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of 88
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Mountains in Europe
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1) Alaska range
2) Southern Alps
3) Dinaric Alps
4) Atlas mountains
5) Pyrenees
6) aucasus
!) Apennines") #aurus
$) El%ur& an' (agros
$) in'ukush
1*) +irthar range
11) +unlun Shan12) ,rals mountains
13) Appalachian
mountains14) -reat Di.i'ing/ange
0ist o mountains to locate
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• un'erstan'ing o the origin an'e.olution o earths crust
• At the time o the ormation o theearth crust rst %asaltic crust o ocean %reaking an' melting a lightercontinental crust 'e.elope'
• colli'e 7ith one another 8 a largerlan' mass
• #he 9oints 8 ol'mountains
:mportance o mountain %uil'ing
process
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,rals Mountains
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#ypes o mountains
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;lock mountains ormation
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•
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Phases o Di.ergent continentalcrust
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Arican rit .alley > %lock mountains
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EuropeIndia
E?ample o %lock mountains
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Fold mountains
• #rue mountains
• ompressi.e orce ol'ing
• Due to collision oplates @ )
• lookslike mountains
Block mountains
comparison
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0an'orms on earth
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Meaning
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• /aise' lan' 'uring mountains%uil'ing process
• Deposition rom la.a
• Deposition rom 7in'
• Ero'e' 'ue to glaciers
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Intermontane plateau
• ;oli.ia plateau
• #i%etan plateau
• olum%ia plateau
• olora'o plateau
• Anatolia Plateau@#urkey)
• Deccan plateau
• +atanga plateau• &ark plateau@,SA)
• Ethiopianhighlan'
Continental plateau
#ypes o plateau
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Glacial
plateau
• -rah7al
plateau
• 0aurentian
plateau@ana'a)
• olum%ia
snakeplateau
@,SA)• Deccan
Plateau• Shanplateau
Lava
plateau
#ypes o Plateau
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Bolivia plateauColumbia- colorado
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Ozark plateauAnatolia plateau
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Loess plateauLaurentian plateau
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• rigin o /i.erongo an'(am%e&i
•
Dense euatorialorest
• +no7n orresources
-ol' 'iamon'sopper
+atanga Plateau
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• Euatorial region
• Dense rainorest
• +no7n or gol'reser.e
Plateau o Mato -rasso ;ra&il
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• Plateau crosse' %ySal7een ri.er
• :rra7a''y ri.erpasse' in eastern
si'e• Shan plateau chie
source o lea' &incan' sil.er
Myanmar• +no7n or teak
orest
@;urmese #eak)
Shan plateau Myanmar
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F/oo o the7orl'G > highest
an' largestplateau
• Source o:n'us
;rahmaputraSal7eenMekong
Hangtse7ang e
• :mp role in:n'ian
monsoon
#i%etan plateau
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• -ranite
• 0ess mo%ilecannot
mo.eup7ar'
• ;ack%one ool'
mountains
;atholith
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0an'orms on earth
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Plains
• Meaning
• allu.ial plains ori.ers
• Depositional plains
/i.ers
Sea @su%merge'coast)
• Erosional plains Erosion o plateau
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Asia Eur
ope
Afri
ca
Sout
America
!ort
America
:n'us Danu
%e
Bile Ama&
on
Mississippi >
Missouri-anga >;rahmaputra
/hine ongo
ParanaParag
uay
olora'o
Hangt&e@hina)
/hone
Biger St 0a7rence
7ang e
@hina)
Po (am
%e&i
Hukon
:mportant ri.er %asins o the 7orl'
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Hangt&e ri.er hina
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• Hangt&e > 3th longest ri.er in the 7orl'
• Ba.iga%le ri.er > 35I o hinas population
• Sichuan %asin > rice culti.ation
•
Shanghai > %iggest port o hina• Juhan > :ron an' steel
• Ban9ing > te?tile iron an' steel
• heng'u > oil an' gas
• #hree gorge 'am
• Hun ho canal > connect Hangt&e 7ith 7ange
:mportant locations
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Euphrates #igris ri.er :ra
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• 0ake Kan
• 0ake ,rmia
•
:mportant centers in :ra• ;agh'a' Mosul +irkuk Al ;asra
