part of his re-search and conservation efforts. It is the foun-dation of his passion for biological collectionsand his awareness of their value to science. Heis a vigorous collector in the field, constantlylooking to expand his understanding of insecttaxonomy and the status and distribution of spe-cies. As director of the Spencer EntomologicalMuseum at UBC, he maintained and improvedthis significant entomological resource from thetime he first arrived in Vancouver. Much of itsgrowth is the result of his own collecting, espe-cially of Hemiptera. It is an important collec-tion for both international research on westernCanadian insects and for public education andextension in the local community. In addition,Geoff’s expert identifications and specimen ex-changes have improved other collections nearand far.

While in the field, sitting with him at somecampsite table lit by a Coleman lantern or in acramped camper or motel room, often well aftermidnight, I have always been impressed withGeoff’s ability to perfectly point huge numbersof the smallest bugs at amazing speed. Like allgood field biologists, he recognizes at a glancethose species he studies and can tell you allabout their lives and evolutionary relationships.His memory of past activities is impressive, too— he can recall the details of the most obscurecaptures years afterwards. Fieldwork with Geoffis not without humour. I recall one hot after-noon when we were stopped by road construc-tion on the Thompson River stretch of theTrans-Canada Highway. The long line of

waiting cars seemed unending. Not to miss acollecting opportunity, Geoff strolled (maybealso crawled!) along the roadside, wielding hissweep net and sucking on his aspirator, much tothe amusement, amazement, or consternation ofthe watching public. Some of us once travelledto Pelee Island in Lake Erie to collect at thissouthernmost point in Canada. Geoff had al-ways wanted to go there because, in addition toits interesting fauna, collecting near Scudder,the island’s sole village, would allow him to in-dicate on his specimen labels that the insectswere collected at Scudder by Scudder. I don’tknow whether he collected any of the localScudderia katydids that day!

Conservationist

Scudder’s deep understanding of biologicaldiversity, his scientific commitment, and hiswork in rich and special habitats threatened byhuman activity inevitably led him into the con-servation movement. In British Columbia, at

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Fig. 3. Geoff Scudder in the grasslands at KilpoolaLake near Osoyoos, British Columbia, 31 May 2006.Photo provided by Robert A. Cannings.

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least, he has been a mighty influence, affectingthe protection of species and habitats on manylevels. He is a supplier of basic scientific infor-mation to the process and an advisor to publicconservation groups and governments on tech-nical matters. But he is also an enthusiastic,outspoken, and tireless public educator —writing, speaking, and cajoling. He comes fromthe academic establishment but he is not averseto fighting hard for conservation goals in thehalls of power. He is as much at home urgingstudents and naturalists into useful action as heis convincing politicians and bureaucrats tochange policies. On the national scene he haspromoted strong endangered species legislationin Canada. He has been especially active in ac-tions to save Garry oak habitat from destructionon the Gulf Islands and in the even more exten-sive conservation efforts in the South OkanaganValley. He is a founding member of theOsoyoos Desert Society and is heavily involvedin habitat restoration research and public educa-tion at the society’s Osoyoos Desert Centre. Asa member of the Science Committee of theSouth Okanagan – Similkameen ConservationProgram, he is involved in research on ecosys-tem renewal, conservation area design, and theidentification of landscape connections for bio-diversity conservation in the southern interiorof British Columbia. He is a member of thezoological expert advisory committee for theNature Conservancy’s Ecoregional Planning forthe Okanagan, which undertakes conservationplanning in the Okanagan Valley in both BritishColumbia and Washington State. In addition, asa member of the BC Invertebrate RecoveryTeam, he helps develop recovery strategies forthreatened species in all regions of the prov-ince.

For many years, Geoff has served as a direc-tor of The Nature Trust of British Columbia,one of the most active and influential provincialorganizations raising money and buying landfor nature conservation. He is a member of theBC Conservation Lands Forum ConservationPlanning Tools Committee now drafting a bio-diversity conservation strategy for the province.

Heavily involved in databasing and geo-referencing collections of BC insects and othergroups, Geoff has mapped species richness andrarity hot spots in the province in order to redi-rect biodiversity conservation priorities.

Teacher and educator

During his long tenure at UBC, Geoff wasconsidered one of the most effective teachers inthe Faculty of Science. In 1975 he won theMaster Teacher Certificate of Merit and in 1976the Master Teacher Award. He is a stimulatinglecturer; his classes, especially those of his pop-ular course on evolution, often were filled tocapacity by the presence of additional, unregis-tered students eager to hear the master speak. Inthat course, his lectures were spiced with allsorts of personal experiences, from his observa-tions on the olive groves of Kos, where Hippoc-rates once strolled, to his visits to Down House,where Darwin thought, experimented, andwrote. To the keen student, both undergraduateand graduate, Geoff seemed to know a lot abouteverything biological. Most important, he waswilling and eager to pass it on.

During his years at UBC, Geoff supervised28 masters and 10 doctoral students and 7 post-doctoral fellows. Students were always in chargeof their own projects; Geoff’s direction wasnever intrusive, never exploitive, for he stronglybelieved that the credit for a student’s workshould remain with the student. Geoff’s namewas included only on those student papers thathe had truly coauthored. His belief in the inde-pendence of the student was crucial to his stu-dents’ success — self-direction was fostered,but he was always there to help and advise ifneeded. Many of his graduate students continuehis legacy as university professors and adminis-trators, government research scientists and con-servation biologists, museum curators, medicaldoctors, and teachers. He has been a mentor tomany, helping and collaborating with his formerstudents long after their graduation.

Although he loved his research and teaching,Geoff took all aspects of university life seri-ously and spent a huge amount of time in ex-hausting administrative work. His independenceand fairness were appreciated by the facultyand staff of the Department of Zoology duringhis 15 years as head (1976–1991). He was aworkhorse for the university as a whole, servingon the Senate from 1978 to 1993; during mostof these years he was chair of the Senate Bud-get Committee, a most challenging job, espe-cially through the difficult years of fiscalretrenchment from 1981 to 1987. He was amember of the Biology Program executive from1976 to 1991 and, for most of this time, was itschair; from 1969 to 1991 he served on the

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Faculty of Science Curriculum Committee. Thelist of other committees he sat on, or chaired, isastonishing, from innumerable advisory com-mittees on the appointment of deans and depart-ment heads to those on libraries, buildings,collective bargaining, grievances, grants, andother topics.

Influential scientist

Geoff Scudder’s long and distinguished re-cord of service in science, from the local school-room to the world stage, has been a source ofinspiration to many. He has always been a greatsupporter and promoter of entomological soci-eties, and he served as president of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia (1966–1967) and of the Entomological Society of Can-ada (1986–1987). He has been an executivemember or committee member of the nationalsociety continuously since 1976. In 1975 Geoffwas awarded the Entomological Society of Can-ada’s Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributionto Entomology and in 1977 was elected a fel-low of the society. He was made an HonoraryLife Member of the Entomological Society ofBritish Columbia in 1998. Geoff has been a ma-jor player in the Biological Survey of Canada(Terrestrial Arthropods), serving on (and fre-quently chairing) its Scientific Advisory Com-mittee since 1976 and contributing heavily toits scientific work, notably its publications andthe ambitious insect surveys of Yukon Territoryand the grasslands of Canada.

His influence nationally is also exemplifiedby his service as president of the Canadian So-ciety of Zoologists (1989–1990) and his mem-bership on advisory committees to Agricultureand Agri-Food Canada, the Canadian SpaceAgency, the Canadian Museum of Nature, Envi-ronment Canada, and many other agencies. Aschair of the Biodiversity Science Board of Can-ada (1998–present) and as a member of theBiodiversity Convention Forum (1992–present)and the Steering Committee of the BiodiversityKnowledge and Innovation Network for Canada(2000–present), Geoff is contributing signifi-cantly to the development of a sound strategyon biodiversity science and conservation forCanada. He was active in the development ofthe Canadian Biodiversity Strategy and the fed-eral Species at Risk Act. As a member of vari-ous granting committees of the Natural Sciencesand Engineering Research Council of Canada inthe 1980s and 1990s, Geoff helped dispense

resources for biological research in Canada.And, as part of the National Research Councilof Canada’s Monograph Editorial Board (1993–2005) and former editor of the journalBiodiversity, he has played an important role inscientific publishing in Canada. Active in thepolicy and advisory work of the Royal Societyof Canada, he was elected a fellow in 1975.The culmination of all this national work wasboth his appointment to the Order of Canadaand his reception of the Queen’s Golden JubileeMedal in 2002.

Internationally, also, Geoff has been recog-nized. Involved in the American Association forthe Advancement of Science, he was presidentof the Pacific Division in 1985–1986 and an ex-ecutive member for many years; he was electeda fellow in 1998. His interest in the biology ofthe lands in and around the Pacific Ocean stim-ulated his long commitment to the Pacific Sci-ence Association, which, as well as being acatalyst for scientific collaboration, engagesscience in improving both the environment andthe quality of human life in the region. From1976 to 1995, Geoff was either chair of its Sci-entific Committee on Entomology or a memberof the executive board; he was vice-presidentfrom 1991 to 1995. He has played a large rolein the organization of the International Con-gress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology,being the chair of the organizing committee(1978–1980) and co-president (1980–1985).Perhaps his most stressful challenge was hishosting of the 18th International Congress ofEntomology in Vancouver in 1988; he was thepresident and secretary general of the congress.This huge meeting was a resounding success onall fronts, but Geoff will probably be mostfondly remembered for his greatest congress in-novation: the huge beer tent that served as aconvenient and popular meeting place for allparticipants.

