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GEOG 1112: Weather and Climate
Violent Weather
Midlatitude Cyclone• Well-organized low pressure system that
migrates across a region as it spins
• Develops along polar jet as it swings north and south in process called Cyclogenesis
• Both upper-level and surface conditions drive cyclogenesis
• Southerly swing of polar jet creates an upper-level trough supporting cyclogenesis
Upper-level convergencepushes down on the surface, creating high pressure
Upper-level divergence allows air to rise from surface, creating low pressure
Upper-levels and Cyclogenesis
Midlatitude Cyclone
Classic Midlatitude Cyclone
L
Midlatitude Cyclone MigrationFollows path of polar jet
1) Air mass thunderstorms (ordinary thunderstorms): self-
extinguishing; localized short lived phenomena; limited vertical wind
shear.
Two Types of Thunderstorms
2) Supercell
Supercell (Severe Thunderstorms): self-propagating
Mesoscale Convective ComplexesMesoscale Convective Complexes
Squall Line Thunderstorms
Cloud-to-cloud lightning:
The most frequent type of lightning
Occurs within a particular cloud or between clouds.
Also called sheet lightning: the sky is typically uniformly lit while
the stroke is buried within the cloud.
Cloud-to-ground lightning:
Begins when negative charges build in a cloud base.
These negative charges are eventually discharge onto the positively
charged ground.
Thunder
The rapid expansion of air associated with a lightning stroke
causes thunder. The slower speed of sound, with reference to light,
causes a lag between the stroke and the resulting thunder
Rumbling thunder is typically caused by sound echoing off
topographic features and buildings
Tornadoes• Small, intense cyclone
• Spawned by severe supercell thunderstorms
• Most destructive atmospheric phenomenon
• Mesocyclone within the supercell
• Gravity Waves
• Rated on Enhanced Fujita Scale EF0 (40-72 mph) – E F6 (319-379 mph)
• Tornado rotation detected by Doppler radar
Formation of a Tornado
Updrafts
Tornadoes
Tropical Cyclone
• Called hurricane (Atlantic & NE Pacific), typhoon (NW Pacific) or cyclone (SW Pacific & Indian)
• First Easterly Wave – trough in tropical easterlies
• May become Tropical Depression – rotation starts
• Next Tropical Storm – sustained winds over 39 mph
• Finally, Hurricane – sustained winds over 73 mph
Tropical Cyclone Strength
•Storm Surge #1 cause of death and damage in tropical cyclones
•Debate : recent increase in severe tropical cyclones – Is it global warming or a natural cycle?
Atlantic Hurricanes
Official season June 1-Nov 30
Peak seasonMid-Aug – Mid-Oct
Hurricane tracks
Conditions Necessary for Hurricane Formation
Hurricanes form only over deep water layers with
surface temperatures in excess of 27 oC (81 oF)
Coriolis force is an important contributor, and as such,
hurricanes do not form equatorward of 5o latitude
Strong vertical shear must be absent
Tropical Cyclone Structure
Destruction by Hurricanes
Winds and surge are typically most intense in the right front
quadrant of the storm. Why? Combination of wind speeds and the
speed of the storm’s movement.