Geog 121 2010 Lecture Outlines

7/30/2019 Geog 121 2010 Lecture Outlines

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Geography 121 Lecture Outlines, 2010September 7, 2010Prepared by Dr. Matthew Evenden

Please note:The following lecture outlines provide students with a basic framework for note-takingduring lectures. Feel free to write on them, or annotate them on your laptop. It goeswithout saying that outlines do not replace attendance at lectures, or note-taking. Asthese outlines have been prepared well in advance for ease of access, I reserve the right tochange them in small or large part before any given lecture. When I do this, I will postrevised outlines to the class website.


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Geography, Modernity and Globalization

Lecture objectives:Define and describe Geography

Define concepts: Modernity and GlobalizationRaise critical questions

I) Geography

A way of seeing, A long history, A discipline

Two interacting halves: physical and human

Core themes of human geography:1) Human-environment relationships

2) Spatial patterns and processes, and the differences between peoples and places

Is a one-line definition possible?

Critical Questions:-Are human and environment separate categories?-Can spatial patterns and processes be abstracted from society and the worldaround us?-Does our descriptive language about peoples and places replicate assumptions orchallenge them?

The problem of authority

II) Modernity

Modo;Modernus (Latin), Modernity (1627)Modern: a period of timeModern -ism, -ization, -ity

Modernity= the condition of being modern

Modernity has been described as:-A constellation of power, knowledge and social practices (Gregory)-An experience of unending change (Berman)-A project (Habermas)

Modernity implies a break with the past, or tradition. Characteristically, this breakrevolves around several oppositions:

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Localization: GlobalizationSuperstition: RationalizationStagnation: TransformationRural life: Urban lifeAgriculture: Industry

Critical questions:Is modernity a caricature?A misleading vision of progress?Are there multiple modernities?

III) Globalization

Global: 1. spherical, 2. an inclusive totality.Globalization: earliest use, c. 1959; draws on global village concept (McLuhan)

Globalization:1) Asserts the stretching and operation of linkages and connections across theworld,

2) Implies an intensification in the levels of interaction, trade andcommunication among states, societies and economies.

Critical questions:Are the processes of globalization geographically uniform?Do some forms of connection also produce disconnections for others?Is globalization only a contemporary process?

How do geographers define geography?

An appreciation of the diversity and variety of peoples and places is a theme that runsthrough the entire span of human geography, the study of the spatial organization ofhuman activity and of peoples relationships with their environments.(Paul Knox, Sallie A. Marston and Alan E. Nash,Human Geography, 2001)

Geography is a Los Angeles among academic cities in that it sprawls over a very largearea and merges with its neighbours. It is also hard to be sure which is the centralbusiness district. (Peter Haggett, Geography: A Global Synthesis, 2001, prologue)

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Archaic Globalization (1): Interacting Networks

Lecture objectives:1) To describe and analyze the range and extent of networks, c.14002) To consider the constraints on networks

3) To consider the implications of these constraints

Archaic Globalization: The older networks and dominances created by geographicalexpansion of ideas and social forces from the local and regional level to the inter-regionaland inter-continental level. (Bayly,Birth of the Modern World, 2004, p. 43)

I. Some preliminary observations:How populous was the world in c. 1400?Dominant lifeways

A peasant majorityA small but growing urban population

Few but powerful nomadic peoplesA small group of foragers who nevertheless controlled vast territoriesHow was the world imagined?

II. The realms of long distance exchange:Three primary, but differentiated, realms:

i) The Eurasia-Africa networkii) The American networkiii) The Pacific network

What precipitated movement within networks?Did the networks ever intersect?

III. Some constraints:i) On movement: Long-distance vs. local tradeii) On communication: Oral and writteniii) On energy generation: Somatic energyiv) On population growth

Some implications of constraints:i) For the distribution of populationii) For the distribution of productioniii) For the distribution of knowledge and ideas

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Archaic Globalization (2) Land and Life in Agrarian States

Lecture Objectives:To define and analyze the geographical features of agrarian states, c. 1400.To examine how social hierarchies were organized spatially.

To consider the dynamism and limits of peasant lifeways.

A generic definition:A large area with a centralized system of control, culminating in a point of

sovereign authority (King, Emperor).The growth, power and limits of state authority, c. 1400

A crucial geographical division: city/town and countrysideFundamental division between

dense nodes of settlement (towns and cities), anddispersed rural hinterlands (encompassing villages, and more dispersed

settlements).A crucial geographical division: city/town and countrysideA range of scales and sizes

Upward limit: nearly a million (Nanjing)Largest city in Germany: Cologne, about 20,000

Why not more and bigger cities?Demographic drains/ dependent on immigration

Cities and the state: a dynamic relationship

FunctionsAdministrativeReligiousCommercial

Spatial ElementsWalls, streets and public spacesPalimpsest landscapes

Rural hinterlands: Wealth GeneratorsThe peasants burden: taxes, tithes, rents, labour servitude, conscriptionThe peasants problem: balancing external and household demands

Dispersed settlement patternsVariations:

topography and ecologysite and situationcultural and regional influencescrop staples and labour requirements

In western EuropeA characteristic pattern of small plots and customary access to common lands.

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Common lands were sometimes farmed in common, or served as a pool of extraresources for households.

Peasant livelihoodsA family economy

Aims: subsistence and reproduction.village economies, exchange and reciprocity.

Local lives and connectionsThe village worldThe limits of movementTrade: a one-way relationship?

ButLong-term processesReligion as a connecting forceRelationships of power

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Archaic Globalization (3) : Foraging Societies

Lecture Objective:Consider peoples and lifeways that did not connect strongly with the interactive networksof archaic globalization.

Definition:

Livelihoods based primarily on hunting, gathering, fishing

No domesticated plants, and few animals.

Social organization depended upon mobility (to exploit different environmentsseasonally) and flexibility (in group size and make up).

In the context of archaic globalization

Importance of foragers

Territorial control

Global distribution

The oldest and most successful economic form

Common misconceptions

Foragers led poor, hard, miserable lives

Foragers used primitive technology

Foragers lived in harmony with one another and nature

Man the Hunter

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Encounters across the Atlantic

Learning objectives:

To analyze the conditions shaping the Iberian crossings of the Atlantic in the 15thand 16th centuries.

To consider some of the consequences of these crossings for the Americas,Europe and global power relations.

Encounter?

Encounter rather than discovery

Discovery is a one-sided process: one group is active, the other passive.

Encounter provides a sense of mutual discovery and action on both sidesof the cultural divide.