Geoff Scudder has personally touched anddeeply influenced his students and colleagues. Iknow that I, both of my brothers, and numerousfriends consider it a great honour to haveknown and worked with Geoff. Through his giftsof kindness, academic guidance, shared pro-jects, employment support, and opportunities inthe field, he has helped shape our careers andlives.

He has led us by his example — love of na-ture, hard work, and scholarship. Geoff’s en-ergy, commitment, and accomplishments haveprofoundly affected, both nationally and

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internationally, all the diverse aspects of sci-ence that he has championed.

Acknowledgements

Karen Needham (Department of Zoology,UBC), Robb Bennett (BC Ministry of Forests,Victoria), and Jacky and Nicola Scudder (Van-couver) commented on a draft of the manu-script. Hugh Danks (Biological Survey ofCanada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa) pro-vided insight. Launi Lucas supplied backgroundinformation and Figure 1.

References

Acton, A.B., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1969. The ultra-structure of the flight muscle polymorphism inCenocorixa bifida (Hung.) (Heteroptera, Co-rixidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere,65: 327–335.

Bennett, A.M.R., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1998. Differ-ences in attachment of water mites on water boat-men: further evidence of differential parasitismand possible exclusion of a host from part of itspotential range. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76:824–834.

Cannings, R.A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1978. The lit-toral Chironomidae (Diptera) of saline lakes incentral British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zo-ology, 56: 1144–1155.

Cannings, R.A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1979. Pheno-logy of Chironomus spp. in saline lakes of centralBritish Columbia. Verhandlungen InternationaleVereinigung für theoretische und angewandteLimnologie, 20: 2641–2646.

Cannings, R.A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 2001. An over-view of systematic studies concerning the insectfauna of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 98: 33–59.

Cannings, R.A., Cannings, S.G., and Scudder,G.G.E. 2001. Insect collections, surveys and con-servation in British Columbia in the 20th century.Journal of the Entomological Society of BritishColumbia, 98: 17–32.

Cannings, S.G., Cooper, P.D., and Scudder, G.G.E.1988. Effect of temperature on rate of water lossin some water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae).Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66: 1877–1883.

Danks, H.V. (Editor). 1979. Canada and its insectfauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society ofCanada, 108: 1–573.

Isman, M.B., Duffey, S.S., and Scudder, G.G.E.1977. Cardenolide content of some leaf- andstem-feeding insects on temperate North Ameri-can milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Canadian Journalof Zoology, 55: 1024–1028.

Jamieson, G.S., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1977. Foodconsumption in Gerris (Hemiptera). Oecologia,30: 23–41.

Jansson, A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1974. The life cy-cle and sexual development of Cenocorixa species(Hemiptera, Corixidae) in the Pacific Northwestof North America. Freshwater Biology, 4: 73–92.

Jarial, M.S., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1970. The mor-phology and ultrastructure of the Malpighian tu-bules and hindgut in Cenocorixa bifida (Hung.)(Hemiptera, Corixidae). Zeitschrift für Morpho-logie die Tiere, 68: 269–299.

Jarial, M.S., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1971. Neuro-secretion and water balance in Cenocorixa bifida(Hung.) (Hemiptera, Corixidae). Canadian Journalof Zoology, 49: 1369–1375.

Kevan, D.K.McE., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1989. Illus-trated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropodsof Canada. I. Myriapods (Millipedes, Centipedes,etc.). Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Se-ries, 1: 88.

Lancaster, J., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. AquaticColeoptera and Hemiptera in some Canadian sa-line lakes: patterns in community structure. Cana-dian Journal of Zoology, 65: 1383–1390.

Maw, H.E.L., Foottit, R.G., Hamilton, K.G.A., andScudder, G.G.E. 2000. Checklist of the Hemipteraof Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ot-tawa, Ontario.

Moore, L.V., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1985. Ouabain-resistant Na, K-ATPases and cardenolide tolerancein the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.Journal of Insect Physiology, 32: 27–33.

Nagorsen, D.W., Scudder, G.G.E., Huggard, D.,Stewart, H., and Panter, N. 2001. Merriam’sshrew, Sorex merriami and Preble’s shrew, Sorexpreblei: two new mammals for Canada. CanadianField-Naturalist, 115: 1–8.

Oloffs, P.C., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1966. The transi-tion phenomenon in relation to the penetration ofwater through the cuticle of an insect, Cenocorixaexpleta (Uhler). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 44:621–630.

Reynolds, J.D., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. Sero-logical evidence of realized feeding niche in Ceno-corixa species (Hemiptera: Corixidae) in sympatryand allopatry. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65:974–980.

Rowe, L., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1990. Reproductiverate and longevity in the waterstrider Gerrisbuenoi. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 399–402.

Sandercock, G.A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1996. Key tothe species of freshwater calanoid copepods ofBritish Columbia. Resources Inventory Commit-tee publication. Ministry of Environment, Landsand Parks, Victoria, British Columbia.

Schindler, D., and Scudder, G. 1999. The politicsand science of extinction. National Post. 26 No-vember. A18.

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Scudder, G.G.E. 1956a. A contribution to a surveyof the distribution of the Hemiptera–Heteropteraof Wales. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 92:54–64.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1956b. A revision of the genusAppolonius Distant (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae) with anew species from South Sudan. Entomologists’Monthly Magazine, 92: 359–360.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957a. A revision of the genusMeschia Distant (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) with anew species from South Queensland. Proceedingsof the Royal Society of Queensland, 68: 25–28.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957b. Re-interpretation of somebasal structures in the insect ovipositor. Nature(London), 180: 340–341.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957c. The higher classification ofthe Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae).Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 93: 152–156.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957d. The ovipositor of theThysanura and its interpretation in the higher in-sect orders. Proceedings of the Royal Entomologi-cal Society of London (C), 22: 47–48.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1959. The female genitalia of theHeteroptera: morphology and bearing on classifi-cation. Transactions of the Royal EntomologicalSociety of London, 111: 405–467.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1961a. The comparative morphol-ogy of the insect ovipositor. Transactions of theRoyal Entomological Society of London, 113: 25–40.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1961b. The functional morphologyand interpretation of the insect ovipositor. The Ca-nadian Entomologist, 93: 267–272.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1962. The world Rhyparochrominae(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). I. New synonymy andgeneric changes. The Canadian Entomologist, 94:764–773.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1963. Studies on the Canadian andAlaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera). I. The gen-era Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee(Delphacidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 95:167–177.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1966. The immature stages ofCenocorixa bifida (Hung.) and C. expleta (Uhler)(Hemiptera: Corixidae). Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 63: 33–40.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1969. The fauna of saline lakes onthe Fraser Plateau in British Columbia. Vereini-gung für theoretische und angewandte Limno-logie, 17: 430–439.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971a. Comparative morphology ofinsect genitalia. Annual Review of Entomology,16: 379–406.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971b. The Gerridae (Hemiptera) ofBritish Columbia. Journal of the EntomologicalSociety of British Columbia, 68: 3–10.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971c. The osmoregulation and distri-bution of two species of Cenocorixa (Hemiptera).Proceedings of the XIII International Congress ofEntomology, Moscow, 1: 555–556.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971d. The postembryonic develop-ment of the indirect flight muscles in Cenocorixabifida (Hung.) (Hemiptera: Corixidae). CanadianJournal of Zoology, 49: 1387–1398.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971e. New Lygaeidae (Hemiptera)from the Niokolo–Koba National Park, Senegal.Bulletin IFAN, 33: 718–736.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1972. Industrial melanism: a possi-bility in British Columbia. Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 69: 46–48.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1973. Recent advances in the highersystematics and phylogenetic concepts in ento-mology. The Canadian Entomologist, 105: 1251–1263.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1974. Species concepts andspeciation. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52:1121–1134.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1975. Field studies on the flightmuscle polymorphism in Cenocorixa (Hemiptera:Corixidae). Verhandlungen Internationale Vereini-gung für theoretische und angewandte Limnolo-gie, 19: 3064–3072.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1976a. An annotated checklist ofthe Ephemeroptera (Insecta) of British Columbia.Syesis, 8: 311–315.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1976b. Water-boatmen of saline wa-ters (Hemiptera: Corixidae). In Marine insects.Edited by L. Cheng. North Holland PublishingCompany, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 263–289.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1979a. Present patterns in the faunaand flora of Canada. In Canada and its insectfauna. Edited by H.V. Danks. Memoirs of the En-tomological Society of Canada, 108: 87–179.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1979b. The nature and strategy ofspecies. In Canada and its insect fauna. Edited byH.V. Danks. Memoirs of the Entomological Soci-ety of Canada, 108: 533–547.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1980. The osoyoos-arid biotic area.In Threatened and endangered species and habi-tats in British Columbia and the Yukon. Edited byR. Stace-Smith, L. Johns and P. Joslin. BC Minis-try of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch,Victoria, British Columbia. pp. 49–55.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1984. The world Rhyparochrominae(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). XVIII. The genusSinierus Distant. The Canadian Entomologist,116: 427–434.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. Aquatic and semiaquaticHemiptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada.Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,140: 65–98.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1989. The adaptive significance ofmarginal populations: a general perspective. InProceedings of the National Workshop on effectsof habitat alteration of salmonid stocks. Edited byC.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby, and M.A. Henderson.Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries andAquatic Sciences, 105: 180–185.

