Brigham Young University Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1967 Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements John Haws Baum Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baum, John Haws, "Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements" (1967). Theses and Dissertations. 4512. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4512 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].
Transcript
Brigham Young University Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive
Theses and Dissertations
1967
Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements
John Haws Baum Brigham Young University - Provo
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd
Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baum, John Haws, "Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements" (1967). Theses and Dissertations. 4512. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4512
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].
9 settlementsftlenents and fortific1 ionslionseionsesonslons
climatic S tionseions0 0 0
mo0 0 2
IP
5
S emieviemuImentszents
70
s 0
se
risntains
I P
sottlervtn fivs
lix
LISTUSTmst OF MAPS ANDAMD SKETCH
map page
1 settlement mapyapeap
Shochojin jin
ingviinfvi
3
2 plat for city of zion
30
4 salt lakelaksdakedaks city physiographic sissiwsig 35
5 plat A salt lake city 53
6 Settsettlementlemont pattern fillrcore utahmah 0 9 a 0 e 56
7 pioneer map of toboletooole utah 60
8 original plat of springvilleSpring cityville utahuta 63
9 plat A 65
10 plac A provo utah 3
11 original siervosiirvosurvoyfervoy of lehllehi utah 93
12 layout 0 oldoid fort at pleaPleipieapleasanpleasantpleamansant16 grove utah 9 6
13 map shoeing location of fort soxbox embr 105
sketchswatch page
1 sketch of early provo settlementsotfclenontsottlementSott siteslemontlementlenont 3
tivi
0 0 0 0
0 0 40 it 2412
3 brigham city physiographic site 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 513
fi om p
tooeleg 0 9 6rj
omginal sp h
a9 t brighamdriglwr city uth 0
9 0 9 0
furvoy 0 0 0
of & 96
shojin
7-1
4
Pleasan
lin
aa
saltsalsaitsai lake city the first ity 6scblished duddiddugd notnnld
conformegrCGIeor
IL
xacfcaxactlyif0m to the subsujrjsun ich wasvas propo03propoapropo forfoc teetleteg city ofcf zior27
lalizilat
berekeredere
ahoteobeo
I1
lleile
vaswas t-ha velationr11 131 belicebetweenbelxce3 the farlsfcrlsfcrtfart rd ch sttjerntsin their layoutlay patternsout ass theeothese quistquastqui iionslionsst woreworo systcaticallysyste7ratic
analyzed
allyaily
nw findingsfimfin ereerodings broubi Ubahtoaht to thothe sur ththusfae uusuns shedirgshscldi ncnng
light
sv
on topics which previouslypre hade notnailrotrotlbouslyously boenboonbeem explorede sctisfctorilyAs onoone hundred early mormanmorxicnmormcn stITstitnerseitner were&eret3 anlyedanly rded enredearedenennedanred
certain
red
resultshsui usiaTICusle noced ikih4lewll the estiescitieseunesunes ctbjhoi thtnytn3by ncrrronshcrrops
sltsitalt likedikeliwe ciy arli5711ariiari571 lnore1 i divdiverserrcrrers ln thlthi r y terrste iorrs
deter zideeddned alitli 3 on
fc
ard che
A
n w
ics xalorplor e
and
ts 1 1
f-
ou vi I1 iey Lae Li e
0 L v an
6 L or j on
this wasweskasnes alsals5aisalsa tejetrae in too ijorityrtjcrityn of early morrmori w too rhefherth physicale
eatoresfeatureseatures
p
especially
ayiy
ts
landind
ica
fea tures
t ear 1y
e
e
A 11113 VC s ulve i ty n vcr t t6 vn 7.7 t3
fillowing geograp-hical
n
c
i
ere
iob
erg
ucal
arwin
ducia
lions
hoton
eha
sae
stir ned
lious
fri
ta
ardor
aterberrs
eions
acs
exactly
ay
atlealleatieI1
fitlit fortifortldoldoi
settiesettleneni e S A 17 haihal 7
coaticlatl
informainforms
2
many settlements bubin itiltailt some type of fortification many failed to make
anyally provisionprov4prova forsionslon defense againstaaainst the indians many torris howeverhr
constructed
wever
somosome type of wall around the original surveysuisuz sitevey and then
expanded the community from this location
one hundred sottlementssettlements were examined in this study this involvediinvolvc
extensive research into written material on the subjectabjectsubject comitycotuity records
rindendrondaind originoriginlorigioriginal city plats were studied where possible valuable1 iriryinyfcrea-
tion on survaysurvey patternpatterns wasvaswos obtained through correspondence with the
county recorders in out 3 ying regions personal interviews and field
observations were also conducted to give the study more validity the
main body of the paper Is a summary cf information compiledcompliedcorlcoricopi fronfromcrompiled all of
these avenues of researchsearchm