Before 1492

Polynesian voyages across the Pacific, 10th Century(?) (settlement of New

Zealand) Viking voyages across the North Atlantic, mid-9th Century (Iceland), 10th

Century (Greenland, Baffin Island, Newfoundland)

Chinese Sea Power, c. 1405-1433

Iberian expansion: contributing factors:

The lure of Asian trade (and its difficulties)

Reconquista: a militant mission

Technological preconditions: ship technology (caravel/ lateen sails), instruments,experience

Search for wealth (gold): Our lord in his goodness guide me that I may find gold(Columbus, 1/11/1492)

Iberian approaches

The Atlantic (Bartholomeu Dias, Cape of Good Hope, 1487; Vasco de Gama,Indian Ocean, 1497)

The Columbian Voyages (1492, 1493-95, 1498-1500, 1502-04)

The Caribbean and beyondEncountering Others

Societies of the Americas

Conquests (Cortez and Aztecs, 1521, Alvarado and the Maya, 1524-25, Pizarroand the Incas, 1531-33)

Some military advantages: introduced disease; Spanish fighting techniques(horses, steel weaponry); exploiting internal rivalries.

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The Columbian Exchange

Lecture Objectives:

To consider what plants, animals and microbes crossed the Atlantic withColumbus and his followers and in both directions.

To analyze what were the effects of this biological exchange?Disease Exchanges:

The origins and diffusion of Old World diseases

How did diseases diffuse through Eurasia and Africa?

Why were many of these diseases unknown in the Americas?Disease Introductions to the Americas:

Disease types: Eruptive fevers: small pox, measles, typhus Respiratory Infections: whooping cough and pneumonia

Patterns of diffusion: virgin soil epidemics An immunologically defenceless host population

Rapid spread Almost universal infection

Profound population losses, not abating in Central Mexico until the 1620s.

. . . an epidemic broke out, a sickness of pustules Large bumps spread on people;some were entirely covered. . . .[The victims] could no longer walk about, but lay in theirdwellings and sleeping places, . . . And when they made a motion, they called out loudly.The pustules that covered people caused great desolation; very many people died of them,and many just starved to death; starvation reigned, and no one took care of others anylonger. -Excerpt from Sahagn,Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa, c.1575-1580; ed., tr., James Lockhart, We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest

Mexico (Univ. of California Press, 1993)

Disease introductions to Eurasia and AfricaVenereal Syphilis: a debated case

Plant and Animal Exchanges

What Europeans brought to the Americas

Patterns of Diffusion and Adoption

In Agrarian Societies Selective adoption: plants and animals Tribute crops

In Foraging Societies The horse

Uncontrolled diffusions

What the Americas sent to Eurasia and Africa

Patterns of Diffusion and Adoption

Demographic consequences

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Some important food crops from the Americas

Maize PumpkinBeans of many kinds PapayaPeanuts Avocado

Potato PineappleSweet Potato TomatoManioc (cassava, tapioca) Chili PeppersSquashes Cocoa

Other important non-food crops include:

Tobacco

Rubber

Varieties of Old and New World Staples

(in millions of calories per hectare)American crops Old World crops

Maize (7.3) Rice (7.3)

Potatoes (7.5) Wheat (4.2)

Sweet Potatoes (7.1) Barley (5.1)

Manioc (9.9) Oats (5.5)

(Source: Crosby and Food and Agricultural Organization)

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A Plague of Sheep: Resettling the Valle de Mezquital

Learning Objectives:

Consider how the Spanish sought to extract American resources and establishauthority in the sixteenth Century.

Consider the tactics and consequences of Spanish imperialism on the land.

Strategies of Imperialism

The imperial problem: How to organize power, convert the population and extractrevenue?

A new centralized political system:Audiencias (legislative, judicial and executive functions)

Resettlement and rights of control: Congregaciones (Christian missions) Encomiendas (Tribute and indigenous labour power)

Geography and Imperialism TheRelaciones Geogrficas

Spanish Crown survey (starting in 1577).

Seeks to document: population jurisdictions language(s) land and vegetation

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/benson/rg

Valle de Mezquital

Or, the Valley of Mesquite

Highland, Central Mexico

In New Spain, it bore the reputation of a barren land with an impoverishedindigenous population

Strategies of Dispossession

Thirty-five encomiendas granted in Valle in 1520s.

Missionaries and Merchants follow.

Importation of Old World foods for tribute: Wheat, barley, fruits.

Hard-hoofed grazing animals (ungulates) pastured on indigenous agricultural

areas and uplands.

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http://www.lib.utexas.edu/benson/rghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/benson/rg


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A Plague of Sheep

Animals introduced in successive waves by Spanish pastoralists: sheep, cattle,horses, goats.

Mid-century, Spanish authorities ban cattle and horses from region aftercomplaints.

Sheep become dominant and numbers soar: about 420,000 (late 1550s) to2,000,000 (1565).

Declines

Sheep increases coincide with major epidemic from 1576-81.

Spanish pastoralism begins to displace indigenous agriculture.

Expansion of sheep population changes environment and carrying capacity.

After rapid growth, sheep populations crash in 1580s and 1590s.

Why declines?

Ungulate irruption thesis:

Unmediated population expansion within a confined space->

Over-taxes resource base and diminishes food supply ->

Ungulate populations decline.

New Spain/ New Land

Melville:

The depiction of the Valle de Mezquital is a consequence of Conquest.

Vegetation cover follows intensive pastoralism.

Social and environmental change woven together.

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Demographic (and other) effects of the slave trade in Africa

Lecture Objectives:

To consider the range of demographic effects in Africa of the Trans-AtlanticSlave trade.

To analyze the effects of the slave trade on state formation, slave-holdingpractices and commodity production.

Demographic consequences

Did the removal of millions of people from Africa over several centuries impairthe reproductive potential of African societies?

What would we need to know to answer this question, or make an informedestimate?

Some contributing factors:

# of slaves in the Trans-Atlantic trade and sending societies by year/region/ageand sex ratio.

Fertility and mortality rate in sending societies Family formation patterns/ age of marriage/ nutrition/ health

Mannings conclusions

The slave trade had a seriously negative and distorting impacton the Africanpopulation. (p.59)

The greatest impact was in the 18th and 19th centuries before the decline of theexport trade.