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Scudder, G.G.E. 1991. The stilt bugs (Hemiptera:Berytidae) of Canada. The Canadian Entomolo-gist, 123: 425–438.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1993a. Geographic distribution andbiogeography of representative species of xericgrassland-adapted Nearctic Lygaeidae in westernNorth America (Insecta: Heteroptera). Memoirs ofthe Entomological Society of Canada, 165: 75–113.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1993b. The Okanagan Basin — anecological overview of a national treasure. In Pre-serving Biodiversity and Unique Ecosystems of theOkanagan–Similkameen Region, Proceedings ofLand for Nature Workshop, Summerland, BritishColumbia, 26 February 1993. Federation of BC Nat-uralists, Vancouver, British Columbia. pp. 3–10.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1994. An annotated systematic listof the potentially rare and endangered freshwaterand terrestrial invertebrates in British Columbia.Occasional Papers of the Entomological Societyof British Columbia, 2: 1–92.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1996a. Terrestrial and freshwaterinvertebrates of British Columbia: priorities forinventory and descriptive research. Working Paper09, Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests andWildlife Branch, BC Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks, Victoria, British Columbia.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1996b. The protected areas strategyand biodiversity conservation. In The WildernessVision for British Columbia: Proceedings of aColloquium on Completing British Columbia’sProtected Area System, Vancouver, British Co-lumbia, March 1994. Edited by S. Jessen. Cana-dian Parks and Wilderness Society, Vancouver,British Columbia. pp. 99–101.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1997a. Environment of the Yukon.In Insects of the Yukon. Edited by H.V. Danks andJ.A. Downes. Biological Survey of Canada (Ter-restrial Arthropods), Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 13–57.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1997b. True bugs (Heteroptera) ofthe Yukon. In Insects of the Yukon. Edited byH.V. Danks and J.A. Downes. Biological Surveyof Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa, On-tario. pp. 241–336.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1998. Heteroptera. In Assessmentof species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Eco-zone. Edited by G.G.E. Scudder and I.M. Smith.Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network,Burlington, Ontario. Available from http://www.naturewatch.ca/eman/reports/publications/99_montane/heterop/intro.html.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1999. Endangered species protec-tion in Canada. Conservation Biology, 13: 963–965.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2000a. The Osoyoos Desert Soci-ety: experimental studies on ecological restorationof the shrub–steppe habitat. In At Risk: Proceed-ings of a Conference on the Biology and Manage-ment of Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops,British Columbia, 15–19 February 1999. Edited

by L.M. Darling. BC Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks, Victoria, British Columbia, andUniversity College of the Cariboo, Kamloops,British Columbia. pp. 797–800.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2000b. Biodiversity: concerns andvalue. In Conserving nature’s diversity: insightsfrom biology, ethics and economics. Edited byG.C. van Kooten, E.H. Bulte, and A.R.E. Sinclair.Ashgate Publishing, Adlershot, United Kingdom.pp. 16–29.

Scudder, G. 2000c. Our wildlife are on life support.The Globe and Mail. 21 February. A15.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2002. Endangered species legisla-tion in Canada. In Proceedings of the 40th AnnualMeeting of the Canadian Society of Environmen-tal Biologists, Toronto, Ontario. pp. 36–40.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Duffey, S.S. 1972. Cardiacglycosides in the Lygaeinae (Hemiptera: Lygae-idae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50: 35–42.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Gessler, N. (Editors). 1989.The Outer Shores: Proceedings of the QueenCharlotte Islands International Symposium, Van-couver, British Columbia, 21–24 August 1984.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Mann, K.H. 1969. The leechesof some lakes in the Southern Interior Plateau re-gion of British Columbia. Syesis, 1: 203–209.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Meredith, J. 1972. Temperature-induced development in the indirect flight muscleof adult Cenocorixa (Hemiptera: Corixidae). De-velopmental Biology, 29: 330–336.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Meredith, J. 1982. Morpholog-ical basis of cardiac glycoside sequestration byOncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae). Zoomorphology, 99: 87–101.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Schwartz, M.D. 2001. The ge-nus Leptopterna Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae:Stenodemini) in North America. Proceedings ofthe Entomological Society of Washington, 103:797–806.

Scudder, G.G.E., and Smith, I.M. (Editors). 1998.Introduction and summary. In Assessment of spe-cies diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone.Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network,Burlington, Ontario. Available from http://www.naturewatch.ca/eman/reports/publications/99_montane/intro/intro.html

Scudder, G.G.E., Jarial, M.S., and Choy, S.K. 1972.Osmotic and ionic balance in two species ofCenocorixa (Hemiptera). Journal of Insect Physi-ology, 18: 883–895.

Scudder, G.G.E., Moore, L.V., and Isman, M.B.1986. Sequestration of cardenolides in Oncopeltusfasciatus: morphological and physiological adap-tations. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12: 1171–1187.

Shah, R.M., Donaldson, E.M., and Scudder, G.G.E.1990. Toward the origin of the secondary palate.A possible homologue in the embryo of fish,Oncorhynchus kisutch, with description of

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changes in the basement membrane area. Ameri-can Journal of Anatomy, 189: 329–338.

Southwood, T.R.E., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1956. Thebionomics and immature stages of the thistle lacebugs (Tingis ampliata H.-S., and T. cardui L.;Hem., Tingidae). Transactions of the Society forBritish Entomology, 12: 93–112.

Spence, J.R., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1980. Habitats,life cycles, and guild structure among water strid-ers (Heteroptera: Gerridae) on the Fraser Plateauof British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist,112: 779–792.

Spence, J.R., Spence, D.H., and Scudder, G.G.E.1980. Submergence behavior in Gerris: underwa-ter basking. American Midland Naturalist, 103:385–391.

Vickery, V.R., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. The Cana-dian orthopteroid insects summarized and updated,including a tabular check-list and ecologicalnotes. Proceedings of the Entomological Societyof Ontario, 118: 25–45.

Winchester, N.N., and Scudder, G.G.E. 1993. Method-ology for sampling terrestrial arthropods in BritishColumbia. Resources Inventory Committee publica-tion. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks,Victoria, British Columbia.

Yack, J.E., Scudder, G.G.E., and Fullard, J.H. 1999.Evolution of the metathoracic tympanal ear andits mesothoracic homologue in Macrolepidoptera(Insecta). Zoomorphology, 119: 93–103.

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INTRODUCTION

Geoffrey G.E. Scudder : zoologiste,conservationiste, éducateur

Robert A. CanningsRoyal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria,

British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2 (e-mail: [email protected])

Geoffrey George Edgar Scudder DPhil FESCFRSC CM est professeur émérite au dé-partement de zoologie, University of BritishColumbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada, où il apassé toute sa carrière universitaire depuis sondoctorat (1958–1999). Il a été directeur dudépartement de zoologie de 1976 à 1991 et ilest le seul professeur de l’université à avoirreçu les prix les plus prestigieux qu’elleattribue, soit le Master Teacher Award (1976),le prix Killam pour la recherche (1989), le prixd’excellence du recteur (1993) et le prix desdiplômés pour les enseignants (1997).

Comment même commencer à décrire cethomme exceptionnel qu’est Geoff Scudder?Zoologiste de premier ordre. Intellectuelbouillonnant, écrivain remarquable, orateurénergique. Professeur et conseiller enthousiasteet stimulant. Chercheur acharné, collectionneurd’insectes infatigable, naturaliste plein decuriosité. Administrateur et organisateur horspair. Conservationiste convaincu, militant pourles causes biologiques et serviteur de la science.Homme réservé, aimable, dynamique, maismodeste. Chercheur accompli, connu et respectédans tout le Canada et la communautéinternationale.

Geoff Scudder a pris sa retraite officielled’UBC en 1999. Comme il arrive à despersonnalités très énergiques, la retraite a peuchangé la vie de Geoff; il a, par exemple, publiépresque autant de travaux dans des revues aveccomité de lecture en 2001 (7), deux ans après samise à la retraite, qu’en 1977 (8), au beau mi-lieu de sa carrière! Ce n’est pas qu’il con-sidérerait le nombre de publications comme unemesure de son accomplissement; son travailrésulte de sa soif de connaître et de transmettreses connaissances du monde biologique qui lefascine. Malgré des ennuis graves de santé aucours des ans, Geoff a toujours continué àémerveiller tous ceux qui le côtoient par son

énergie et son attitude de « faiseur ». Sonéthique du travail est bien connue. Certainsd’entre nous qui avons participé avec lui auxtravaux de la Commission biologique du Can-ada nous souvenons de l’avoir trouvé en soirée,après une longue journée de réunion à Ottawaou un long vol transcontinental, en traind’identifier des punaises dans la Collectionnationale d’insectes du Canada; nous appre-nions le lendemain qu’une fois rentré à sa

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fig. 1. Le professeur Geoffrey G.E. Scudder, audébut des années 1990. Photo fournie par ledépartement de zoologie, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, Canada.