the ronnformfonnroen armiandaryl pattern of land occupancy as developeddevtilop by the mormon
pioneers in the great basinrasin was unique for that period of history illinlrilil
the united statasstatos possibly this was because the cormonsmormons were faced with
the problemDrob ofienileri distributingdistribu comparativelyfling large groups of people on smallsuall
areaareaserea Csof arable land frontier settlementssettleneni of tho Ftiddlekiddlefiddletiddie west nd hihaihplains resultedres inalteraalterl scattered farrlfarrilamfarni dwellings or the isolated farmstead
while pacific coatlcoaltachalta settlements arranged therthor famisfanis along river valleys
or arouriakouriar haroorsharborsharhanouri anoorstotsrots along trade routes this pattern of settlement
which asswss ncougedenciuragedencouraged by daglindrglinbrabrtDrdra ecungycungglaglin ondendordardand otherotnerotler church leadersle resultedresuliders
in
terlteclteri
the esteestabiblibbil ishnientshmentashment of compact villages why the mormortsmormonsmormoneMoreor adoptedmortsmontsnorts the
larrrfarrrfargiarularu village oysleroystersystem whonwhen other systems wrewarevrevare rrorercorecrore prevalent in the
frontier regions of the ununi tedfed suatesslates willwyll b thoteotee first que ctonacton analyzed
ficationcatlon
ense
d
oi1
d
4M1sast Y
id hnd
A
P cifc A re th r famr is is
around gatorsiatorstorsia arlearie p lern
sy te rs
e s wi 1-1 th0 faf4 rst q ueS t i 0 n ar a 1yz C rar1united siaaL
lowrylowyloury ielron TIIAJ mc ro 1 vijlj jiraciraq appp 11
sillagovillago arrangementarranga wasmentrent the original pattern practiced
it was soon abandoned in favor of scattered homesteads the settlement
of land west of the appalachians for the most part was not madepiadeplade by groups
but by individuals novingboving to the frontier and staking out land claims which
wero later certified by the federal government the population movingpiovplov toing
the frontier was heterogeneous with varieties of social and national
backgrounds
tat4 ne
tat4 ng
mormontmormort V 1j iqunivoruniver eizyelzy
acance
7
historically which accounted for this situation while it is truotrue that
thetha new england nilvilviiiviliniiiagolagolagsago
two federal laws also ld1d to the spread of the isolated
farm system congress passedparsed the ordinance of 18517851285 which provided for
the division of randland into townships consisting of thirty six sectionsections of
one square nalloniilorilenalle each the sections wereverewc thenre divided into one hundred
sixty acres this system provided a simple ard accurate method ofol01
describing
Y
propertypr butp the grid pattern contributed to a wide disprsjondisprsdispes
of
ion
homesbomes
the second important lawlavt passed mn 1841 required the settler to
rn rd T e chr aquiqu of J
1 lnd
1
0 4
s stomstemsaem
ri y
tit le
prop 3xty eca hase
cl l1
ck
i Is me
as the
es f i si sterna t
A PPA A ad techartechr u1 0 L fzr inl it YSjoUe
s aaa4
isollatedabed e
I
3
Mormoytmortnorllosy
lon
sag
ibold
sidna
barr
ielson
and
ad
uata
aj far
linelsne village
the line village was a modified version of the farm village designeddesifredde
to
siFred
provide the advantages of residence on the operated farmfannfahn while at the
same time bringing thetthethee familiesmiliesfaufrufam as close astas geographically possible to
achieve these goals the farms were laid out in such a twayway that they
fronted on a single road or other artery of transportatltransportation andareard were
oblong in shape having a narrow width adjacent to the highway or river
but generally great depth
arandd
ibleibie
freifrel ichiehleh canadiancanadicabadian
laslae ristisrarisratis
arteracter j
rovidelovide res4resa dence
muntiuuntiu
8
social ardand partly economic geographic isolationisolatiisimolati inolati on frontier binesvinesminestaitjital
meant
0 Ties
social isolation schools and churches were not readily available
to the isolated skirmfarmsanmsanz familyfamfan thusilyllyliy depriving the family of these social2institutions
llne
settlements inliL louisianai tn
the united states the farms are iidlidlaidild out floutingfron theging rivers or bayous
of the mississippimississipmississipp doltadeltaleltaloita the farrs although comparativelyconparatively narrow are
deepdo extendingextep backhackkackI1erding frorlsromsronflorlL the artery of commerce to the swamp or untiuntin li-able land
the nunelineluneL villageviune existedliagellave in other than french settled areas of
north america A number of hormonmorrion villages in utah hadh&d no more than the
single naincain street because they were located in valleysvaneys too narrownsrrow to
