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GEOG 240Topic 8 - Resource Development & Environment in Asia
Francis YeeCamosun College
Outline
I. Natural ResourcesII. Energy DevelopmentIII. Environmental FutureIV. Resource and Industrial
Development in Japan
A What are Natural Resources?“bio-physical environment which
humans value & benefit from”
What are the natural resources available for these villagers?
Village on the Mekong River in Myanmar (Photo by F. Yee, 2005)
Reserves
•the portion of resources that are geologically identified, technological feasible, economic viable, and socially acceptable.
B. Characteristics: Types of Resources
•Renewable Resource – can regenerate after being used (up to its sustainable limit) e.g. forestry, fishery
•Non-renewable Resource – no longer available after it’s depleted, e.g. minerals
Grassland in Tibet (photo by F. Yee, 2006)
Grasslands: a renewable or
non-renewable resource?
2. Ownership and sustainability
Ownership – private, public, or communal
Carrying capacity - sustain # of people per unit of land varied according to resource endowment and technology
Sustainability - pessimistic Vs. optimistic views on the sustainability of resources
3. . Resource Endowment in Asia•Population density: 1.5 times > global
average•Fresh water availability: lowest amongst
all regions•Per capita biologically productive area:
60% of global average•Per Capita arable land: 80% of global
average•Energy Resource: small global share
4. Rising Consumption of Materials
•60% of world total and grew at 6% p.a. (1% p.a. in the rest of the world)
•Materials included biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, industrial and construction minerals
II. Energy – production & consumptionA. Types of Energy SourcesB. ReservesC. ProductionD. Consumption
A. Types of Energy Sources
Energy Sources
Non-renewable Renewable
Fossil Fuels Nuclear
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Wind Solar Hydro Geothermal
B. Energy Reserves in Asia Pacific – small share of world reserves
1.4 1.4
1314.8
1.13.7
1
7.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Oil Gas Coal Hydro
% o
f W
orld
Res
erve
s
Fossil Fuels
% Share of World Energy Reserves in Asia Pacific, 2005
SE Asia
E Asia
Source: UNESCAP 2008.
Oil Reserves: small world share (China & SE Asia dominated)
16.3
4.3 4.23.3
1.10.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
China Indonesia Malaysia Viet Nam Brunei Thailand
# of
bill
ion
barr
els
Countries
Oil Reserves in Asia Pacific, 2005
Source: UNESCAP 2008.
Coal Reserves (122 billion tons): China has the lion’s share
114.5
5.0 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Co
al (
Billio
n to
ns)
Countries
Coal Reserves in Asia Pacific 2005
Source: UNESCAP 2008.
C. Primary Energy Production: <1/4 of world
Rest of World77%
E Asia17%
SE Asia5%
World Engergy Production, 2008 (Total=12.4 billion tons of oil equivalent)
Source: UNESCAP 2011
2. Energy Production Growth in Asia: higher than world average
E Asia SE Asia World Mongolia China Myanmar0
20
40
60
80
100
120
76
38
24
103
88
50
Energy Production Growth in Asia 2000-2008
Region/Country
Pro
du
cti
on
Gro
wth
Rate
s (%
)
Source: UNESCAP 2011
3. Primary Energy Production by Fuel Types – large share in solid fuels but low in liquid or gaseous fuels as compared to the world average
Primary Energy Production by Fuels in Asia-Pacific & World, 2005
68
4
1012
6
-
30
4
27
31
7
0-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Solid(Commercial)
Electricity Gaseous Liquid Solid (Non-comm.)
Biogas
Fuel Types
% o
f T
ota
l
Asia Pacific
World
Source: UNESCAP 2008
4. Energy Types in Sub-Regions: dominated by solid fuels in E. Asia but more diversified in SE Asia
Primary Energy Production in East Asia 2005 (Total =1.9 million kiloton of oil equivalent)
Solid (Commercial)80%
Electricity5%
Gaseous3%
Liquid 9%
Solid (Non-comm.)3%
Source: UNESCAP 2008.
Primary Energy Production by Fuels in SE Asia, 2005 (Total = 0.6 million kiloton oil equivalent)
Solid (Commercial)24%
Electricity1%
Gaseous35%
Liquid 21%
Solid (Non-comm.)19%
Source: UNESCAP 2008
5. Nuclear energy – 112 nuclear reactors (+37 in construction) in Asia-Pacific producing 1/5 of world production
Rest of World; 341
Japan; 54
China; 11
S. Korea; 20
Taiwan; 6
Nuclear Reactors in E & SE Asia 2011 (20% of world total)
Source: World Nuclear Association
D. Energy Consumption in Asia: small share of world
E Asia15%
S E Asia3%
Rest of World82%
Global Share of Energy Con-sumption, 2008
Source: UNESCAP 2011
2. Per Capita Energy Consumption: ¼ of the level in core countries
North America
E Asia SE Asia World Japan China Cambodia0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000 7539
1873
911
1824
3918
1593
378
Per Capita Energy Comsumption in Asia, 2008
Regions/Countries
Kg.
of
Oil
equ
ivale
nt
Source: unescap 2011
3. Energy Consumption Growth Rate: higher than world average
World E Asia S E Asia Japan China Cambodia
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
1.4
5.2
2.4
-0.6
8
2.1
Per Capita Energy Consumption Growth Rates , 2000-2008
Regions/Countries
Aver
age
Annu
al G
row
th R
ate
(%)
Source: UNESCAP 2011
China’s Energy & Economy:
•growth rates of energy use now outruns economic growth
5. Self-Sufficiency: large variations in Asia with both energy surplus (produced more than consumed) and energy deficient (consumed more than produced) countries
Japan S. Korea China Brunei Malaysia Indonesia
(500)
(400)
(300)
(200)
(100)
-
100
200
(419)
(195) (185)
17 18
147
Energy Trade Balance in Selected Asian Countries 2008
CountriesEn
erg
y S
urp
lus/
Defi
cit
(m
illi
on
to
ns
of
oil
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Source: UNESCAP 2011.