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chambre d’hôtel il avait, de 3 à 6 heures dumatin, peaufiné un manuscrit ou préparé unedemande de fonds. Ce n’est pas là une pratiqueà recommander à tous, mais c’est la manière deGeoff. C’est ainsi qu’il abat tant de besogne.

Des collègues, des étudiants et des amis sesont réunis le 8 mai 1999 pour témoigner desnombreuses réalisations de Geoff. Ils ont tenuun symposium en son honneur, avec des pré-sentions aussi variées que les idées de PeterHochachka sur le paradoxe unité/diversité enphysiologie et les réflexions de Dolph Schlutersur la sélection naturelle et l’évolution des épi-noches, les révélations de Janine Caira sur lesvers plats parasites de requins et les aventuresde Doug Currie avec les punaises patineusesgéantes des forêts du Vietnam. L’idée deproduire un numéro spécial de la revue The Ca-nadian Entomologist a germé ce jour-là; bienqu’il ne contienne pas les actes du symposiumde 1999, ce numéro spécial rassemble des travauxdédicacés à Geoff par des amis et des collèguesintéressés à la biologie des arthropodes.

Geoff Scudder est né le 18 mars 1934 àFawkham dans le Kent, Royaume-Uni. À12 ans, il savait déjà qu’il voulait devenirentomologiste et il a commencé dès lors àréaliser son rêve. Il a terminé ses études de pre-mier cycle avec un Honours de première classeà l’University of Wales, Aberystwyth en 1955et en 1958, à l’âge de 24 ans, il obtenait sondoctorat en entomologie à l’université d’Oxford.La même année, il a épousé Jacqueline Howardet leur fille Nicola Claire est née à Vancouveren 1965.

En 1958, nouvellement débarqué d’Oxford,Geoff arrive à Vancouver pour occuper un posted’enseignant à UBC en remplacement deGeorge Spencer, le très renommé professeur dezoologie et d’entomologie qui a pris sa retraite2 ans auparavant après une très longue carrière.Remplacer le populaire et charismatiqueSpencer était tout un défi, mais Geoff, bien queplus réservé que son célèbre prédécesseur, yréussit admirablement bien. Il mit sur pied lesConférences Spencer pour rendre hommage àson prédécesseur, invitant au cours des ans desdouzaines de conférenciers de réputationinternationale à UBC pour parler de biologiedes insectes; le premier conférencier fut, eneffet, le célèbre physiologiste des insectes, SirVincent Wigglesworth. En 2001, après laretraite de Geoff, cette série de conférences aété remplacée par ses étudiants et ses collèguespar les Conférences Geoffrey G.E. Scudder en

entomologie, en reconnaissance de son influ-ence. Comme Spencer, Geoff aime les prairiesouvertes de l’intérieur xérique de la Colombie-Britannique et bien qu’il ait voyagé partoutdans la province pour y étudier la fauneentomologique, c’est dans la région de CaribooChilcotin qu’il a concentré ses études de ter-rain. Il est devenu professeur adjoint en 1960 ettitulaire en 1968.

Chercheur, écrivain et biologistede terrain

Geoff Scudder a publié plus de 210 articlesdans des revues avec comité de lecture, la plu-part en entomologie. Il a édité 2 livres, rédigé 6chapitres de livres et produit 68 autres publica-tions sur la biologie. On trouvera ici un brefaperçu de son travail ainsi qu’une liste de publi-cations choisies afin de pouvoir juger del’étendue de ses intérêts et de l’importance deses contributions à la recherche.

La fascination précoce de Geoff pour lesHémiptères a donné lieu à des publications dèsses études universitaires. Son premier articledans une revue avec comité de lecture a étéécrit conjointement avec son contemporain etcollègue en systématique des Hémiptères,l’écologiste anglais bien connu Sir RichardSouthwood; il traitait du cycle biologique dedeux punaises réticulées d’Angleterre (Tingisspp.) vivant sur des chardons (Southwood etScudder 1956). D’autres publications sur lafaunistique et la taxonomie (Scudder 1956a)résultent de ses études de premier cycle au Paysde Galles.

À Oxford, Geoff a produit les premiers dedouzaines d’articles sur les punaises des graines(Lygaeidae), dont plusieurs sur les faunesexotiques (Scudder 1956b, 1957a). Depuis desdécennies, Geoff est un expert mondial de cegroupe et il s’est intéressé surtout à la sous-famille des Rhyparochrominae (maintenantconsidéré comme une famille distincte) dumonde (Scudder 1957c, 1962, 1971e, 1984). Entout, il a décrit deux familles nouvelles, 68 nou-veaux genres et 275 nouvelles espèces depunaises des graines. Il a étudié ces punaisesdans la plupart des régions du globe, maisparticulièrement en Amérique du Nord, enAfrique, en Asie et en Océanie; il a aussiparticipé à des expéditions et des projets de re-cherche au Kenya, en Tanzanie, en Indonésie,en Malaysie, à Singapour, à Hong-Kong, enAustralie et en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. Il a

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visité la majorité des plus importants muséesbiologiques du monde et a travaillé pendant despériodes prolongées au Musée d’histoirenaturelle (Londres), à l’Académie des sciencesde la Russie (Saint-Pétersbourg), à la Collectionnationale d’insectes du Canada (Ottawa) et auMusée B.P. Bishop (Honolulu). Il est chercheurassocié au Musée Bishop et au Musée royal dela Colombie-Britannique (Victoria).

Bien sûr, toutes sortes d’Hémiptères ontfasciné Geoff au cours de sa carrière. En plus deses travaux au niveau international, il a contribuéde façon remarquable à la connaissance de lasystématique et de la diversité de la faunecanadienne (Scudder 1963, 1971b, 1987, 1991,1993a, 1997; Maw et al. 2000, Scudder etSchwarz 2001). Il est le spécialiste canadien desous-ordre des Prosorrhyncha (= Heteroptera) etcontinue de réaliser des synthèses systéma-tiques sur les Pentatomoidea, les Lygaeoidea,les Miridae et les Hétéroptères aquatiques etsemi-aquatiques du Canada.

Malgré tout le travail accompli durant sesétudes sur les Hémiptères, la thèse de doctoratde Geoff contenait une recherche originale ettout à fait nouvelle sur l’oviscapte des insectes.Il démontre dans ce travail l’importance de lastructure abdominale des Lepismatidae (ordredes Thysanoures) dans l’interprétation des piècesgénitales des femelles (Scudder 1957b, 1957d,1961a, 1961b). De plus, dans une importantepublication tôt dans sa carrière (Scudder 1959),il a décrit les pièces génitales femelles desHétéroptères et leur rôle dans la classification.Son travail de 1971 dans la revue Annual Re-view of Entomology (Scudder 1971a) est uneremarquable rétrospective de l’état des con-naissances de l’époque sur la morphologiecomparée des génitalias des insectes.

Les intérêts de Geoff pour la morphologie nese limitent pas aux questions taxonomiquesregardant les Hémiptères, ni aux études com-parées des génitalias des insectes. Ses travauxcouvrent de nombreux domaines, de l’évolutiondes organes tympaniques chez les Lépidoptères(Yack et al. 1999) à celle du palais secondairechez les vertébrés (Shah et al. 1990). Sesconnaissances de la morphologie et la biologiedu développement sont très étendues et denombreux étudiants de premier cycle d’UBC sesouviennent sans doute de l’ardeur aveclaquelle il bourrait leur crâne de la structure desnerfs crâniens, des arcs branchiaux et des autrespreuves importantes de l’évolution chez lesvertébrés. Il a étudié la structure et le

développement des muscles alaires afin declarifier la biologie et les rôles écologiques despopulations d’Hémiptères aquatiques (Corixidae,Notonectidae, Gerridae) qui subissent diversesréductions de leur ailes et de la musculatureassociée et, par conséquence, une variabilité deleur potentiel de dispersion par vol (Acton etScudder 1969; Scudder 1971d, 1972, 1975;Scudder et Meredith 1972). Il a examiné lastructure et la fonction des tubules de Malpighichez les corises (Corixidae) afin de déterminer larépartition des diverses espèces de ces punaisesdans les lacs et les étangs salés (Jarial etScudder 1970).