justify borerporerore than a single street or inbi a few cases mccausebecausebccause the mainmairmaln
highway
J
hire as 5qayaay in 0existenceexis uau4andtencotoncotoneo ranns were establishedablishedest along thithisthl route
ibid
bid p 19
isol itionaition
P 11 11
poss
law ence
ac co
mi n strusteu et
r
21bid
fax-as
fa- rls
transportatlatwlon
de oth 3
this pattern is typified by the french settlementssettlesettie alongalonomonts the st
lawrence river in quebec and french
1
imereemerceneree
family
deep
oing
kayhaynanynamy
fatfaifet minodino
vilevitealle
chu1chuichua C h
larlr nurbrsnjjnberse
of livestocklivestocl were naintainedmaintained
md
nccmcc
fogsog
lviv
erpepp
farfax nisris p ve
aj1j melf
iduallidsall workingworkinasorkinawor akinokina plot of ground the need for protection frerfr0rfotszorszot enpmyenmy
groups
Y
was
ID
often the main factor in determining villagevillap sttleentsettlement the
villagevillage or the manor was a commonconnon feature of the feudal periodjarjxr thivghrleuropedirodecirode
iodlod
and asia in colonial america both the village ana the isolaudisolatedisoland
farmsle&d were to be found withvith thethleteeihle villcgnvelizv3liz predotin&tingpregr domndorndern inatingunatinginatingteng
gilrvilr ge prev kiledailed v hf re landholdings wergwerewerweceversvecsvervec srlimrllSs
and the dis nce required to traveltrava to the carmnfsnnfarmn and baekbackb tolaacic thehe giugaviugahome was not great it iai3 7uallyuu931y roundfound in placesplares wherethere setfioentsettlisettlc tootooknentrent
place originhyorigi bydbynHyaby homogeneous rather than by heterogeneousn groupst1orogeneous the
village lladhadibad the advantage of providing social ancbnc fitsnafi such as church and
schooschool actiaati ritkes on the other handhard the village system does not appear
to be prcticl in aasareasareesa wherewlas largebaetbael faasfarris3 prev3iledprevailed or
fiurriur gs
9
the line village had the advantageadva ofzimagezitage allowing the farnerfarmersarner to re-
side on hishie farmfarn without imposing geographic isolation upon himself and
his neighbors there was a drawbackdraw toback this pattern in that it compelledcoricorl
exceptional
I1balleloallel
elongation of the fieldsleidsf much of the land was used for A
field road and there was more timetine required in reaching the far end of
the field
famfab vllethe sannfannfarmsana village was not newnedne withd the cormonsmormonsmorrr3Mor itronsmons is obablyprobablypi the
oldest form of land occupancy knownb tonminamin the human fariilyfariolyfarfarifarlfai manyily131yllyliy accounts
were written of families in ancient timestines pitching choirthoir ellingduellingdvelling6buellingdu close
together and fiiing the surroundingsurroundina lands in common ratherrether hanthan4 indiv-
idually
1.1
especially in
ne englandSn theglandgiand farn village prevailed uhrewhre
he fa ncr
impposing geopdeopC raphicgraphic
f r
tr
f he T e
v
Q
4 J n
neenev
disan e
i 3.3 u
or11911119.11 11.11411 Y
biil actiritact iesirit1 t ie err ar
r J le
41 1 1 d
p- a itic1tic 1 4 n
alallovioallovinlovinme
surroundina
an
hoiiiu eneousaeneous
advantq e
livestoclec
neif
les
lna
filing
eimy
arll
dually
abic
duyedutedwye ia
mornMorvhornionslons harl left the land which weswas dedicated to
the building of ehezheeha center staks of zion and to the savicrlssavior second coming
WBwe fird manynany other motivating factors which influenced the church leaders
the geographic and social environment of the utah area and the whole
region of tho great basin wereweitweikwelk favorablef tovorab the villa go plan the village
facilitated settlementsettiesettle becausebimentnent itcause netretnotmotmet the following needs of the mormon
settlers 1 it provided security 2 facilitfacilfacility citedited
moemortion vitagoviuagovillave was a social invention of the mormonscormonsMormotivated
monsby a sense of urgent needned to prepare a dwelling place
for thetlletile saviour at his second coming by invention is meantthe ccmbinationcombination of knownknorn elements in A new forintornforirfoan to bring intoexistence a ne entity whether mechanical or social it isnot intended to suggest that the mormon village is newnownov in itscomponents but only in their combination
nelnet
boxtmoxt
sillagovillago
10
mormonscormons and the farm village
when thetho mormonscormons settled in utah the ramfarmfam village was the method
of settlement used rathorrather than scattering their farjnsteadsfarm acrosssteadssheads the
arable land as was common in most of the rest of the united states
nelson cites the following reason as to why the farmfarrfarnfaer village
settlement was employed by the mormonscormonsMor