Africa had a smaller proportion of world population in 1900 than in 1700.On state formation

The trade presented commercial opportunities benefiting:

Merchants/Centers of slave commerce/Authorities who taxed the trade

Europeans introduced firearms to allied groups

Military forces emerge to carve out slave-trading statesTransformations in slavery

The end of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade does not produce the end of slavery

Slavery expands in several parts of west-central Africa in the 19th century

Domestic slavery> Plantation slavery

Emerging commodity trades use slave labour

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China, commercial capital and networks of trade

Lecture objectives:

To consider what forces drove the formation of a global system of trade andexchange?

To analyze how European trading powers engaged dominant states from theIndian Ocean to the Eastern Pacific?

China at the centre

China a major world power in 1500:

a population probably over 100 million

Land-based imperialism under the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

Influence over a vast ocean realm into the 15th Century

The Importance of Silver

European expansion for Asian connections?

Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean de Gama/ Indian Ocean (1497)

Portuguese armed trade disrupts existing networks

Portuguese seize important locations

Engage in spice trade to Europe and carrying trade between China and Japan

Challenges in the 17th Century

The importance of spices from India and South-East Asia

Trading post empire

Commercial outposts of a small group of traders and settlers along trade routes.

Territory seized for post, trade channelled to posts.

Bounded settlements, limited political reach.

A Pacific link emerges

Magellans circumnavigation (1519-1522)/ Balboa sights Pacific (1513)/ Spanishseize Manila (1571)

Global links of trade emerge:

Acapulco silver to Manila and traded for silks and spices and otherprecious cargo.

Silver traded to China for gold and goods.

Gold traded for goods in Asia and then shipped to Europe.

The challenge to Iberian powers

Dutch displace Portuguese (except at Goa and Macao) and establish control ofspice trade.

English encounter the Mughal Empire and local states in India and establishtrading posts.

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Advantages over Iberian powers in ship design and commercial organization:joint stock companies with broad powers.

Consequences?

Did trading-post imperialism provide a foothold for a broader-based Europeanimperialism?

Did the wealth generated in European overseas trade provide the foundations ofindustrial capitalism?

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The English East India Company and the transition to formal empire

Lecture objectives:

To analyze the operations of the English East India Company

To consider how political changes in south Asia and in Europe shaped the

territorial expansion of Company authority

The Companys origins:

Charter from Queen Elizabeth I, 1600

Granted exclusive trading rights east from the Cape of Good Hope to the Straits ofMagellan: Asia and Pacific

A response to Dutch initiatives.

Investors include Levant traders.

Why an exclusive charter? Whats in it for the merchants and investors? Whatsin it for the Crown?

Voyages/ CargoesDuration: there and back, 16 monthsHeavy loss of life: why?Cargoes:

Export : broadcloth (wool), metals, looking glasses, coral, ivory

Import : Spices

Indian textiles (Bengal, Coromandel Coast, Gujarat)

silks (from Iran)

coffee (Yemen)

Operating at a Distance:

The Board of Directors vs. distance

Moving from single voyage business to a joint stock organization (shareholdersand dividends)

The Presidency structure

Governor and Council

Company vs. Private interests

The country trade becomes legitimate, 1674 (almost)

Consolidating fortunes: both company and private

Geopolitical Change in South Asia and Europe

Instabilities in the Mughal realm, c. 1700 The rise of regional authorities

French-English rivalry played out on India soil

Battle of Plassey (1757): Clive defeats Nawab of Bengal.

The company becomes a ruler

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Connections and disconnections, c. 1750


To consider some cartographic representations of the world, c 1750

To ask what connections and disconnections had been struck at a global scale

from 1450 to 1750 To analyze critically the utility of the term globalization in the context of the

world, c. 1750

Show visuals from Guillaume de LislesAtlas Nouveau, published in 1742 by Covensand Mortier in Amsterdam. de Lisle was the first Royal Geographer of France (PremierGeographe du Roi)

Connections? Disconnections?

In what ways were different world regions more connected in 1750 than 1450?

How significant were new connections?

Can the processes of change be usefully described as globalization?Connections: travel/trade

Seaborne travel and trade transforms the circulation of people and goods.

Land-based travel remains difficult and expensive.

Evidence of trade connections: tea and sugar in English countryside diet/ SpanishAmerican silver in China/ Slave societies of the Caribbean clothed with cottonsfrom India.

Connections: Communications:

Oral culture remains dominant. But confronted increasingly by the power of thepress and printed word.

Many books in vernacular tongues: systematize national languages.

News broad sheets first appear in England in 1702. By 1753, 20,000 dailynewspapers being sold. Probably read by more than one person.

Imagined Communities? (Benedict Anderson)Disconnections:

Connections produce inequalities/ relative disconnections/ and foreclose otherkinds of connection.

Some parts of the world still largely disconnected from the global web:Australasia and Pacific Islands, parts of African interior, vast sections of Northand South America, northern sections of Eurasia.

Taking a step back: 18th C globalization?

Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question (2005): There are two problems withthe concept of globalization, first the global, and second the ization. (p. 91)

Concept emphasizes a single set of connections and a profound presentism: this isthe global age.

Coopers critique:

Political and economic relations at a global scale were highly uneven, lumpy.

Structures and networks penetrate certain places and do certain things with greatintensity, but their effects tail off elsewhere. (p. 92)

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Some kinds of interconnection stand alongside profound disconnections: Creolesocieties seek to separate politically from imperial powers, but claim status andauthority through cultural connections.

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Enclosures: property, people and power

Lecture objectives:

To consider how the privatization of common lands and the assault on custom inrural 18th C England commodified land and labour.

Definitions:

Enclosure : A legal process by which landed interests expropriated formerlycommon lands and converted them to private lands, fenced and developed forcommercial agriculture.

Commons : Lands held in common by rural peoples, which provided additionalresources to the family economy. Commons might include: open fields,woodlands, or marshes.

Forces of Change in the 18th C:

New transportation infrastructure: Turnpike roads, canals, and sea-based commerce.

Significance: Supports commercial interaction Links rural agriculture to urban demand Creates more standardized prices over distance

Agricultural Improvement:

A movement amongst the landed classes to improve yields

Promotes changes in agricultural techniques: New crop mixtures, systems of rotation and fertilizers

Enclosure:

Legal process required landowners to apply to Parliament to enclosecommons on their land.

Uneven application across England: Some areas had long been subject to intensive commercial

agriculture. Different effects north and south. Outer regions affected somewhat later: Scotland and the Highland

Clearances

Class Consequences

Landowners: increased rents; increased value of land.

Commercial farmers: more land for commercial operations; greater accessto pasture; possibility to introduce improvements.