Ces derniers exemples font partie de la re-cherche que Geoff et ses nombreux étudiantsont entreprise des années 1960 aux années 1980dans les lacs salés des steppes des régions deCariboo Chilcotin et de Thompson enColombie-Britannique. Ces projets étaientéclectiques et variés, mais ils traitaient engénéral des adaptations des insectes aquatiquesaux milieux salés. Par exemple, plusieursétudes, tant physiologiques qu’écologiques, ontété menées sur l’osmorégulation des corisesafin d’expliquer leur répartition en fonction desdifférentes salinités des lacs. La survie desinsectes dans les milieux salés est reliée à laperméabilité de leur tégument (Oloffs etScudder 1966; Canning et al. 1988), à leurcapacité de modifier leur absorption d’ions del’eau et de contrôler par osmorégulation lacomposition de leur urine (Scudder 1976b).Geoff a étudié en détail l’osmorégulation chezles corises (Scudder 1971c; Scudder et al.1972) et il a trouvé, parmi d’autres résultatsimportants qu’il y a apparemment un rôle de laneurosécrétion dans les équilibres osmotique etionique (Jarial et Scudder 1971).

Toutes sortes d’autres travaux sur l’écologieet l’évolution des insectes aquatiques des habi-tats salés ont été réalisés durant cette périodeproductive. Les talents de Geoff et de nombrede ses étudiants et collègues ont mené à desétudes sur la faunistique et la diversité (Scudder1969, 1971b; Cannings et Scudder 1978), sur lataxonomie et les cycles biologiques (Scudder1966; Jansson et Scudder 1974; Cannings etScudder 1979; Rowe et Scudder 1970), sur lastructure des communautés (Spence et Scudder1980; Lancaster et Scudder 1987), sur la com-pétition (Scudder et al. 1972; Bennett etScudder 1998), sur l’alimentation et la pré-dation (Jamieson et Scudder 1977, Reynolds etScudder 1987), sur le comportement (Spence et

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al. 1980) et sur la physiologie (Scudder 1971c) —principalement des Corixidae, des Gerridae etdes Chironomidae.

Un autre domaine important de recherchedans les années 1970 et 1980 était l’étudemorphologique et physiologique des liens entreles punaises des graines, qui intéressaient tantGeoff, et la signification évolutive de leurs col-orations prémonitoires. Ces études concernaientsurtout les Lygaeinae à coloration brillante rougeet noire, tels qu’Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas),et s’intéressaient principalement au rôle desglucosides cardiaques toxiques que ces insectesobtiennent des asclépiades. Geoff et sesétudiants ont pu démontrer comment cesinsectes sont adaptés à vivre sur ces plantestoxiques (Scudder et Duffey 1972; Isman et al.1977), comment ils isolent et mettent sousséquestre les cardénolides (Scudder et Meredith1982) et comment ils utilisent ces substancespour se défendre contre les prédateurs (Mooreet Scudder 1985; Scudder et al. 1986).

Les textes de Geoff couvrent évidemment denombreux autres sujets. Son intérêt pour la bio-géographie et la faunistique l’a conduit à desétudes sur d’autres groupes que les Hémiptères(Vickery et Scudder 1987), particulièrementceux de la Colombie-Britannique (par ex.,

Scudder 1976a). Depuis sa retraite, il dirige unprojet de grande envergure pour rassembler lesinformations sur la morphologie, la biologie et ladiversité des différentes familles d’insectes deColombie-Britannique. Ses synthèses de diversesfaunes et de problèmes biogéographiques sontbien connues, particulièrement ses contributionsprécieuses (Scudder 1979a) au travail Canadaand its Insect Fauna (Danks 1979) et sa partici-pation sans relâche aux inventaires d’insectes etaux publications sur la faune du Yukon (Scudder1997a, 1997b) dans lesquelles son intérêt pourles relations avec la Béringie et pour les steppesreliques boréales est bien en évidence. Il aparticipé à l’étude de la biogéographie des îlesde la Reine-Charlotte (Haida Gwaii) (Scudder etGessler 1989) et il a fait la promotion du travaildu Réseau d’évaluation et de surveillanceécologique d’Environnement Canada. Il a co-ordonné et réalisé la rédaction de plusieursévaluations de la diversité spécifique d’écozonescanadiennes pour cet organisme (Scudder 1998;Scudder et Smith 1998). La fascination de Geoffpour l’histoire de la biologie se reflète dansses études sur l’entomologie en Colombie-Britannique dans le passé (Cannings et Scudder2001; Cannings et al. 2001).

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fig. 2. Geoff Scudder dans un camp de terrain, lac Westwick, région de Cariboo, Colombie-Britannique,mai 1970. Photo fournie par Robert A. Cannings.

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Ces nombreux travaux montrent qu’il est loinde maintenir une attitude étroite dans sa recher-che entomologique. Il n’hésite pas non plus àaborder d’autres organismes. Son travail estremarquablement éclectique et couvre dessujets aussi diversifiés que la taxonomie descopépodes (Sandercock et Scudder 1996) etla répartition des sangsues en Colombie-Britannique (Scudder et Mann 1969); il aproduit des clés d’identification des myriapodesdu Canada (Kevan et Scudder 1989) et signaléune nouvelle musaraigne pour la faunecanadienne (capturée dans ses pièges à fossedans l’Okanagan) (Nagorsen et al. 2001).

Les vastes perspectives l’intéressent aussi.Les théories évolutives et systématiques onttoujours occupé une part importante de sesréflexions. Il a étudié le mélanisme industrielchez les papillons de nuit de la région de Van-couver (Scudder 1972); son intérêt pour lagestion des espèces à risque l’a amené à vérifierl’importance adaptative des populations margi-nales d’espèces (Scudder 1989). Il a écrit sur lathéorie systématique (Scudder 1973), sur lesconcepts d’espèce et sur la spéciation (Scudder1974, 1979b).

La conservation de la diversité biologique estdevenue une des lignes directrices de la recher-che et de l’action politique de Geoff. Particu-lièrement depuis la fin des années 1980, ilcontribue à faire connaître les espèces et leshabitats rares et potentiellement menacés, enparticulier ceux des steppes du sud de la valléede l’Okanagan, où il a établi une résidencesecondaire. Il insiste sur l’importance de fairede nouveaux inventaires des arthropodes et ilmet au point des listes d’espèces ciblées et despriorités pour les inventaires (Scudder 1994,1996) et il a encouragé la réalisationd’inventaires sérieux en développant des métho-dologies efficaces (Winchester et Scudder1993). À partir des vastes inventaires qu’il afaits sur les steppes, il a étudié les effets desincendies et du broutage sur la diversité dessteppes, principalement des communautésmenacées à purshie tridentée (Purshia triden-tata (Pursh) DC) et des nombreuses espèces raresdu sud de l’Okanagan (Scudder 1980, 1993b,2000a). Cette recherche lui a procuré uneprofonde compréhension des problèmes de labiologie de la conservation et lui a donné lacrédibilité scientifique nécessaire pour pro-mouvoir des mesures de conservation sur lesscènes politiques provinciale et fédérale. Il aécrit de nombreux articles sur les espèces

menacées, la protection des habitats et leslégislations canadiennes qui s’y rapportent(Scudder 1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2000a, 2000b,2000c, 2002; Schindler et Scudder 1999).

Le travail de Geoff sur le terrain fait partieintégrale de sa recherche et de ses efforts deconservation. C’est le fondement de sa passionpour les collections biologiques et de sa con-science de leur valeur scientifique. Il est ungrand collectionneur sur le terrain, cherchantsans cesse à étendre sa connaissance de la taxo-nomie des insectes, de leur statut et de leurrépartition. Comme directeur du Musée ento-mologique Spencer à UBC, il a maintenu etamélioré cette ressource entomologique indis-pensable dès son arrivée à Vancouver. Unepartie importante de la croissance du musée estdue à l’addition de ses propres récoltes, particu-lièrement d’Hémiptères. C’est devenu uneimportante collection, tant pour la rechercheinternationale sur les insectes de l’Ouest cana-dien que pour l’information publique et l’aideaux usagers de la communauté locale. De plus,

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fig. 3. Geoff Scudder dans la prairie au lac Kilpoolaprès d’Osoyoos, Colombie-Britannique, 31 mai2006. Photo fournie par Robert A. Cannings.

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les identifications que Geoff a faites comme ex-pert et les spécimens qu’il a envoyés lorsd’échanges ont enrichi d’autres collections d’iciet d’ailleurs.

Sur le terrain, assis près de lui sur une tablede pique-nique dans un terrain de camping,dans une roulotte étroite ou dans une chambrede motel, souvent bien après minuit, j’ai toujoursété impressionné par son habileté à fixer sur despointes, avec précision et à toute vitesse, desquantités impressionnantes de minusculespunaises. Comme tous les bons biologistes deterrain, il reconnaît d’un coup d’oeil les espècesqu’il étudie et peut raconter leur vie et leurs re-lations évolutives. Son souvenir des expéditionspassés est aussi légendaire — des années plustard, il se rappelle encore de détails de capturesobscures. Le travail sur le terrain avec Geoffn’est pas non plus sans cocasseries. Par un chaudaprès-midi, nous étions arrêtés par des travauxroutiers sur le secteur de la rivière Thompsonde la Route transcanadienne. La file d’autos enattente semblait interminable. Ne voulant pasmanquer une occasion de faire des récoltes,Geoff se promena (et peut-être aussi àl’occasion rampa-t-il!) le long de la route, filetfauchoir à la main et aspirateur à la bouche, cequi amusa, étonna ou même consterna les auto-mobilistes. Un jour, plusieurs d’entre nous nousrendîmes à l’île Pelée au lac Érié afin de fairedes récoltes au point le plus austral du Canada.Geoff avait toujours voulu s’y rendre car, enplus de découvrir la faune intéressante qui s’ytrouve, il voulait pouvoir faire des récoltes prèsde Scudder, l’unique village de l’île; il pourraitalors écrire sur les étiquettes que les insectes yavaient été récoltés à Scudder par Scudder.L’histoire ne dit pas s’il récolta ce jour là l’unedes sauterelles locales du genre Scudderia.