III. Environmental Future
A. Resource DepletionB. Ecological FootprintC. Pollution and Climate ChangeD. Energy PolicyE. Public Awareness
A. Resource Depletion: short life span for fossil fuels
12 14
41 4235
63
49
26
147
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
# of
Yea
rs o
f Res
erve
Oil Gas Coal
Fossil Fuels
Years of Reserves (Ratio of Reserves to Production), 2005
E Asia
SE Asia
World
Source: UNESCAP
B. Per Capita Ecological Footprints (human’s impact on the environment) and Biological Capacity (the extent the environment can sustain human activities): Asia as a whole is already living beyond its limits.
Ecological Footrprints
Biological Capacity
Deficits/Surpluses
World 2.2 2 -0.2
Asia 1.5 1.0 -0.5
Japan 4.2 1 -2.2
China 1.6 1 -0.6
Indonesia 1 1 0
Mongolia 2.5 10.5 8
C. Pollution and Climate Change rapid growth of pollutants and greenhouse gases due to growth of population, industrial expansion, and increase in automobiles
Increasing use of private automobiles led to rapid rise of pollutants in Beijing and other major cities in Asia (photo by F. Yee, 2007)
4. GHG Mitigating Strategies
•China: -40% to -45% of 2005 emissions•Indonesia: -26% of emissions by 2020
(peatland management, reduced deforestation and degradation)
•South Korea: -30% of GHG emissions by 2020
•Singapore: -16% of GHG emissions by 2020 (mitigation and energy efficiency measures)
(UNESCAP)
E. Energy Policy: capital investment and technological improvement•Increase energy efficiency •Increase in the use of alternative and
renewable energy•Renewable energy targets:
▫China: 15% of primary energy by 2020▫Japan: 3% of total energy consumption by 2010▫S. Korea: 5% of total primary energy by 2011
F. Public Awareness
•initiated in various Asian countries
IV. A. Resource Development in Japan• Limited Resources: Very limited reserves in fossil
fuel except coal• Import dependency: highly dependent on imports
with >80% of energy imported• Fossil Fuel Imports: world’s largest importer of
gas, 2nd largest importer of coal, and 3rd largest importer of oil
• Energy consumption: a diversification plan to shift its heavy reliance on oil (>2/3 of its electricity ) since the 1970s
• Nuclear energy: rapid expansion after oil crisis and provided about 30% of electricity in 2010 and expected to increase to 40% by 2017
Energy Consumption Structure in Japan: continued to be dominated by fossil fuels but a gradual shift towards the use of nuclear energy while renewable energy7 are also encouraged
Coal25%
Oil57%
Gas1%
Hydro4%
Nuclear13%
Geothermal0%
Japan's Energy Structure in 20008-09 (total=425,168 ktoe)
Source: Institute of Energy Eco-nomics , Japan, 2009
Electricity Production in Japan: increasing emphasis on nuclear as a major source of generating electricity
Coal27%
Gas27%
Nuclear27%
Oil9%
Hydro7%
Others3%
Electricity Produciton in Japan, 2010 (Total = 1080 bil-lion kwh)
Source: World Nuclear Asso-ciation, 2012
Nuclear Energy Crisis
•safety Vs. energy security
Post-2011 Energy Policies
•All 50 nuclear powers were shut down •An immediate shift towards heavily on
the use of gas and oil for electricity generation
•Energy and Environment Council in Sep 2012 recommended the phase out of nuclear power by 2040, reactors will be allowed to restart but subject to 40 year operating limit
Japan’s Power Sources –
•a shift from nuclear (30%) to gas and oil (90%) after 2011 earthquake
Rapid Industrialization in Japan Recovery and Rebuilding (1950s): industrial
development supported by American infusion of capital
Oil crisis impact (1970s): slowed down industrial production as Japan imported 70% of its energy, hydro and nuclear powers were favoured while coal mining was subsidized
Industrial restructuring: decline of heavy industries (steel, chemicals) and diversified to light industries such as electronics began
Deindustrialization in Japan
• Hollowed out: increasing Japanese FDI abroad in the late 1980s, relocating automobile production to core countries and labour intensive assembly plants in peripheral countries to reduce costs of production
• Automobile production: rapid growth in the 1970s-1990s but relocation of production facilities since late 1980s; e.g. production of Toyota in Japan dropped from 62% in 2002 to 40%
A Japanese industrial corporation in Batam, Indonesia (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
High-tech Industry and Technopolis•High tech Industry: production of
knowledge intensive industries such as microelectronics, semiconductors, integrated circuits are emphasized
•Technopolis: a plan to develop 26 technopolis to foster integrated network of cities to conduct research and development throughout Japan , e.g. Kansai Science City (including five cities and three town sin the Kyoto-Osaka-Nara prefectures)