Small holders, farm labourers, rural poor: lost access to commons; greaterreliance on wages; lost traditional rights; becoming a rural collective ofwage earners.

Reactions to Enclosure:

The rural poor protest:

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Direct action to break physical enclosures

Poaching, illegal subsistence

Violence and threat of violence, machine breaking

Survival strategies:

Wage labour Putting-out system

Out-migration

Poor laws (Speenhamland, 1795) Subsidizes rural wages to subsistence Therefore also a subsidy to commercial farmers Depends on parish for administration

Consequences:

Transforms rural life and agricultural mode of production.

Makes a more flexible and commercial agricultural sector.

Provides impetus to commercial market in land.

Creates a rural wage-earning class with few options but to sell labour.

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Industrialization: Cotton, Lancashire and the World

Lecture objectives:

To consider the term industrial revolution: its origins and meanings.

To analyze the place of cotton in English industrial change.

To consider the global linkages shaping English industrialization.Industrial ? Revolution?

Origins of the term

Blanqui, 1837/ Toynbee, late 19th C

Pollard: By general consent, the term has come to be applied to particularchanges in industrial structure and technology, together with changes in otheraspects of social life.

Fores: A myth: virtually useless for serious debate.

Competing terms: proto-industrialization, industrious revolutions (De Vries)Why England?

The first industrial nation

England as the workshop of the worldWhy Cotton?

Important commodity in industrial growth

Cotton textiles a primary British export

Closely associated with emergence of a factory system and regional growth

Cotton helps us to see British industrialization in its global setting

The expansion in textiles:

Contributing factors:

Background of woolen trades and textiles in northern England and

Scotland. Rising consumption of Indian textiles: produces a market.

Mercantile strategies of the British state: ban imports of Indian cottongoods (1707); overseas markets in the empire.

Investment in industrial capacity.

Mechanization.

An available pool of free labour.Advances in weaving and spinning technologies

Mechanization breaks bottle-necks between spinning and weaving.

Shift from cottage production to factory system increases output.

Water and steam power provide industrial drive.At the center: Manchester

A new Hades (de Tocqueville)

Sublime as Niagara (Carlyle)

The birth place of the English proletariat (Engels)

Population change:

1773: 24,000> 1851: 250,000 (a ten-fold increase)

By 1850, 2/3rds of Manchester residents over 20yrs born elsewhere.

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Consequences for workers:

Time, work discipline and industrial capitalism (E.P. Thompson)

Re-location/ workers housing

Age and gender in work

Making a working class

English textiles and global linkages

Cotton, war and imperialism

Shocks in the international system reverberate through the commodity chain

By late 1850s US supplies 77 % of British raw cotton demand

1860-1864 US Civil War disrupts cotton production in the South

Cotton famine leads to search for new cotton production sources:

Egypt, India and Brazil

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Steam power and commodity circulation

Lecture objectives:

To outline the connections between coal, steam power and railways.

To analyze the development of railroad systems and their geographical effects.

To consider how railroads structured human-environment relations in new ways.Before railroads: turnpikes and canals

Steam engine development

Early 18th Century: Newcomen engine

Boiler underneath cylinder; steam condensed in cylinder

A stationary engine

Steam power and mining

Steam engines used to pull wagons out of the pits, to ventilate and extract water.

Wooden coal wagons run on tracks.

Changes to steam engines produce mobility by c.1800

1820s-30s first lines service mining areas for coal exportEarly railroads: experimentalPassenger lines: the shock of the newSpace-time compression

Phase 1: experimentation and growth (1830-1860)

A North Atlantic Hub

Connecting urban networks

US development railroadsPhase 2: a spreading web of steel (1860-1914)

Technological diffusion

Railways and industrialization

Backward linkages Coal Iron, steel Machine industries

Railways and imperialismRe-structuring the environment for rail travelAn agent and artery of environmental change

Refrigeration: another aspect of space-time compression

Changing environmental perceptions

Eliminating Night and Seasons

Participant to Spectator

Landscape as panorama

Sun Time to Standard Time

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London time (1847-48)

North American standard time (1883)Steam at Sea

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Speaking in code: expanding communications linkages

Lecture objectives:

To consider the speed of communication before the electrical telegraph

To analyze how telegraph systems emerged and spread internationally.

To consider the effects of telegraphs on the distribution and channeling ofinformation.

Before the electric telegraph

Optical telegraph

Semaphore

Signal fires

Direct contact: The mails, turnpike roads, animals and ships

Overseas communication: take the Northwest Pacific Coast, for example

1830: over 6 months

London to York Factory (Hudson Bay), overland to Fort Vancouver(Oregon); not much shorter by sea.

1860: 1.5 months primarily by sea:

London to Panama (across the isthmus by rail) to San Francisco toVictoria.

Why would a more rapid transmission of information be useful? To whom?

What is an electric telegraph?

Definition:

An electrified system of long distance communication

Wires carried the current along a network of wooden poles.

Provided a signal of on or offSamuel Morse: Early experimentation: What hath God wrought? is the text of the firstsuccessful message between Washington DC and Baltimore , 1844

The expansion of the telegraph

Expansion on land:

Railroad articulation

Commercial uses: Prices, Commercial Information

Military considerations

The Northwest Coast

The San Francisco to Siberia Line

1861: the first US transcontinental telegraph

1865: New Westminster to Quesnel (400 miles in 3 months)

1866: Line went north to the Skeena River

Stopped because of transatlantic cable success

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Expansion at sea:

1858 First transatlantic cable attempt

1866 first working submarine cable across Atlantic

Submarine cables required insulation around the wire and reinforcing wire

to protect the cable from currents and other factors.Imperialism:

Military and strategic significance

Implications for command

Intercontinental lines

The British line to India

The political difficulties of land transmission

Under water cable, 1870: control

Technology and imperialism

Governor General Dalhousie writes in an 1854 letter after the completion of theCalcutta-Bombay telegraph: what a political reinforcement it is!

William P. Andrew,Memoir of the Euphrates Valley Route to India (1857): Therailway and the telegraph are the pioneers of enlightenment and advancement; itis theirs to span the gulf between barbarism and civilization

How did the telegraph change perceptions of space, time and information?

Innis, the Bias of Communication

McLuhan, the Medium is the Message: We shape tools and then our tools shape

us.

Modern news; the Hemingway style

The internet? Cell phones? Twitter?

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Demographic Change

Learning Objectives:

To analyze how demographic patterns changed in industrializing societies.

To consider the factors that drove changes.