Conservationiste

La profonde connaissance de Scudder de ladiversité biologique, son engagement scienti-fique et ses travaux dans des habitats riches etparticuliers, mais menacés par l’activitéhumaine, l’ont inévitablement conduit vers lesmouvements conservationistes. Il est d’une trèsgrande influence, particulièrement en Colombie-Britannique, promouvant la protection desespèces et des habitats de multiples manières. Ilest la source d’information scientifique de basedans le processus de conservation et il est unconseiller en matières techniques pour lesgroupes publics et pour les agences

gouvernementales intéressés à la conservation.Mais c’est aussi un éducateur infatigable,enthousiaste et direct — utilisant l’écriture, laparole et le charme. Bien que venant du mondeacadémique, il n’hésite pas à se battre avecvigueur dans les arènes du pouvoir pour lescauses de la conservation. Il est autant à sonaise à encourager les étudiants et lesnaturalistes de se mettre à l’oeuvre qu’il l’est àconvaincre les législateurs de modifier leurspolitiques. Sur la scène fédérale, il a fait la pro-motion d’une loi musclée pour la sauvegardedes espèces menacées. Il s’est particulièrementdémené pour sauver de la destruction l’habitatde chênes de Garry sur les îles du Golfe et pourappuyer les importants efforts de conservationdans le sud de la vallée de l’Okanagan. Il estmembre fondateur de la Osoyoos Desert Soci-ety et il est très impliqué dans la recherchereliée à la restauration des habitats etl’éducation du public au Osoyoos Desert Centrede cette société. Comme membre du comitéscientifique du Programme de conservation del’Okanagan sud – Similkameen, il s’impliquedans la recherche sur le renouvellement desécosystèmes, la planification des aires de con-servation et l’identification des connections despaysages pour le maintien de la biodiversitédans l’intérieur sud de la Colombie-Britannique. Il est membre du comité conseil dezoologistes spécialistes pour le Projet deplanification écorégionale de l’Okanagan menépar la Conservation de la nature qui s’intéresseà la planification de la conservation dans lavallée de l’Okanagan, tant en Colombie-Britannique que dans l’état de Washington. Deplus, comme membre du Groupe de sauvegardedes invertébrés de Colombie-Britannique, ilaide à mettre au point des stratégies derestauration des espèces menacées dans toutesles régions de la province.

Pendant plusieurs années, Geoff fut ledirecteur du Fonds pour la nature de Colombie-Britannique, une des organisations provincialesles plus actives et les plus influentes qui amassedes fonds pour acquérir des terrains pour laconservation de la nature. Il est membre ducomité de planification des outils de conserva-tion du Forum de conservation des terres de CBqui est actuellement en train de préparer unestratégie de conservation de la biodiversité pourla province.

Très impliqué dans l’informatisation et legéoréférençage des collections d’insectes etd’autres organismes de CB, Geoff a produit des

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cartes de répartition des points chauds derichesse spécifique et de rareté faunique dans laprovince afin de réorienter les priorités de con-servation.

Enseignant et éducateur

Durant sa longue carrière à UBC, Geoff a étéconsidéré comme l’un des meilleurs professeursde la faculté des sciences. En 1975, il a reçu lecertificat de mérite de maître enseignant et en1976 le prix de maître enseignant. C’est unenseignant stimulant; ses cours, particu-lièrement son populaire cours sur l’évolution,étaient très suivis et il faisait salle comble àcause de la venue d’étudiants non inscrits pourécouter le maître. Ses propos dans ce coursétaient émaillés de toutes sortes d’expériencespersonnelles, telles que ses observations sur lesolivaies de Kos dans lesquelles Hippocrate adéambulé et ses visites à Down House où Dar-win a pensé, expérimenté et écrit. Pour l’étu-diant intéressé, tant de premier cycle que decycles supérieurs, Geoff paraissait posséderénormément de connaissances sur tous les as-pects de la biologie. Il était prêt et avide de lestransmettre, ce qui est le plus important.

Au cours de ces années à UBC, Geoff adirigé 28 étudiants à la maîtrise, 10 au doctoratet 7 aux études postdoctorales. Il laissaittoujours les étudiants en charge de leur propreprojet; sa direction n’était jamais envahissante,ni parasitaire, car il croyait profondément qu’ilfallait attribuer à l’étudiant le bénéfice de sontravail. Le nom de Geoff n’apparaissait commeco-auteur d’un article d’un étudiant que s’il yavait effectivement collaboré. Cette foi dansl’indépendance des étudiants était un atout im-portant pour le succès des étudiants — tout enencourageant l’autonomie, Geoff était toujoursdisponible pour aider et conseiller lorsquenécessaire. Plusieurs de ses anciens étudiantscontinuent la tradition en tant que professeursd’université, administrateurs universitaires,chercheurs gouvernementaux, biologistes de laconservation, conservateurs de musée, médecinset enseignants. Il a été le conseiller de nombreuxétudiants, continuant à les aider et à collaboreravec eux longtemps après leur départ del’université.

Bien qu’il ait aimé particulièrement l’ensei-gnement et la recherche, Geoff tenait pourimportants tous les aspects de la vie univer-sitaire et il a consacré énormément de temps aulourd travail administratif. Les professeurs et le

personnel du département de zoologie ont suapprécier son indépendance et son impartialitédurant les 15 années (1976–1991) qu’il a étéleur directeur. Il était aussi un bourreau de tra-vail au niveau de l’université même, commemembre du sénat de 1978 à 1993, presquechaque année président de son comité du bud-get, un travail difficile particulièrement durantles années de contraintes budgétaires de 1981 à1987. Il a été membre du comité exécutif duprogramme de biologie de 1976 à 1991 et trèssouvent son président; il a été membre ducomité des programmes de la faculté des sci-ences de 1969 à 1991. Le nombre de comitésdont il a fait partie à titre de membre ou deprésident est ahurissant, allant de comitésconsultatifs pour la nomination de doyens et dedirecteurs de département à des comités sur lesbibliothèques, les bâtiments, les négociations deconventions collectives, les griefs, les subven-tions et bien d’autres.

Chercheur d’influence

La longue implication de Geoff Scuddercomme scientifique, depuis la classe de l’écolelocale au forum international, a inspiré denombreuses personnes. Il a toujours supporté etfavorisé les sociétés entomologiques et il a étéprésident de la Société d’entomologie deColombie-Britannique (1966–1967) et de laSociété d’entomologie du Canada (1986–1987).Il est membre de l’exécutif ou de comités diversde la société nationale de manière continuedepuis 1976. En 1975, il a reçu la médaille d’orde la société pour sa contribution exceptionnelleà l’entomologie et il a été élu fellow en 1977. Ilest devenu membre à vie honoraire de la Sociétéd’entomologie de Colombie-Britannique en1998. Il est très actif au sein de la Commissionbiologique du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres)comme membre et souvent président de soncomité scientifique depuis 1976 et commecollaborateur de ses projets scientifiques, enparticulier des ambitieux inventaires d’insectesdu territoire du Yukon et des steppes herbeusescanadiennes.

Son influence au niveau du pays s’estmanifestée par sa présidence de la Société cana-dienne des zoologistes (1989–1990) et sa par-ticipation à de nombreux comités conseils pourAgriculture et alimentation Canada, l’Agencespatiale canadienne, le Musée canadien de lanature, Environnement Canada et de nom-breuses autres agences. Comme président du

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Biodiversity Science Board du Canada (1998 – )et membre du Biodiversity Convention Forum(1992 – ) et du comité directeur du Réseau deconnaissances et d’innovations en matière debiodiversité du Canada (2000 – ), Geoff con-tribue significativement à la mise en placed’une solide stratégie canadienne pour les sci-ences de la diversité et de la conservation. Il aparticipé à l’élaboration de la Stratégie cana-dienne sur la biodiversité et la Loi fédérale surles espèces en péril. Comme membre de diverscomités de sélection du Conseil de recherchesen sciences naturelles et en génie du Canadadurant les années 1980 et 1990, Geoff àparticipé à la répartition des ressources pour larecherche biologique au pays. Comme membredu comité éditorial des Monographies duConseil national de recherches Canada (1993–2005) et ancien directeur de la revueBiodiversity, il a joué un rôle significatif dansla publication scientifique au Canada. Élumembre de la Société royale du Canada en1975, il a participé à ses travaux sur la politiquescientifique et les avis scientifiques. La recon-naissance de tout ce travail au niveau national aatteint son apogée par sa nomination à l’Ordredu Canada et son octroi de la médaille du jubiléd’or de la Reine en 2002.

