Geographic distribution, population dynamics and management of the Mediterranean fruitand management of the Mediterranean fruit
fly in northern Mediterranean countries
Nikos PapadopoulosLaboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoologyy gy g gy
University of Thessaly, Greece
Synopsis• Geographical distribution and origin • Distribution in Europe and Mediterranean
Lif hi t i t i d l ti• Life history, overwintering, and population dynamics across a gradient of latitudes– Crete, south Greece
Chi t l G– Chios, central Greece– Volos, central Greece– Thessaloniki, north Greece– Podgorica, Montenegro– Dubrovnik, Croatia,– Spit, Croatiap
• Summary of medfly phenology in different Mediterranean countries
• Modeling phenology and management decisionsModeling phenology and management decisions • Conclusions
Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, (Di t T h itid )(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Biological characteristics•Extremely polyphagous
• Hosts: > 300 fruit species
•Multivoltine– 3 – more than 10 generation per year
•Plastic adjustments in life history traits– Thermal plasticity
•Geographic Distribution– Cosmopolitan
•One of the most important pest for the word fruit productionword fruit production
• Stone, Pome, Citrus, other
•Control extremely difficult– Area wide controlArea wide control
Global Geographic Distributiong p
Malacrida et al 2007
4 5Life cycle
3 6
2
7
1
2
8
Seasonal development
Distribution in Mediterranean and Europe• Frequent detection in northern Mediterranean coasts
•Routes of dispersion•coastal areas•valleys
8 περιοχές
1212 περιοχές
Medfly detection
Aim of the current paper• Review the phenology of medfly
– emphasis on cooler more temperate areas
• Define key life history traits of such a successful invadery y
• Understand phenology in extreme environments
• Understand patterns of dispersion in northern-temperate areas
• Develop simple model to base management strategies.
MethodsC t di l di t f l tit d• Case studies along a gradient of latitudes– Crete, Greece– Chios, GreeceC os, G eece– Volos, Greece– Thessaloniki, Greece
Montenegro– Montenegro– Dubrovnik, Croatia– Split, Croatia
• Summarize the phenology in different Mediterranean areasMediterranean areas
• Life history data– Field and laboratory studies
Study areas
Life history, overwintering, andLife history, overwintering, and population dynamics in temperate
areas
Crete, Greece
ap
400
ptur
es p
er tr
a
200
Adu
lt ca
p 200
J F M A M J J A S O N D0
• Both adults and immature stages survive during winter
L d l t l
Mavrikakis et al. 2000. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Michelakisl. 1992. Israel Journal of Entomology
• Long developmental duration of immatures
Chios, Greece
L ithi it f it• Larvae within citrus fruits overwinter
Katsoyannos et al. 1998. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.
Volos, Greece
200
er tr
ap
100
Adu
lts p
e 100
J F M A M J J A S O N D0
• Mainly larvae within fruits i t doverwinter, and pupae
Papadopoulos et al. 2010
Orchard A
Northern Greece
SE
)
1991Orchard BOrchard A
0
100
200
17/8
wee
k (±
S
0
100
2001992
1/9
trap
per w
0
100
2002/925/8
0
1993
ales
per
t 0
100200300400
199423/629/8
Ma
100
200 1995
0100
6/7 27/8
0 Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Papadopoulos et al. 2001. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94: 41-50
Adult phenology y 30
40
50 Split Croatia
phenologyMontenegro,
rap
per d
a
0
10
20
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Croatia
Flie
s pe
r tr 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
30
40
50
Dubrovnik Croatia
F
0
10
20
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
40
50Montenegro
0
10
20
30
Ordinal Date
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Bjelics et al. 2007Radovic 2010.(unpublished data)
How populations persist in cooler temperate areas?
Life history adjustments?
What makes medfly such a ysuccessful invader?
Only larvae survived from autumn to spring
Survival of larvae in field conditionsul
ts (%
)
60
70Only larvae survived from autumn to spring
Low temperatures
ave
adu
40
50y = -6,9 + 18,3x - 11,1x2 + 2,1x3
r2 = 0,93
+ appropriate host
e th
at g
20
30
Larv
ae
0
10
D J F b M A M
Immature stages up to 6 months
Time that larvae left fruits to pupate
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
Papadopoulos et al. 1996. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89: 526-534.
Plasticity in immatures developments20
10
15
20
Golden Delicious Avg. days
23.1
s
0
5
15
20Granny Smith
23.1
. Adu
lts
5
10
15 Granny Smith35.3
No. 0
15
20
21
0
510 Bitter Orange 21.5
Days since larvae hatched
00 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45
Papadopoulos and Katsoyannos 2002, unpublished data
Adult emergence, survival, and oviposition in field conditions100va
loviposition in field conditions
Pl ti it
60
80
-sur
viv
Adult emergence
SurvivalPlasticity + adaptation
40
60
erge
nce
mal
e20
Adult emergence
Egg laying
0
20
dult
eme
Egg
s/fe
m
0
10Adults longevity > 4 months
0April May June July Aug.A
d 0
BlossomFruits ripening
Blossom
Variability in adult demographic traits
Variability inVariability in female traits
among different biotypes
Diamantidis et al. 2009. Biological Journal of the Linnean Soc.
Model on medfly phenology in northern Greece
Ad lt ( ti )
northern Greece ns
ity
Adults occurrence (generations)
(1st)(2nd)
(3rd – 5th)
atio
n de
n
Overwintering larvae
Overwintering pupae
Apricots Pome fruits (apples etc.)
ult p
opul
a
CherriesLoquats
FigsO i t l i
Overwintering generation >10 months
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
PeachesAdu Loquats Oriental persimmons
M d li dfl h lModeling medfly phenology at different latitudes
Management strategiesInvading – or feral populationInvading – or feral population
us
Established Non Established
rmin
e st
atu
Phenology pop DynamicsDetailed studies – regional,
local
Det
ers
Phenology – pop. DynamicsPatterns of detections
localEcology, genetics
Collaboration among counties
Eradication Do nothingManagement if neededD
ecis
ions Regional Projects
Eradication Do nothing
Area-wide t
if needed
nage
men
t
management Zero tolerance
Man
Acknowledgement• James Carey, UCDavis
• Byron Katsoyannos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
• Nikos Kouloussis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece• Nikos Kouloussis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
• Mario Bjelics, Plant Protection Institute, Croatia
• Sanja Randovic, University of Montenegro
• Alex Diamantidis, University of Thessaly
• Dimitrios Papachristos, Benaki Phytopathological Institute
• International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA
• Funding agents u d g age ts
• OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development)
• University of Thessaly Greece