Defining Demographic Transition:

A process characterized first by a decline in death rates (leading to a rapid growthin population) and later a fall in birth rates (at which point population growthslows).

Demographic transition modelCounting People: Some approximations

Variations at national, regional and local scales

How do we know what we know?

World Population

Year Asia Eup USSR Africa Americas Oceania World

1750 500 111 35 104 18 3 771

1850 790 209 79 102 59 2 1,241

European populations in millions

Country 1750 1850

England 5.7 16.5 (2.89)

Germany 15 27 (1.8)

France 25 35.8 (1.43)

Life expectancy in two countries

Country c.1750 c.1850

England 37 40

France 28 40

Life expectancy in two casesEngland, 1541-1871:

Survival time ranged from:41.7 years (in 1581-85) to a low of 27.8 years (in 1561-65).Average for entire period: 35.5 years

France, 1740-1790:Survival time ranged between24 and 28 years (for males), and 26 and 30 years (for females)By the mid-19th Century, survival rates for both men and women

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reached over 40 years for most western European countries.

Thomas Malthus

Population growth tends to outstrip growth of food production

Populations must suffer periodic mortality increases in the absence of virtuous

preventative checks because of declining living standards. Positive checks: Famine, Disease, and War

Preventative checks: Abstinence, and Delayed Marriage

Assumptions of Malthus model:

The dynamics of a primarily agrarian society, in terms of :

population characteristics

The prevailing food production system, including the crops grown

patterns of mobility and migration

Change agents:

Nuptial (ie marriage) patterns:

Some argue that a decrease in the age at marriage allowed for anexpansion in the number of births.

Mainly applicable to the English case. English womens age at marriagedecreased from about 26 (1750) to 23.5 (1850)

Earlier marriage= increased possibility of number of births over life cycle=fertility increase

Changing infant mortality patterns

In pre-industrial regime, families might expect 1/3 to of their children to die ininfancy.

After 1750, more infants survive.

In a cross-section sample of English parishes with records, the crude infantmortality rate decreased

1750: 124 per one thousand

1850: 113 per one thousand

Mortality decline

Why do people live longer?

Food and resources New crops (e.g., potatoes)

Decline in frequency and intensity of famines (despite high profile

counter-examples, ie Irish famine of 1845-1849) Health and prevention

Sanitation Sewerage construction, improvement of water supplies and

housing reform London receives water filtration, 1829; Sewerage, 1858.

The rise of germ theory

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Particular organisms cause particular diseases. (Pasteur/Koch1870s/1880s).

Focussed attention on germs themselves and carriers (rats,mosquitoes, etc.)

Changes in private behaviour: bathing becomes more frequent

Disease prevention Surveillance and control: quarantine

Public health authorities promote compulsory mass immunization.

Control of plague: vaccination for small pox available at end of 18th C

Towards the improvement of urban life?

Towards a new demographic regime

By end of 19th C: shifts in demographic patterns begin to occur in industrializedcountries.

Number of children families choose to bear decreases.

Cost of child-rearing in industrial societies was very important in this. Mortality rates decline as fertility begins to decrease

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Urban Growth

Lecture Objectives:

To consider the scope of urbanization in the nineteenth century world, and someof its driving forces.

To examine the expansion of Chicago and consider the importance of urban-hinterland connections.

The pre-industrial city:

Before the industrial period, cities were not often large.

Demographic black holes.

In 1750, only a handful of cities around the world had a population of half amillion or more: Edo (Tokyo), Paris and London.

Industrialization and urbanization:

Agricultural change

Labour mobility/ migration New energy sources/ mechanization

Changing modes of transportation/ communications

The sanitary imperative

Demographic change

Urban growth in the long nineteenth century

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Within emerging railroad system, Chicago is positioned advantageously: betweenwestern and northern hinterlands and eastern markets.

Urban functions:

Chicago emerges:

as a major warehousing, trans-shipment and trading center

as a center of finance as an industrial city, handling raw commodities and processing them for

export, building farm equipment

Settling the middle west

Prairie hinterland settled with Chicago as an organizing center

Agricultural landscape is partitioned : land bounded into property units andfenced into fields: prairie > agricultural production zone

Until 1850, wheat shipped in sacks. Each farmers wheat could be identified

Industrialization affects the wheat trade

1850s: steam-powered grain elevators transform grain marketing

1850s Chicago Board of Trade measures by weight, not volume; universalgrading standards developed

1853-1856 volume of wheat shipped through Chicago triples

Wheat trade and finance capital

Elevator receipts can be retained, or traded

By 1860s: Futures market develops to trade these grain receipts

Traders speculate on grain prices

distant traders could buy receipts because of trust in the system

price information comes quickly because of telegraph

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A new culture of imperialism?

Lecture objectives:

To describe the scope of late 19th C British imperialism at a global scale

To identify what industrial factors strengthened imperialism

To consider the new place of science in imperialism To analyze the culture of imperialism

Defining Imperialism

At some very basic level, imperialism means thinking about, settling on,controlling land that you do not possess, that is distant, that is lived on and ownedby others. For all kinds of reasons it attracts some people and often involvesuntold misery for others.-(Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism)

Imperialism and industrialism

Space-time compression

A growing weapons gap Artillery and gunboats

Some military consequences

Of new artillery

Beyond Europe: weapons gap Eg, Battle of Obdurman (1898)

Within Europe: weapons race

Of gunboats

Asserting British power abroad

Eg, The GunboatNemesis (1840-42) Exploring the African interior

Imperialism and ScienceGreen imperialism?Coping with the killing tropics

Green Inperialism

Kew GardensStarts 1772Sir Joseph Banks1841- A national institutionAn international network of collectors

A center of calculation (Latour)

Tropical disease: malaria

Chinchona bark

Extraction: Quinine

By mid-19th C seeds smuggled and dispersed in imperial plantations around theworld

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Contending discourses of imperialism

Scientific racism

Proponents conceive a sharp divide between races based on phenotypicalfeatures

Produces a sense of racial superiority

Salvation and civilizing mission Civilizing mission: impose a benevolent order on savagery

An expanding missionary impulse: In the last 25 yrs of the 19th C, the Bible is translated into 120

languages

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The British Raj

Lecture objectives:

To analyze the expansion of British imperialism in South Asia after 1850 and itscauses

To consider some of the ideologies and spatial practices deployed by the Britishto assert their rule

The end of company rule

Changing aspects of British involvement.