Geoff est aussi reconnu à l’échelle interna-tionale. Impliqué dans l’Association américainepour l’avancement des sciences, il a étéprésident de la division du Pacifique en 1985–1986 et un membre actif de l’exécutif pendantde nombreuses années; il a été élu fellow en1998. Son intérêt pour les îles et les terreslimitrophes du Pacifique explique sa longue im-plication avec la Pacific Science Associationqui en plus d’être un catalyseur pour la collabo-ration scientifique fomente chez les scienti-fiques l’amélioration de l’environnement et dela qualité de vie des humains dans la région. De1976 à 1995, Geoff a collaboré aux travaux deson comité scientifique sur l’entomologie à titrede président ou de membre de l’exécutif; il aété vice-président de 1991 à 1995. Il a joué unrôle important dans l’organisation du Congrèsinternational de biologie systématique et évolu-tive, comme président du comité organisateur(1978–1980) et co-président (1980–1985). Sansdoute son défi le plus grand fut l’organisationdu 18e Congrès international d’entomologie àVancouver en 1988 comme président etsecrétaire général. Cette immense réunion futun franc succès de tous les points de vue; maisGeoff passera sans doute à l’histoire pour son

innovation la plus intéressante et la plusappréciée, une énorme tente-brasserie quiservait de lieu de rassemblement commode etpopulaire pour tous les participants.

Geoff Scudder a marqué et fortementinfluencé ces étudiants et ses collègues. Je saisque mes deux frères et moi-même et nosnombreux amis sommes honorés de connaîtreGeoff et de pouvoir collaborer avec lui. Il a aidéà développer nos carrières et nos vies par sabonté, ses conseils académiques, nos projetscommuns, ainsi que les nombreuses occasionsde travail rémunéré et de recherche sur le ter-rain qu’il nous a fournies.

Il nous a guidés par son exemple — sonamour de la nature, son travail acharné et sesconnaissances exceptionnelles. Son énergie, sonengagement et ses réalisations ont profondé-ment marqué, tant au niveau national qu’inter-national, les nombreux domaines de la sciencequ’il a embrassés.

Remerciements

Karen Needham (Département de zoologie,UBC), Robb Bennett (BC Ministry of Forests,Victoria), ainsi que Jacky et Nicola Scudder(Vancouver) ont lu et commenté la versionpréliminaire du manuscrit. Hugh Danks (Com-mission biologique du Canada (Arthropodesterrestres), Ottawa) a ouvert d’intéressantes per-spectives. Launi Lucas a fourni plusieursrenseignements ainsi que la figure 1.

Bibliographie

Acton, A.B., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1969. The ultra-structure of the flight muscle polymorphism inCenocorixa bifida (Hung.) (Heteroptera, Co-rixidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere,65: 327–335.

Bennett, A.M.R., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1998. Differ-ences in attachment of water mites on water boat-men: further evidence of differential parasitismand possible exclusion of a host from part of itspotential range. Revue canadienne de zoologie,76: 824–834.

Cannings, R.A., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1978. The litto-ral Chironomidae (Diptera) of saline lakes in cen-tral British Columbia. Revue canadienne dezoologie, 56: 1144–1155.

Cannings, R.A., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1979. Phenologyof Chironomus spp. in saline lakes of central Brit-ish Columbia. Verhandlungen InternationaleVereinigung für theoretische und angewandteLimnologie, 20: 2641–2646.

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Cannings, R.A., et Scudder, G.G.E. 2001. An over-view of systematic studies concerning the insectfauna of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 98: 33–59.

Cannings, R.A., Cannings, S.G., et Scudder, G.G.E.2001. Insect collections, surveys and conservationin British Columbia in the 20th century. Journal ofthe Entomological Society of British Columbia,98: 17–32.

Cannings, S.G., Cooper, P.D., et Scudder, G.G.E.1988. Effect of temperature on rate of water lossin some water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae).Revue canadienne de zoologie, 66: 1877–1883.

Danks, H.V. (Directeur de la rédaction). 1979. Can-ada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomo-logical Society of Canada, 108: 1–573.

Isman, M.B., Duffey, S.S., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1977.Cardenolide content of some leaf- and stem-feeding insects on temperate North Americanmilkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Revue canadienne dezoologie, 55: 1024–1028.

Jamieson, G.S., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1977. Food con-sumption in Gerris (Hemiptera). Oecologia, 30:23–41.

Jansson, A., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1974. The life cycleand sexual development of Cenocorixa species(Hemiptera, Corixidae) in the Pacific Northwestof North America. Freshwater Biology, 4: 73–92.

Jarial, M.S., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1970. The morphologyand ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules andhindgut in Cenocorixa bifida (Hung.) (Hemiptera,Corixidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie die Tiere,68: 269–299.

Jarial, M.S., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1971. Neurosecretionand water balance in Cenocorixa bifida (Hung.)(Hemiptera, Corixidae). Revue canadienne dezoologie. 49: 1369–1375.

Kevan, D.K.McE., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1989. Illus-trated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropodsof Canada. I. Myriapods (Millipedes, Centipedes,etc.). Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Se-ries, 1: 88.

Lancaster, J., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. AquaticColeoptera and Hemiptera in some Canadian sa-line lakes: patterns in community structure. Revuecanadienne de zoologie, 65: 1383–1390.

Maw, H.E.L., Foottit, R.G., Hamilton, K.G.A., etScudder, G.G.E. 2000. Checklist of the Hemipteraof Canada and Alaska. Presses scientifiques duCNRC, Ottawa (Ontario).

Moore, L.V., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1985. Ouabain-resistant Na, K-ATPases and cardenolide tolerancein the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.Journal of Insect Physiology, 32: 27–33.

Nagorsen, D.W., Scudder, G.G.E., Huggard, D.,Stewart, H., et Panter, N. 2001. Merriam’s shrew,Sorex merriami and Preble’s shrew, Sorex preblei:two new mammals for Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 115: 1–8.

Oloffs, P.C., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1966. The transitionphenomenon in relation to the penetration of wa-ter through the cuticle of an insect, Cenocorixaexpleta (Uhler). Revue canadienne de zoologie,44: 621–630.

Reynolds, J.D., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. Serologicalevidence of realized feeding niche in Cenocorixaspecies (Hemiptera: Corixidae) in sympatry andallopatry. Revue canadienne de zoologie, 65: 974–980.

Rowe, L., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1990. Reproductive rateand longevity in the waterstrider Gerris buenoi.Revue canadienne de zoologie, 68: 399–402.

Sandercock, G.A., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1996. Key tothe species of freshwater calanoid copepods ofBritish Columbia. Publication du Resources Inven-tory Committee. Ministry of Environment, Landsand Parks, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique).

Schindler, D., et Scudder, G. 1999. The politics andscience of extinction. National Post. 26 novembre.A18.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1956a. A contribution to a surveyof the distribution of the Hemiptera–Heteropteraof Wales. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 92:54–64.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1956b. A revision of the genusAppolonius Distant (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae) with anew species from South Sudan. Entomologists’Monthly Magazine, 92: 359–360.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957a. A revision of the genusMeschia Distant (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) with anew species from South Queensland. Proceedingsof the Royal Society of Queensland, 68: 25–28.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957b. Re-interpretation of somebasal structures in the insect ovipositor. Nature(London), 180: 340–341.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957c. The higher classification ofthe Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae).Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 93: 152–156.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1957d. The ovipositor of theThysanura and its interpretation in the higher in-sect orders. Proceedings of the Royal Entomologi-cal Society of London (C), 22: 47–48.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1959. The female genitalia of theHeteroptera: morphology and bearing on classifi-cation. Transactions of the Royal EntomologicalSociety of London, 111: 405–467.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1961a. The comparative morphologyof the insect ovipositor. Transactions of the RoyalEntomological Society of London, 113: 25–40.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1961b. The functional morphologyand interpretation of the insect ovipositor. The Ca-nadian Entomologist, 93: 267–272.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1962. The world Rhyparochrominae(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). I. New synonymy andgeneric changes. The Canadian Entomologist, 94:764–773.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1963. Studies on the Canadian andAlaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera). I. The gen-era Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee

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(Delphacidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 95:167–177.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1966. The immature stages ofCenocorixa bifida (Hung.) and C. expleta (Uhler)(Hemiptera: Corixidae). Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 63: 33–40.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1969. The fauna of saline lakes onthe Fraser Plateau in British Columbia. Vereini-gung für theoretische und angewandte Limno-logie, 17: 430–439.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971a. Comparative morphology ofinsect genitalia. Annual Review of Entomology,16: 379–406.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971b. The Gerridae (Hemiptera) ofBritish Columbia. Journal of the EntomologicalSociety of British Columbia, 68: 3–10.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971c. The osmoregulation and dis-tribution of two species of Cenocorixa (He-miptera). Proceedings of the XIII InternationalCongress of Entomology, Moscow, 1: 555–556.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971d. The postembryonic develop-ment of the indirect flight muscles in Cenocorixabifida (Hung.) (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Revuecanadienne de zoologie, 49: 1387–1398.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1971e. New Lygaeidae (Hemiptera)from the Niokolo–Koba National Park, Senegal.Bulletin IFAN, 33: 718–736.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1972. Industrial melanism: a possi-bility in British Columbia. Journal of the Entomo-logical Society of British Columbia, 69: 46–48.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1973. Recent advances in the highersystematics and phylogenetic concepts in entomol-ogy. The Canadian Entomologist, 105: 1251–1263.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1974. Species concepts andspeciation. Revue canadienne de zoologie, 52:1121–1134.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1975. Field studies on the flightmuscle polymorphism in Cenocorixa (Hemiptera:Corixidae). Verhandlungen InternationaleVereinigung für theoretische und angewandteLimnologie, 19: 3064–3072.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1976a. An annotated checklist ofthe Ephemeroptera (Insecta) of British Columbia.Syesis, 8: 311–315.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1976b. Water-boatmen of saline wa-ters (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Dans Marine insects.Sous la direction de L. Cheng. North HollandPublishing Company, Amsterdam, Pays-Bas.p. 263–289.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1979a. Present patterns in the faunaand flora of Canada. Dans Canada and its insectfauna. Sous la direction de H.V. Danks. Memoirsof the Entomological Society of Canada, 108: 87–179.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1979b. The nature and strategy ofspecies. Dans Canada and its insect fauna. Sous ladirection de H.V. Danks. Memoirs of the Entomo-logical Society of Canada, 108: 533–547.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1980. The osoyoos-arid biotic area.Dans Threatened and endangered species and

habitats in British Columbia and the Yukon. Sousla direction de R. Stace-Smith, L. Johns et P. Jos-lin. BC Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wild-life Branch, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique).p. 49–55.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1984. The world Rhyparochrominae(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). XVIII. The genusSinierus Distant. The Canadian Entomologist,116: 427–434.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. Aquatic and semiaquaticHemiptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada.Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,140: 65–98.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1989. The adaptive significance ofmarginal populations: a general perspective. DansProceedings of the National Workshop on effectsof habitat alteration of salmonid stocks. Sous ladirection de C.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby et M.A.Henderson. Canadian Special Publications inFisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 105: 180–185.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1991. The stilt bugs (Hemiptera:Berytidae) of Canada. The Canadian Entomolo-gist, 123: 425–438.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1993a. Geographic distribution andbiogeography of representative species of xericgrassland-adapted Nearctic Lygaeidae in westernNorth America (Insecta: Heteroptera). Memoirs ofthe Entomological Society of Canada, 165: 75–113.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1993b. The Okanagan Basin — anecological overview of a national treasure. DansPreserving Biodiversity and Unique Ecosystemsof the Okanagan–Similkameen Region, Proceed-ings of Land for Nature Workshop, Summerland(Colombie-Britannique), 26 février 1993. Federa-tion of BC Naturalists, Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique). p. 3–10.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1994. An annotated systematic listof the potentially rare and endangered freshwaterand terrestrial invertebrates in British Columbia.Occasional Papers of the Entomological Societyof British Columbia, 2: 1–92.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1996a. Terrestrial and freshwater in-vertebrates of British Columbia: priorities for in-ventory and descriptive research. Working Paper09, Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests andWildlife Branch, BC Ministry of Environment,Lands and Parks, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique).

Scudder, G.G.E. 1996b. The protected areas strategyand biodiversity conservation. Dans The Wilder-ness Vision for British Columbia: Proceedings ofa Colloquium on Completing British Columbia’sProtected Area System, Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique), mars 1994. Sous la direction deS. Jessen. Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society,Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique). p. 99–101.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1997a. Environment of the Yukon.Dans Insects of the Yukon. Sous la direction deH.V. Danks et J.A. Downes. Commission biologique

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du Canada (Arthropodes terrestres), Ottawa (On-tario). p. 13–57.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1997b. True bugs (Heteroptera) ofthe Yukon. Dans Insects of the Yukon. Sous la di-rection de H.V. Danks et J.A. Downes. Commis-sion biologique du Canada (Arthropodesterrestres), Ottawa (Ontario). p. 241–336.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1998. Heteroptera. Dans Assess-ment of species diversity in the Montane Cordil-lera Ecozone. Sous la direction de G.G.E. Scudderet I.M. Smith. Ecological Monitoring andAssessment Network, Burlington (Ontario).Disponible sur http://www.naturewatch.ca/eman/reports/publications/99_montane/heterop/intro.html.

Scudder, G.G.E. 1999. Endangered species protectionin Canada. Conservation Biology, 13: 963–965.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2000a. The Osoyoos Desert Society:experimental studies on ecological restoration ofthe shrub–steppe habitat. Dans At Risk: Proceed-ings of a Conference on the Biology and Manage-ment of Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops(Colombie-Britannique), 15–19 février 1999. Sousla direction de L.M. Darling. BC Ministry of Envi-ronment, Lands and Parks, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique) et University College of the Cariboo,Kamloops (Colombie-Britannique). p. 797–800.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2000b. Biodiversity: concerns andvalue. Dans Conserving nature’s diversity: in-sights from biology, ethics and economics. Sousla direction de G.C. van Kooten, E.H. Bulte etA.R.E. Sinclair. Ashgate Publishing, Adlershot,Royaume-Uni. p. 16–29.

Scudder, G. 2000c. Our wildlife are on life support.The Globe and Mail. 21 février. A15.

Scudder, G.G.E. 2002. Endangered species legislationin Canada. Dans Proceedings of the 40th AnnualMeeting of the Canadian Society of EnvironmentalBiologists, Toronto (Ontario). p. 36–40.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Duffey, S.S. 1972. Cardiacglycosides in the Lygaeinae (Hemiptera: Lygae-idae). Revue canadienne de zoologie, 50: 35–42.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Gessler, N. (Directeurs de larédaction). 1989. The Outer Shores: Proceedingsof the Queen Charlotte Islands International Sym-posium, Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique), 21–24 août 1984.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Mann, K.H. 1969. The leechesof some lakes in the Southern Interior Plateau re-gion of British Columbia. Syesis, 1: 203–209.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Meredith, J. 1972. Temperature-induced development in the indirect flight muscleof adult Cenocorixa (Hemiptera: Corixidae). De-velopmental Biology, 29: 330–336.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Meredith, J. 1982. Morphologi-cal basis of cardiac glycoside sequestration by

Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Ly-gaeidae). Zoomorphology, 99: 87–101.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Schwartz, M.D. 2001. The genusLeptopterna Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae: Steno-demini) in North America. Proceedings of the En-tomological Society of Washington, 103: 797–806.

Scudder, G.G.E., et Smith, I.M. (Directeurs de larédaction). 1998. Introduction and summary. DansAssessment of species diversity in the MontaneCordillera Ecozone. Ecological Monitoring andAssessment Network, Burlington (Ontario).Disponible sur http://www.naturewatch.ca/eman/reports/publications/99_montane/intro/intro.html.

Scudder, G.G.E., Jarial, M.S., et Choy, S.K. 1972.Osmotic and ionic balance in two species ofCenocorixa (Hemiptera). Journal of Insect Physi-ology, 18: 883–895.

Scudder, G.G.E., Moore, L.V., et Isman, M.B. 1986.Sequestration of cardenolides in Oncopeltusfasciatus: morphological and physiological adap-tations. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12: 1171–1187.

Shah, R.M., Donaldson, E.M., et Scudder, G.G.E.1990. Toward the origin of the secondary palate.A possible homologue in the embryo of fish,Oncorhynchus kisutch, with description ofchanges in the basement membrane area. Ameri-can Journal of Anatomy, 189: 329–338.

Southwood, T.R.E., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1956. Thebionomics and immature stages of the thistle lacebugs (Tingis ampliata H.-S., and T. cardui L.;Hem., Tingidae). Transactions of the Society forBritish Entomology, 12: 93–112.

Spence, J.R., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1980. Habitats, lifecycles, and guild structure among water striders(Heteroptera: Gerridae) on the Fraser Plateau ofBritish Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist,112: 779–792.

Spence, J.R., Spence, D.H., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1980.Submergence behavior in Gerris: underwaterbasking. American Midland Naturalist, 103: 385–391.

Vickery, V.R., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1987. The Cana-dian orthopteroid insects summarized and updated,including a tabular check-list and ecologicalnotes. Proceedings of the Entomological Societyof Ontario, 118: 25–45.

Winchester, N.N., et Scudder, G.G.E. 1993. Method-ology for sampling terrestrial arthropods in BritishColumbia. Publication du Resources InventoryCommittee. BC Ministry of Environment, Landsand Parks, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique).

Yack, J.E., Scudder, G.G.E., et Fullard, J.H. 1999.Evolution of the metathoracic tympanal ear andits mesothoracic homologue in Macrolepidoptera(Insecta). Zoomorphology, 119: 93–103.

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