the
mons
mormon
while the need to provide a dwelling place for the saviorsaa atlor his
second coming was a motivating force for the establishment of the mormon
village in missouri and illinois one should not suppose that this was the
malnwainnain motivating force behind the foundation of the farm rillanosvillagesrillaaos in thothe
great
C
asinbasin oneeoncecince the momonsmorvionscomons
it facilitated cooperative effic-
iency by placing the members of the ccnrtunityccmacm inmnityanity ready touch with the
directing officers of thotheleekee group 3 it made for con centnent in that
social intercourse wasws enliicedenLi eveniced in rioneerpioneervioneer stages the villages
were large enough to supportpiortsu religious educational and otherothor social
id p 28
ons
dwe13dx g
new
5
environ ent
le
ds
ancy pl icirg w th
content wientrient
in torcoursetorlerkercourse
si
rilla aos
rilla c
it
had
utahs
effic
oncy
borab
icieg
cofarcorarcofanunity
geoGlogao aradaranmradhy
urburhan ba kfround
vestveet
abodalod in vallaysva2laysvaldays ata-l
or near the mouths of canyons and the very nature of this topographytopograph
bid6ibidbibid ppap 525352
albert
53
seeman coounitiesconimunitiesCoo inunities the saltsitsait lakelahe dasinsasin7alberbalber
11
institutions 4 by the separation of residencresidence area from arable lands
a more advantageous utilization of lands was made possible common
pasturing of the fields after harvest and common fencing were both mademedomadgmedeme
possible
do
by the fact that crops were stored and stacked in the village
albert seeman offers the following reasons for mormon agricultural
communities settling together on a townsite
the church the desert and the canyon stream have conspiredto produce a village concentration the church has created somany religious activities and so monopolized socialsocsoe activitiesilailealthat it cannot carry out its program except in an organizedcomriunitycorarunity while the church may have wanted or dosiiwidosirnd suchcommunities yet it is the environment which made this demandand desire possible the complete isolation fronfrom other settledparts of the united states madenade it necessary for thenthemtherl to furnishtheir ownolm protection fronfromfeon the indians necessity of rtificial3 ywatering the soil made it imperative at that tinetime th9fcth theythoytcooperate in the construction of all irrigation projectstrojoci indiv-idual efforts would haveii beenave futile in irigritionarzirz farriringfartfarnifarrfarigationignation withnconditions
I
such csns are found along the west side of the wasatchmountains 11917117
1
frontier settlementsetti ofement the middle west and thetho highli plains resultedcasulrasul
in
ted
scattered farm dwellingsdwellinas while pacific coastal settlementssehlesoUlesehie verewereeenweaveaments spreadsxrazl3
around harbors or along trade routes but tho pattern of settlement
insisted upon by brbghambrigham young and otlerotherotier churchch7archaar leadersh resulted in a
series of compact villages this wsirs acceptable to the mormonmoznonmonnonmo settlesettlerssettieimoninonrmon rs
since most of them had an urban background A laelargela proportionngerge of the
mormonmomon converts came from villages of the eastern seabondsebosrdseabo orrd villages in
europe
most of the tomstownsto andms villages of utah were situalodsituasitu od
economicgooradhy XIV worchosterworchazterworchesterWorch sachusettsmassachusettsosterosten published oypy clrkcirkuniversity
2.2
19381908Univeruniver5 Pty 30
se aration
6
monopo1
Isng
411he
ch
by
gloaran11107
w-estiring
residencP L e
1zed
cormlete
pi tificiaily
trOjocII1
dwellinas
oi
5
strazi
cocoreoreol lity
mommoahoa
anidarldaapanp IID es andarid runningmn inning
north south and westiest
12
precluded to some extent satisfactory open country settlement further
brigham young informedinconinfon thened church members that wherever the wall of theithe
wasatch mountains was cut by a canyon from which flowed a mountain
stream there along the streamstreamtsstreames coursets a settlement could be made
city of zion
while the mormon village resembled the nevnewnei englandenalandevaland town in some
respects the basic plan forfou many mormon settlements cancen be traced to
the plandlanpiandian of the city of zion which was sent to missouri by joseph smith
in the year 1833 this plan made provision for the practical needs ofQ
a frontier farming communitycommnity
the essential features of this city pattern were that the streets
should be wide intersectingintersect eachlnaina other at right angiesangles