The loss of company monopoly

The increasing role of the British state

The search for unified sovereignty in the early 19th C

Territorial expansion

The fortunes of war Inheritance practices and lapsed states

The pre-text of mis-government

Technologies of empire

The railroad

The telegraph and the submarine cable (1865)

Steam powered ocean travel

A postal system (penny post, 1854)

1857: watershed

The Indian Mutiny/ The First War of Indian Independence

Triggers:

Animal grease and bullets

The military revolt

The revolt widens Uncoordinated, stronger in north, a mass movement in Oudh

The loyal and the disloyal

Broader causes:

Cultural policies

Land assessments

Degradation of landed elites

Imperial hierarchy/ lack of consultative structure in governance

Outcomes: the Raj

1858 Government of India Act: transfers authority from East India Company toBritish Crown

Establishes Viceroy as supreme authority in India, as well as advisorycouncils.

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Elaboration of bureaucracy and technical system of control.

Princely states bound to authority of Raj 1/3 of Indians under indirect rule until independence.

Outcomes: the military

Military policy

Scientific racism and military recruitment Re-organizing regional/ethnic armies

Increasing British presenceOutcomes: settlements

Colonial cities: metaphors of the Raj

Shaped by fear and racial ideologies

Making settler space

Civil lines bound Br settlements

Cantonments house Br soldiers

Grids and modern services typify Br sections of cities

In mountainous areas, hill stations establishedOutcomes: Ordering India

Imperial authority studies, orders, and produces Indian human geography

The Survey of India est 1878

The Census of India est 1872

Peoples of India (published in 1868)

Caste and photography

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Settlement Colonialism: New Zealand

Lecture objectives:

To consider the patterns and processes of settler colonialism

To consider the environmental transformations that accompanied Anglo-European

settlement in New Zealand

Aotearoa

A zone of Polynesian Colonization, circa 1200

Pre-contact population: 100- 500,000

Denser settlement on the North Island

A Terra Incognita of Europe

Early encounters

Whalers 1790s-1820s massive slaughter of seals and whales

Interlopers

Lumbering for kauri trees

Traders, guns, axes

Missionaries (after 1814)

Resettlement

Pressures on the British govt to extend authority over New Zealand in late 1830s.

Colonization, 1840: 2, 000 Pakeha settlers, numbers would increase rapidly over

the decades Treaty of Waitangi (1840)

Treaty terms

The difficulties of interpretation

Three broad elements:

Ceding Sovereignty

Crown holds exclusive right to purchase land; Maori maintain full rightsof ownership over lands forests, and fisheries in their possession

Maori granted rights and privileges of British subjectsDemographic change

Disease spreads amongst Maori and population drops. Diseases include: scrofula, tuberculosis, veneral diseases, and measles

Maori populations (estimates and census figures)1840:100-120,0001857: 56,0001896: 42,0001981: 280,000

Demographic change: Pakeha

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1860 European population surpasses Maori for the first time

1861-64 Gold rush, non-Maori population almost doubles

99,000-171,000

1881: 500,000 Pakeha

Environmental change Fauna: One mammal before human colonization: a bat

Polynesian islanders bring rats and dogs

Maori hunt large land birds; burn and cultivate the land

Flora: 89% of NZ native flora is exclusive to it.

Joseph Banks could identify only 14 of the first 400 plants he collected in NewZealand

Ecological Invasions

30 species of mammals introduced post-European encounter

Enter new ecological niches

No mammalian predators + food supply in grasslands and forests= animalpopulation explosions

Mammals become predators of native birds. At least 45 bird species becomeextinct

Mammals browse selectively and alter native plant communities.

Flora spread over the land as well

Commercialization

The land converted to commodity production

Extraction:

Gold rushes Lumbering

Cultivation and Pastoralism:

The wheat trade

Sheep

Normalization: Landscape

Deer: a gentle society of the south

Birds: the familiar sounds of home

But also fish for game

H Guthrie Smith:

A virgin countryside cannot be restocked; the vicissitudes of its pioneers cannot be re-enacted; its invasion by alien plants, animals and birds cannot be resuscitatedthe wordsterra incognita have been expunged from the map of little New Zealand

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Tutira, the Story of a New Zealand Sheep Station, (1921)

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The Scramble for Africa

Lecture objectives

To consider the contest for imperial territory in Africa in the late nineteenthcentury

To analyze the factors shaping that contest To consider some of the outcomes of the scramble

What precipitated the Scramble?

Economic motivations?

Raw material supplies palm oil, groundnuts, gold, timber, ivory, cotton

Export markets

Lenin on Imperialism

The importance of surplus capital seeking an outletThe scramble as an outgrowth of European politics

Tensions arise in the European state system

defeat of France by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71),Unification of Germany (1871), Unification of Italy.

An amplified nationalism drives imperial adventures

Overseas colonies become a marker of national statusThe Scramble

In the early 1880s, a series of imperial claims placed in West and Central Africaby European powers.

British imperialists shocked by the entrance of new players (eg, Germany)Developing rules

The military risks of European competition in Africa The Berlin conference 1884-1885

Convened to determine rules for the assumption of imperial territories inAfrica

All major European states represented

No Africans presentThe Berlin rules

Claimants must inform other powers to allow for counter-claims

Claims must be followed by effective occupation

Treaties with African rulers should be judged to be legitimate documentsassigning territorial sovereignty

Coastal locations could be extended inland

Niger and Congo rivers should be free for navigationHow to acquire an African empire

Treaties signed (sometimes by coercive means) with indigenous authorities

Bi-lateral treaties signed in Europe, by which competing European powersrecognize one anothers claims

Occupation

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Responding to the scramble

Ambivalence

Christian-educated elites in West Africa

Rulers seeking military alliances against enemies

Rulers exposed to the full force of European military power

Military defense Most pronounced in Muslim North Africa

Most pronounced in Areas of French annexationConsequences: 3 regional patterns

West Africa: indigenous farmers grow cash crops for global market (groundnuts,cotton, palm oil, cocoa, etc.), shipped out from ports by European merchants

Congo Basin: European concession owning companies establish extractiveindustries with forced labor

East and South Africa: European settlers establish mines and farms, with Africanlabor procured through taxes

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East Asia, Imperial Encounters and Modernity

Lecture objectives:

To examine the course of western encroachment on Chinese trade and territory inthe nineteenth century

To consider the conflicts and consequences of semi-colonialism in China To place the Chinese experience in comparative perspective

Limits on European trade in China before the industrial age

Main European traders Portuguese and Spanish (16th C) Dutch (17th C) British (18th C)

Southern points of contact

Canton (Guangzhou)

Macao

Constraints on traders Place of residence (Guangzhou), duration of visits

The missionary presence (Jesuits)

British-Chinese trade

18th C: A meeting of monopolies

English East India Company and the Co-Hong (official merchant guild ofGuangzhou)

New patterns of British demand

Traditional Chinese exports remain popular (Porcelains, silks)

But a consumer revolution opens the way for new products

The tea tradeBritish demand for Chinese tea soars in the 18th CWhy? What is the significance for China and Britain?