0ocations near Euphrates#igris
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Ama&on ri.er ;ra&il
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• 0argest 2n' longest ri.er
• Sel.as > euatorial rain orest
•
#in ru%%er in Sel.as• Sertao > ranching region
• Petroleum reser.e at the mouth
•
Manaus > :ron ore na.iga%le• plateau o Mato -rasso > gol'
reser.e
0ocations near Ama&on ri.er
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Mississippi ,SA
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• #emperate grasslan's > Prairies
• Jheat corn an' cotton culti.ation
• :mportant cites
• +ansas > agriculture
• St Pitts%urg > iron an' steel
•
Be7 rleans > port ship %uil'ing
0ocations near Mississippi %asin
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MurrayDarling %asin Australia
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• #emperate grasslan' > 'o7ns
• Jheat culti.ation
• Sheep rearing Animal hus%an'ry
• Jool an' 'airy pro'uction
0ocation near Murray'arling %asin
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0an'orms on earth
Mountains @ol' an'%lock)
Plateaus
Plains
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Batural atastrophic
e.ents
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.olcanism
-eomor
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complete seuence oprocesses o creation
an' mo.ement omagma L creation o
.olcanic lan'ormsKolcanism is notran'om
/eason associate'7ith .olcanism is also
not ran'om
Kolcanism
-eomorpho
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•
1st
• Pacic /ing o
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O-O " #olcanic arc
O-C "#olcanic
mountains
Plate mo.ements
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2n'
• 'i.ergence
• ;asaltic >peaceuleruption
Mi' ceanic /i'ge
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3th
• ;reaking up oMe'iterraneanplates intomultiple %locks
• An'esiticeruption
•
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•
Me'iterranean seais resi'ual part o #ethys sea
• #ethys sea 7as
locate' %et7een >0aurasia an'-on'7ana
• ollision o Arica to
0aurasia > %reakingup o plates oMe'iterranean sea
istory o Me'iterranean sea
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• 4th
• Magma :slan' arc
• Direction oplate
• a7aii /eunion+urile Aleutian
ot Spot Kolcanoes
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Aleutian :slan's
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Basaltic eruption
• ccur at mi'oceanicri'ge an' hot spot.olcanism
• ;asalt highly ui' >mo%ile
• Sprea' across easily
• Nuite eruption
• Kolcanic arcs .olcanicmountains
• An'esite > less ui' >less mo%ile
• Soli'ies at short'istance intense
pressure 'e.elopinsi'e >e?plosi.e
Andesitic eruption
comparison
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Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption
comparison
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Kolcanic 0an'orms
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:ntrusi.e 0an'orms
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:ntrusi.e 0an'orms
•:ntrusion o Magma in se'imentary rocks
•Sills @ori&ontal)
•Dyke @Kertical)
•0accolith > magma 7hich coul' not come out
•0opolith > saucershape'
•Phacolith > shape like 7a.es•;atholith > intrusi.e granitic rock
:ntrusi.e Kolcanic 0an'orms
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E?trusi.e .olcanic 0an'orms
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•
ot spot .olcanoon continentalcrust
• racks on
continental crust >;asaltic eruption
• Sprea' across the
lan'• 0ayer o.er layer
• EO Deccan la.atrapps
0a.a plateaus
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• :n'ian plate passe'o.er a hot spotnear /eunion
:slan'• ;asaltic eruption
• 0ayer o.er layers >looks like steps 8=
Deccan la.a traps• Soil > %lack soil
regur
:n'ian Deccan trap
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Spatial 'istri%ution o 0a.a Plateau
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• olum%iasnakeplateau ,SA
• &ark plateau ,SA
•
ParanaPatagonia SAmerica
• A'ama7a plateauArica
• ;ie plateau Arica• +atanga Plateau
Arica
Deccan plateau :n'ia
• Ara%ian plateau
• ;alkan plateauEurope
• Si%erian plateau/ussia
• Hunan Plateau hina
• Shan plateauMyanmar
• +im%erly plateauAustralia
0ist o la.a plateaus o the 7orl'
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E?trusi.e .olcanic 0an'orms
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• Kolcanic :slan's@ot spot)
• ighly ui' la.a
@%asaltic) %uil''ome
• -entle slope
•Nuite .olcano
• Kolcanoes oa7aii
Shiel' Q Dome .olcano
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• collision >
.olcanicmountains