directions the cormiunity was desiredspecifically as the residence area for the farmerstamers who would cultivate
the land adadjacentje cent to the cormrranitycorrxnanity
the plan provided that all the people should live in the cityeityeltyciteitelt the7
city should bobg a mile square made up of blocks contacontaLcontalningcontainingningining ten acres each
cut into halfacrehalf lotsacre lowingallowingel twentytw housesnty loto10 the block the streets
should be eight rods ide and the middle tier of blocks fifty per cent
wider thanthen the others because they were to be used for schools churchesmrchesarchesc
andarrl
mr
public
ches
buildings stables and barns should be on the edge of thetine
city not more than one dwelling house should be put on a lot map 2
joseph smith visualized many communities in close proximity spread
over the comparatively levaileval land of missouri ratherrat thanlher justfust one
bid p 308303003008
99josephajosephjoseph A geddes codification of the erlyearly utah farmfannfahn villageassociation of pacific costcoastoost geographersglozrg9ozr volinre 8Is 192 p 2
8
fo
9
east desiLI gmed
wide
sib d9
19429
st-reet s
r
tust
lest
da
gilo1110
becanebecame the general baternpatternratern for the settlements established by the morainsmoraons1i
in the great basin salt lake city being the first villageeillagell
lobiob
ornormonsors
nehentehensive hi st
13
immense city
it is supposed said joseph smith when sending the platof the city of zionzion1ziona to the brethren at independence in june1832 that such a plat when built up willwiil contain fifteen ortwenty thousand population and that they will require twentyfour buildings to supply them with houses for public worship andschools when this square is laid off and supplied lay offanother in the samesainesane way and so fill up the world in these lastdays and let everyevertevelt mannan live in the city for this is the cityof zion that is a succession of cities of moderate size ofwhich the one to be erected at jackson county missouri is tobe the center place 10
when the mormonscormonsmonnmonr arrivedons in the great basin they found this plan
was difficult to follow the availability of permanentpe streamsmanent and
areas withorithenith desirable topography was a limiting factor in the overalloveraovena
saltaltsaitsettlement
23
lakeplan citydespite soonthese numberedfactors
more than thirty thousand people and as most of the desirable settlement
locations wero occupied more settlers stayed within the salt lake valley
causing this areaaroa to grow in populationpalationpo the plan of the city of zion
established
in 184
it woaldwouldwoald seem that mormon cornnunitiescorhncornn inminitiesunitiesminifies the great basin were the
result of the convergence of the following facts and influences l1 the
developrientdevelop ofrient extraordinary group solidarity 2 the plan of the city of
zion and 3 the physical environment of the valleys andard nearbyne mountainsarby
while thisthiistat1 lastilslis important factor is only briefly mentioned here it willwriuri
be
lidiscussed in detail in chapter II11
B H roberts A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christof latter dazcayday saints vol I1 salt lake city utah Deserodeseret mensmewsnewsnens pressivre1930
ssass9p19309 311
9
theywill
IS
g m7
ganem
11 eillagettagell
18417
cozo
fo11ow4 n7 11
COT D tehensivefc
ait
neus
ma
ai
na
I1
I1 s off i cescalescadloscalosca inle reotfeetreet
ayaplyap 2
lisilsIiifil oriansstorianorlans officeeffice
salt lakelako city utan
MAP
14
E
u 13 ll11
lu I1 I1
J
1
1 71
1 ftll11
fi I1 I1 j
I1
PLATPUT FCLRfqifai CITYICITYICIT OF ZION
the blocks wore tonten acresacnes eachbacieaci with twenty oneono half acrelotslobs to tn block the centercontorconter terti ofer blocks vaswas fifteenfifloen acreswith thirty one hlfhalf aeraacreacra lotsiotslobsbots to the block streetsstetsstreetz werewarenarenere eihtechteikelkrods widniduld 3 lhtha three centercentor blocksbiocbloc werowrowerecs roscrvdro3crvtd for churchesschools and publicpulbli bulldisbuildisbuillullluil0
dis00 toooWOOmoooooo
J sourceSour churchcj iiistorianilistoriansilist
10 ts 41 o ta0 i
ht
lu ildiJITI ngsgoo500
blo- k
Y
nos
washingtonwasningtonashington U S governmentgovernme paintinprintingprintinPrin officetin 1645g p 93
15
ecoecrbcr d
5000ooo
watervater
inelne
CHAPTER II11
PHYSICAL background
general topography of the great basin
some three years prior to the mormon entree into the great basin
john charles fremont hdhod explored the region and consequently named itthe great basin 11 the adjective great is appropriate in that the
basin encompasses an area of approximately 210000 square miles itmeasures 880 miles in length from north to south and nearly 57252 miles in