1684 : 5 chests

1720 : 400,000 lbs

1800 : 23,000,000 lbs

By 1800 Britain accounted for 1/7th of the demand for tea in China

Taxes on tea amounted to 1/10th of Chinese state revenues, c. 1800

The Opium Problem Chinese authorities wished to restrict and control opium trade

Costly drain on silver from the economy

Costly drain on society from addiction

British hold different aims

Greater freedom from taxation

Greater capacity to move and trade within China

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Direct diplomatic missions

Opium war and consequences

The Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Chinese cover Br war costs

Co-Hong dismantled Five treaty ports opened to British:

Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai

Tariff fixed at 5%

Extraterritorality clause British in China subject to British law

Most-favoured nation clause

British obtain lease on Hong KongSemi-colonialism?

Anglo-French expedition (1860) occupies Beijing

Leads to concessions of 14 new treaty ports

By end of century, more treaty ports added and areas within ports ceded to foreignpowers

Western powers enjoy much wider liberties within China

A shaken dynasty

Domestic dissent de-stabilized Qing dynasty

Peasant revolts

Religious movements

Taiping rebellion (1850-1864) Estimates of 20 million dead

Self-strengthening

1860s-1870s prominent officials argue for the adoption of western technologies inindustry and military

A limited technology transfer begins:

China Merchants Steam Navigation Company (1872)

Telegraph network (1879); Railroad line linking coal mines and port ofTianjin (1880)

Why did industry not develop faster?

Resistance within the state

Unequal treaties meant that cheap foreign manufactured goods undermineddomestic development

Widespread opposition to railroads cutting across settled areas

Challenges to Qing Power

Sino-Japanese war (1894)

Japan provokes war over influence in Korea

China cedes Liaodong and Taiwan

Pays fine

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Allows Japan to establish factories in China

Boxer rebellion : A Xenephobic critique of foreign influence

Attacks on missionaries and Christian converts

Qing empress dowager Cixi lends support

Foreign forces seize Beijing Massive financial penalties imposed

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A world in Fragments

Lecture objectives:

To consider the contours of the First World War and modernity

To evaluate the wars political geography

To examine the different landscapes of war

Background pointers

Alliances : a complex diplomatic system

Britain, France and Russia, (and later) Italy, Japan and the United States

Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

Tensions : national rivalries

Br and German rivalry

Contest for authority in the Balkans

Fronts : West, East, South

How did warfare reflect and transform modern experience?

Space-time compression

Communications and war

The telegraph and the front

The telegraph and the homefront

Movement of goods and people

Railroads and ocean transport

Total war

Building state capacity

Secular authority versus the Old Order

Citizenship and national belonging Mobilization

Fighting forces

Materials and supplies

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The geopolitics of the peace

To analyze the reconstruction of political geography after the First World War

To consider the important elements of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919

Traditional geopolitics : The search for the geographical mainsprings of politics

Term coined in 1899 by Swedish geographer Rudolf Kjellen

Contemporary geopolitics :

the hierarchical character of states within a global order

links between the economy and geopolitics

the meanings of geopolitical ideas and assumptions

Wars end: Towards Versailles

The war unwinds:

Mutinies and social disorder

An Armistice, November 11, 1918

An Accounting

The role of the United States

Wilson and the Fourteen Points14 pointsPrinciples present undefined possibilities:

V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, basedupon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of

sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with theequitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

Paris 1919

Capital of the world

The staging of world politics

Representing power

Reorganizing political geography

What could and could not happen in Paris?

Working against the clock?

The military and financial settlement Weakening German industry and military capacity

German military limited to 100,000

Germany had to hand over merchant fleet to the allies, build ships for theallies for five years, provide coal for France, Belgium and Italy and payfor the military occupation of the Rhineland

Reparations:

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final settlement in 1921: 32 billion marks or about $500 million USdollars.

League of Nations

Promoted by Wilson in particular

Would oversee international disputes

Negotiations would be public US Congress failed to approve the League

Territorial Outcomes

Trimming borders

Carving up empires

Creating new states

Prohibiting states (Austrian-German union)

Diplomacy/national lobbies/plebiscites

The tangle of language/ethnicity and nationalism

The Long viewExcept for the territorial clauses, nothing was left of the Treaty of Versailles by the mid-1930s.- Eric Hobsbawm

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A Second Industrial Revolution


To analyze the diffusion of industry in the late nineteenth century

To consider the new forms of energy and materials applied in industry

To consider the social consequences of technological change

War and industryThe sheer massiveness of the destruction of the First World War was in large partattributable to the power of the new technology: steel, chemicals, high explosives, barbedwire, internal combustion engines, mass productionthe nightmare of 1914-1918reflects the achievements of the previous decades faithfully. Joel Mokyr

Industrialization: A second wave

Russia and Japan spurred to organize industry after 1850

A different industrial structure emerges

External sources of capital and expertise important

New energy converters, sources and networks

Electric turbines: coal and hydro

Large Technological Systems (Hughes)

Generation, Transmission, Distribution

Internal combustion engines: petroleum

Changes in the production process: factories

The American System of Manufacturing: interchangeable parts

The role of electricity: drive, lighting, space

Towards assembly lines: de-skilling labour?

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Land and Life under Communism

To what extent did the drive for rural collectivization in the USSR in the 1930sdemonstrate the assumptions and practices of authoritarian high modernism?

High modernism:

A strong version of the beliefs in scientific and technical progress that were associatedwith industrialization in Western Europe and North America from roughly 1830 untilWorld War I. (Scott, Seeing Like a State)

High modernists:Assumed the virtues of:

continued linear progress,

development of scientific and technical knowledge,

expansion of production,

rational design of the social order, growing satisfaction of human needs,

and, not least, an increasing control over nature (including human nature).

Authoritarian high modernism*Regimes adopting AHM principles applied the full powers of the state to order natureand society.

*In a range of destabilized states in the 20th C, a weakened civil society had difficultyresisting.