• 0ess ui' la.a@An'esitic)e?plo'e .iolently
• Kiscous la.asoli'ies at short
'istance
• Mt Paricutin Me?ico
in'er cones
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Kolcanic
mountainsEach ne7eruption > ne7layers o ash orla.a
Mt Strom%oli Mt
Kesu.ius Mt
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Sield$
dome
Cinder Composit
eighlyui'
0ess ui' Qhighly
.iscous
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• -eysers
8ountains oot 7ater
• -roun' 7aterheate' %y
shallo7source omagma
• l' aithulgeyser Hello7stone park,SA
-eysers
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• ot Spring
• Jater reach'eep enough >heate' %yinterior
• 0ocate any parto the 7orl'
ot Spring
- -Q h t 'DiCerence %et7een geyser an'
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• -eyser > -Q7 heate'%y shallo7 magmasource
• ot spring > gQ7heate' %y eithermagma source or
heate' rocks• -eyser > cham%er in
interior > pressure >comes out like
ountain
• ot >spring uite
DiCerence %et7een geyser an'
otspring
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%e&ser
• -eysers are rare
•
ot 7ater 'issol.e'7ith silicaaccumulate' onsurace > gi.es'iCerent colours
• ,SA Hello7stonepark
•
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• eate' 7ateris taken out >use' ormo.ing
tur%ine >generation oelectricity
• oole' 7ater
o7n %ackinto interior
-eothermal energy
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• DiRcult to locate a goo' source ogeothermal reser.oir 7ith currenttechnology
• DiRcult to 'ig a 'eep 7ell 7ith har'an' hot %e'rock
• armul gases can escape rom the
earth interior 7hile e?ploration > --gases an' 'issol.e' to?ic elements
0imitations o geothermal energy
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.olcanism
Su''en mo.ement or
-eomor
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Su''en mo.ement or.i%ration in earths
crust
/elease o the energy'ue to intense pressureL acti.e internal
'ynamism o the earth
Earthuake
pho
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1) Shallo7 ocus
EN2) :nterme'iateocus EN
3) Deep ocusEN
Shallo7 ocus >
'estructi.e
#ypes o Earthuake
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At (unction of ) plates
Subduction of *aci+cplate
Earthuakes in apan
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1st
ollision oPlate%oun'aries
collision
collision
collision
/easons %ehin' EN
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2n'
Di.ergentPlate%oun'aries
'i.ergenceM/
/easons %ehin' EN
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• 3th• #rans.erse plate
%oun'aries
•
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4th
Me'iterraneansea region
Bumerous smallplates
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5th
raton 8 sta%le parto crust
/eemergence o ol'ractures
6th
uman :n'uce'
1) /:S
2) mining
3) Buclear testing
/easons %ehin' EN
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.olcanism
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i
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!ormal ,aves
Spee' > 1** kmph
o.er shorter 'istances
Ja.elength T1** km
•Spee' > !** kmph
• o.er longer 'istances
• Ja.elength > = 15*km
sunami ,aves
comparison
l th
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• Distance %et7eent7o crests otroughs 8
7a.elength
• Ja.es o #sunami
are 7i'er thannormal 7a.es othe ocean 7ater
7a.elength
Ph 1
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• EN on ocean crust >uplit the 7aterup7ar'
• #sunami 7a.e
generate'• Kessels in the mi'
sea cannotrecongnise the
tsunami 7a.es• Sea 7ater rece'e at
the shore
Phase 1
Ph 2
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• At coast > 'epth
'ecrease >7a.elength'ecreases > 7a.eheight increases
• A huge 7all o7ater > 1*12oor high create'
•
Enormous energyrelease' at theshore
Phase 2
Ph 3
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• it the coast
•
#sunami not asingle 7a.e %utmultiple 7a.es
• 4th an' "th 7a.es
are the most'angerous
• #ime lapse
%et7een each7a.es > 15 to 5*minutes
Phase 3
Ph t i
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Phases o tsunami
:n'ian prepare'ness against
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• #sunami Early 7arning system gi.es 7arning in1* minutes o su%marine earthuake
• :n'ian Bational centre or cean :normationSciences @:B:S)y'era%a'
• #o capture #sunami 7a.e amplitu'e on 24?!%asis
• real time seale.el sensors 7ith %ottom pressurerecor'ers
• < ra'ars or coastal currents• oastal ti'e gauge stations
:n'ian prepare'ness against
#sunami
atastrophic e.ents on
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pearth
#heir reasons an''istri%utions
KolcanismEN
#sunami