width at its broadest part it is the largest closed drainage area in
north america the altitude of much of thethobhe basinbaginisbasinissinisBa is 4000 feet or more
above sea level the great basin is not a single cup shaped depression
surrounded by mountains instead it is a series of more than 90 basins
separated from each other by more than 160igo block fault ranges which have
a north south trend and vary in length fromfron thirty to one hundred milosnilosniles
the higher basin ranges reach altitudesaltituaaltitia of from 8000 feet totc more ahrthr n
10000 feet and are separated by broad desert plains or basins lyinglpingaping at
altitudes varying from soasea level or a little less as in death valleyvaileyvaney to
4000 to 000 feet in the north many of these basins have their own
interior drainage and thus playa lakes are formed on the valley floors
these are shallow sheets of viterwiter which cover many square miles in the
11 john charles fromontfrtiontfrpmont reportrepoedepoe of tho exploringeyplorin7 expedition to therockyrockvrocka mountains in the year IS andard to oregonor ardmon morthamorthmorthrrn f2yforniacalibocalifo1643118431643 Y1
es than
L I111john ionount ins he 1842
nt
and
lon
lentaunt
ldalim
nonrunnorrs
aitalt
16
winter season but evaporate during the summer leaving their beds a handhardeard12smooth alkali plain
lake bonneville deltas and terraces
within this basin and range country two large lakes existed during
the pleistocene period lake la hontanfontan covered a large area in nevada
while lake bonneville covered much of the present state of utah lake
bonneville had an extreme north and south length of three hundred miles
and an east west extent of one hundred eighty miles presenting a totalareaerea of 195019750 square miles the sites of the present cities of saltlake city ogden provo and other communities in northern utah were once
covered by more than one thousand feet of water
the bonneville lake basin drained an approximate 500054000 square adlesriilesrdles
area in northern and western utah the general outline of the lake wasvas
that of a pear and at the present time is denoted by the great salt lake
desert and the sevier desert while the stem of the pear is occupied by
the escalanteEscese desertalanto
the lovestlowest depression in bonnevilleBon basinnoville is located along itseastern border and today is filled by great salt lake a remnant of the
once expansiveexpensive ikeLIA bonneville this body of water is a broad shallow
sheetsheeb which extends eighty miles in s northwest southeast direction has
a width of thirty five miles and covers an area of 1260 square miles
fc great salt lmkelakeimketake receives fresh water from four important rivers the egarbearbealrrearbeahr
gloria12 griffen cline exploringcolorine the greatjgsin nonrjnnorms zala
university of oklahomaoklahon 1963963 P 3
ward J roylanceroyisRoylsroyla materialsnce for the study of utahs geographyI1
sitsalt ikelakeipke city utah by the author iacoibco16 redondoO0 ave 192 p 18
13
E cochlorinelorine great fasin in cklahor
13gard th eo7r19c 1
Ok lahodlahon 13laea131evlearsea
haid
waud2.2
17
the ogden the weber and the jordan despite the inflow of these streams 9
the water level is stabilized by the tremendous amount of evaporation
G K gilbert was among the first men to study the remnants of thisgreatpeat pleistocene lake and publish his reports to the world the great
lake stood not at one level but at several during a period of climatic
change when precipitation evaporation and drainage were in a state of
balance the level of the lake was stationary during these periods top-
ographic features were carved by wave action or deposited by rivers the
various levels at which the lake waters were stabilized for comparativelycomparativelcomparatival
long periods of timetimotino are visible to highway travelers as benches along
the mountainsides and especially along the wasatch foothills from mt
nebo on the south to northern cache valley on the north w14
in the vicinity of provo it is possible to see four quite distinctldistinctly
marked shore lines of ancient lake bonneville tha gilbert often referred
to as the bonnevillebotinBoAin theevilieeville provo the intermediate and the stansbury
each of these were formed at different periods in the history of the lake
the highest is the gilbert which was named in honor of G K gilbert who
arotevrote a classic history of lake bonneville in 1890 it can be seen just
above the foothills east of provo the provo level is indicated by the
provo bench the intermediate level is indicated by temple hill or
