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GEOG3025
Administrative and statistical geographies
GEOG3025
Administrative and statistical geographies
• Lecture overview:Objectives of lecture
Introductory questions
Introduction to principal geographical systems:
Census
Postcodes
Lecture summary
GEOG3025
Objectives
• To understand the variety of different geographies in use in the UK
• To identify those for which most useful information about neighbourhoods might be obtained
• To learn how to find out about the boundaries, names and codes of these geographies
GEOG3025
Introductory questions…
What do we mean by a ‘geography’?
So what are examples of different ‘geographies’?
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Principal NS geographies
• Local government• Mail delivery• Health care delivery• Census collection and
output• Electoral representation• Statistical and functional…
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United Kingdom?
• Important to recognise that there are many differences in geography systems between the countries of the UK
• Our focus is primarily on England and Wales
• EU NUTS!
England
GOR
UA
County
District
ST Ward
CAS Ward
OA
Wales
UA
ST EDiv
CAS EDiv
OA
Scotland
CA
ST PCS
CAS PCS
OA
NI
LGD
Ward
OA
Sourc
e:
Just
in H
ayes
Incompatible hierarchies! (England)
Health Administrative
Electoral Postal
Strategic health
authorities
Government office regions
European electoral regions
Counties, Met. Counties, Gtr.
London
Postal regions
Primary care organizations
Boroughs, districts, unitary
authorities
Westminster constituencies
Postal districts
Wards Electoral wards
Postal sectors
Parishes Postcodes
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Does geography matter?
Source
: new
s.bbc.co
.uk
Source
: guard
ian.co
.uk
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Relationships between geographies
No functional linkage
‘Snapshot’ linkages
Various…
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Census geography
• Enumeration districts (EDs)• Output areas (OAs)• Statistical wards, Census Area
Statistics (CAS) wards and Standard Tables (ST) wards
• Districts, unitary authorities etc.
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Enumeration districtSourc
e:
ON
S
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New for 2001 Census geography…
• Separation between collection and output geographies
• Creation of OA boundaries by application of automated zone design to postcode boundaries
• Creation of synthetic postcode boundaries as first step
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Automated output area design
Initial RandomAggregation ofBuilding Blocks
Initial RandomAggregation ofBuilding Blocks
Iterative RecombinationIterative RecombinationDesign Constraints
(Contiguity, Thresholds,Shape, Size, Homogeneity)
Design Constraints(Contiguity, Thresholds,
Shape, Size, Homogeneity)
2001 OutputAreas
2001 OutputAreas
2001 Output Areas (n=175,434)
[England and Wales]
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OA sizes summarizedEngland and Wales
No. Zones
MinCount(rest’d)
Maxcount
Meancount
St Dev
01 OAsPers
175434
100 4156 296.65 71.65
01 OAsHhds
175434
37 616 123.47 16.86
01 WardsPers
8850 106 35102 5880.44
4077.00
01 WardsHhds
8850 42 14397 2447.50
1700.81
91 EDsPers
113465
0 (3890)
1803 419.17 159.89
91 EDsHhds
113465
0 (4990)
664 174.37 62.34
2001 OA
1991 Ward
1991 ED
Code-Point
1991 ‘sea’
[Portswood, Southampton]
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Super Output Areas
• New geography for reporting of small area statistics.
• Initially for use on the NeSS website
• Eventually standard across National Statistics
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UK postcodes
• Devised to aid automated sorting and delivery of mail
• Controlled by Royal Mail• No formal geographical
boundaries at the smallest scale: just lists of addresses
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UK postcodes
Example Geographical unit
Number in UK (Aug 2003)
SO Area 124
SO17 District 2932
SO17 1 Sector 9750
SO17 1BJ Postcode 1.75m (approx)
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Change over time
• Census– Once every 10 years
• Administrative– Periodical
• Electoral – Continual, by review areas
• Postal– Continual
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ONS Beginners guide to UK Geog
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To be continued…
• We have identified the principal geography systems, but not the method by which social data comes to be associated with them
• This is called geographical referencing (georeferencing) and comes later in the course…
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Assignment 3• Work through the ONS Beginners’
guide to UK geography • Identify where your chosen
neighbourhood falls within each of the principal geography systems
• Identify the appropriate geographical area names and codes, using the smallest geographical units for which you can obtain information
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Lecture summary
• Multiple geographies covering the UK and its constituent countries
• Each designed for different purposes, by different bodies, at different times
• Particular interest in census and postal geographies, but in any geography that may help describe neighbourhoods