War communism: war, revolution and civil warThe assault on private property: theory and practiceFirst stage:

Nationalization under war communism

The New Economic Policy

Temporary restoration of market economy

Small businesses returned

Peasants can sell surplus

Electrification

Communism equals Soviet power plus electrification (Lenin)

The first state economic plan

Stalins Five-Year PlanA Program of industrialization

-Focus on heavy industry not consumer goods-Magnitogorsk

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Communism in the countrysideIdeology: the Peasant Question

Peasants: A sack of potatoes? Kulaks?

Alternative Visions: Chayonov on the Theory of Peasant Economy

Collectivization Mechanization for efficiency and scale Rid the countryside of anti-revolutionary Kulaks

Resistance and violence

Forms of resistance

Procurement: for the cities

The 1932 famine

Centralized Control and the legibility of collective farms

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Land and life under capitalism: The Great Depression and the dust bowl

The Dust Bowl:

What, Where, When?

A geographical imaginary

One dust bowl or many?

A periodic event?

A periodic event made worse by agricultural practices and the conditions ofsettlement?

Before the Dust

Land settlement policies

US Homestead Act (1862; 1909)

160 acres grants conditional on improvement, habitation (5 yrs) and filingfee.

1909: 320 acre grants available

An efficient land disposal system but what were the risks in terms of landstewardship?

The great plow up

Market demand drives expansion

Rising grain prices in 1910s

Wheat prices increase 2 times over course of WWI

In 1919 38% more wheat was grown than annual average form 1909-1913

Mechanization, cropping and tillage (dry-farming)

Towards the depression

1920s: A weakening international market in agricultural goods

A cost-price squeeze emerges

1929 changes in the economy generally signal problems for agriculture

Environmental and social change

The storms come

Drought conditions arrive with sharp effects starting in 1932.

Lower than usual precipitation, high winds, and grass hoppers

Coping strategies

Family strategies (single men move on), families move on, charity and localcommunity organizations

The new deal in agriculture

Supply management: pay farmers to take land out of production

Varied effects on small and large landholders, as well as tenants

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Land Management

Soil Conservation

Water development (irrigation)

Resettlement

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Water, dams and modernity

The RiverDocumentary Screening

About the Film

Written and directed by Pare Lorentz Commissioned by the US governments Farm Security Administration to

publicize New Deal

Offers a complex rationale for the importance of the Tennessee Valley Authority(1933).

Why a river?

Mississippi encompassed different regions, overlapping land and water uses

The problems of the Mississippi could serve as a metaphor for the nation

TVA suggested a hopeful response to the misery of the depression years

TVA represented a modern reconstruction of landscape against a wasteful past

Questions to consider while watching

How does the language of the film help to drive its narrative?

Are there villains in the piece?

How are people represented?

How does the film deal with racial politics? Gender divisions? Class andregional differences?

How is the river represented?

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The Second World War as a Global Event

Lecture objectives:

To examine the spatial reach of modern warfare

To consider the logistical challenges of world war

To analyze the reconstruction of civilian life on homefronts

The Peace rejected

The rise of Nazi Germany

Nazi expansion

The failures of collective security and appeasement

East Asia and a militant Japan

An expansionist militarism

Japanese incursions in Manchuria (1931), and China (1937)

Pan-Asianism

2 circuits of war

Circuit 1) Europe/North Africa

Nazi Germany and the Battle of Europe

Nazi Germany strikes east, June 1941

Circuit 2) East Asia and the Pacific

Japanese expansion in Asia

Japan attacks US, Dec 1941

Circuits unravel

Containing Nazi Germany

Containing Japan

The scope of global war

Spatial scope:

Eurocentric war to global war

Sites and fronts of conflict expand

Technologies of war reframe geopolitics

Wars effects felt on distant sources of supply

Logistical scope

Problems of distance, resources and technology

Expansionist battle strategies would be shaped partly by geopoliticalconsiderations

New technologies condition the geography of war: tanks, air forces,bombing campaigns, the nuclear bomb

The human scope

New strategies of war and technologies of warfare affect more civilians

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Whereas about 9 million died in WWI, between 50 and 70 million died in WWII.

Total war engages homefronts

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War and Peripheries

Lecture Objectives:

To consider the extent to which world war integrated distant peripheries intomodern, industrial societies

Peripheries: a descriptive term used to denote areas distant from and dependent oncenters of social, economic and political power (core regions)

Integrating peripheries: why?

To supply food and materials

To provide strategic positions

To solidify territorial claims and to defend themThe location of US troops in 1945: one indicator of strategic peripheries

Some immediate consequences:

The rapid integration of distant regions into networks of modern industrialtransportation and communications

The commodification of resources and the integration of markets The imposition of a new political geography

Resource peripheriesIntegrating supply regions: railroad, shipping, defenseThe transportation problems of war and peripheriesWar drives development and resource integration

Strategic Periphery:

Pacific war, Alaskan isolation and air routes

Close Canadian-American alliance

Permanent Joint Board of Defense (1940)

Integrating the periphery

Transportation (Alcan highway)

Supplies (Canol Pipeline)

Military Occupation

Integration and its effects

Local environmental and social change

Integration into the continental resource economy

Integration into the social and political geography of the nation state

Surveying the new northwest

The Arctic Survey and American interests

Towards the cold war: a militarized north

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Wars End

Lecture Objectives:

To consider the political geography of the world, c. 1945

To explore several dimensions of regional change

To analyze the growth of international institutions

Framing the post-war: Europe

Wartime power politics

Yalta and the big three (1945): Dismembering Germany Planning a for a Soviet role against Japan Calculating realms of influence

The limits of diplomacy

The importance of territorial control: Red Army was on the outskirts of Berlin during conference

VE day, May 8, 1945: A re-divided Europe

A continent on the move

People more than borders moved after WWII: displaced persons and refugees

An ethnicization of states

Ethnic minorities were repatriated

Jews fled west to Germany

New regimes displaced ethnic Germans

Allied armies sought to cope with the tide of humanity

Beyond Europe: Re-inventing states South Asia

The consequences of British weakness in India

Wartime politics and post-war uncertainties

Divisions within

East Asia

The road to civil war in China

US-led Japanese reconstruction

Framing the post-war

International institutions

The American role

Bretton Woods (1944) Rules for currency conversion at fixed but adjustable rates International Monetary Fund est. to cover short-term balance-of-

payment problems

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WorldBank)

National controls on capital flows retained

The United Nations (1945)

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Geog 121 2010 Lecture Outlines

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