brigham youngyounetounetoung university campus the rim of the stansbury level is notriot
pronounced and is difficult to trace through present day provoprove because of
urban developmentdevelocment several years agoao it was possible to trace its course
from about second west and twelfthiglfthT north streets as it ran in a south-
easterly direction towards the city cemetery
14ibid
lakes ly
rhethe
18
the provo the intermediate and the stansbury levels were formedforredtorred as
deltas by provoprove river rock canyon crockcreek and slate canyon creek As lake
bonneville receded during dry periodsper thelodsyods river and creeks cut through
the highest delta the sediment from this cutting action was moved domdown
to form the next lower fan like delta and then the process was repeated
until the utah lake level was reached the provo river is at the present
time building a delta where it enters the quiet waters of utah lake
the early settlers and surveyors were undoubtedly surprised to see
these flat topped deltas spreading out from the western base of the
wasatch mountains in 1847 the mormonscormons applied the descriptive title of
benches to these unusual formations the term is still used today by
the lay citizen when speaking of these delta formations these deltas
soon became important to the mormonscormons as they surveyed the area in an
attempt to locate settlement sites
alluvial fans
the early settlers soon found alluvial fans were common in the gretgreat
basin region the streams of the area are fed chiefly by tributariestribratariestributa whoeriesnies
sources are in the high wasatch mountains where the rainfall is greater
than on the aridandarldaid desert plains to the westvest at rare intervalsintern heavyraisrals
downpoursdown cloudburstscloudpours occurbursts on the upper courses which though of
short durationdurations fill the valleys producing torrents of great erosive
power As these streams flow from the higher mountain valleys into the
desert valleys they quickly drop their sediments nithwith the more coarse
siaterialsriaterialsriate suchrials as rocks and gravel being laddla5d down first As the
gradientgradiengladien diminishes and QSas the velocity decreases and as aterwatervater is lost
CLIMATIC DATA FOR THREE STATIONS ON THEEASTERN MARGIN OF THE GREAT basina
193119521931
logan
1952
utah el 4778
J F M A M i i A S 0 N D yr rangetemp 23.0230 28.5285 36736.7 48.5485 56.7567 64164.1 73673.6 72.2722 63.1631 51.5515 36.1361 28.5285 48548.5 50.6506preciaprecip 1.56156 1401.40140 1.89189 2.21221221 1.93193igo 1341.34 46.46 75.75 .9595 1.65165 1.51151 1511.51 172317.23
summer months herethere4 usually a settlement of somesomsoneson consequence could be
developed the size of the stream flow into a valley during july
august and september determineddetent theined number of acres that might be
brought successfully under cultivation mountain strejns and creeks
furnished buhethebuhs water necessary for drinking and culinary purposespurpum andposos for
the turning of various types of mills
in many cases the streams were far apart making the area of the
territory to be colonized extensive the lack of sufficient rainfalland the distancedistadiste betweenzice streams made it necessary for brigham young to
send exploration parties on a broad scale if land for settlement was to
be provided for future expansion the absence of moisture limited thothe
formation of colonies to restricted areas where the water could most
easily and with least waste be brought to the farms the conservation of
water was the only method by which settlement could be increased after
the colonies had been established on the various streams
n e
stre rms
bhe
moamomeoa
edsedl but where along the course of
axjx opleopie
mediatemediano azwz trst
seisea
CHAPTER HI
SITE SELECTIONSELEXTION
the physical environment of the eastern great basin has been dis-
cussed in order to setsot the stage for the actual arrival of the momonmormon
settlers the factors of climate landfomlandfornlandsomland andforn soils all had theirimpact upon the choice of a townsite the mormonscormons were faced with the
problem of placing comparatively larelargeiare groups of people in limitedjirldlirld geo-
graphical
bedted
areas where peritanentperitianentperltperiTiperitperin streamsanent flowed into the valleys
colonies could usually be establishedestablishthese stremstreams did the pioneers locate their villages analysis of one
hundredhurlhuri mormonmonnondred settlements reveals considerable information as to teethe
type of landfomlandformlandsomland chosenciform ofL the total number sixty towns wereworevere located
on or at the immediateirane basediate of an lurialalluvialal fan while another large group
was found on or near deltasdaltas or bench lands only a smailsnailsnallspallsmall group of
villages was located on lake plains or river bottoms land
to better illustrate the relationship between the physical site
and the mormon settlement a sampling of various selectedselectedse2 comniunitiesrarunitiescoectedacted
from each of thesethesa categories is presented
townstos located on fans at mouths of canyons
brihambriharbliharbri calvycjlvyhanhar
brigham city is a classic example of a settlement locating on a
fan nearncrner the immediatemediato mouth of box fider canyon sardine the waters
29
th
losen
inmediatediato sardi e
ils
ham
MAP 3
J
I1ft
f
s
7
d
Z
r7j
y
30
000
00
I1 lj
00
1400enz16ham CITY UTAH
0 if10
14unomeds OP waur
pk y 10 1 Q
T EV
raj
nonnen
klekiewh4wha
31
of boxpox elder creek carried alluvium from the near by wasatch mountains
thus forming an alluvial fan the first settlers in the area were inter-ested in the water supply from box elder creek but also noticed the
rich alluvial soil deposits on this fan the soils were found to have
excellent water drainage properties the natural slope of the land made
diversion of irrigation water comparatively easy air drainage or therm-
al
them-
al conditions on this elevated land made fruit growing successful within
the next decade after the initial settlementsettlesettie
pleasant
mentnent
grove
in september of 1850 a permanent settlement was made at grove creek
which is directly north of battle creek these are both creeks which
issue from the wasatch mountains into the valleyvailey about ten miles north
of provoprove the settlement soon encompassed all the sloping land between
battle creek and grove creek here on the lower slopes of an alluvial
fan the settlers found several favorable conditions for settlementiftlement the
near by creeks supplied water for domestic and irrigation needs while
good farm land was near at hand the land between the settlement and the
lake furnished good pasture land for livestock
since this meadow land which was in the lake bottoms area was of
upmost portanceimportancein as pasture endand hay ground the settlers could not afford
to take up this land with a village site if the early pioneers were to
take advantage of the water power furnished by grove creekcrockcreck and battle
creek they had to locate their settlement on the lower slopes of a steep
alluvial fan the lower end of this narrow steep fan contained siltdeposits this rich soil provided land for garden plots the settlementsettsott
was
lementlerent
located near the foothills of the wasatchwasatchda mountainssatchgatch this made itpossible to herd thedhe cattle sheep and goats into thetho nearrornernrean by highlands
a vial
se intIftinnlement
4k
1
eitcitelt 9
nornork lkahklh
32these were all factors considered by the pioneers in determining the
f
site of pleasant grove
payson
in the autumn of 1850 the settlement of payson was made about
twenty miles south of provo at the foot of the wasatch mountains on the
upper slopes of an alluvial fan the settlement was located riaritrua the base
of payson hill which is a finger of the wasatch mountains the settlers
desired this location because it was here the peteetneetpeteetrieetPeteet creekneet flowed
from the mountains furnishing their water supply in addition this eveglave
them the high ground for protection against possible indian attack
paysonpeyson is located on the upper slopes of the salemsalen fan this allowed the
settlers to farmfamsarmram the more gently sloping and fertile lower slopes to the
west north and east less than two milesniles straight north of payson thothe
pioneers could graze their cattle and horses on the meadowsrilea ofdows the lake
bottoms this land proved ideal for hay and pasture
st georeegeorgegeorpgeopp
st
e
george is situated on a sloping alluvial fan created byinyity streams
flowing from the near bytryitykry pine valley mountains during periods of heavyheary
rainfall or cloudburstscloudburstscloudcloud greatbursts amounts of soil were carried down from
these mountains fonaingforriing this fan some three miles northnorl of the junction
of the virgin and santasanu clara rivers the natural slope of this fan is
obvious to anyone who hshas visited the communitycoirounitycomnunitycoiro itunity is interesting to
note at this point the directions given by brigham young as to the
selection of a site for the city of st george in december of 1861
driggs opon oltgit p 25
22
0 0
22driggs22
ionton
establisestablish
thodsghodsuniversounivers ity 905
requisdequis 1 tes
33
brigham young sent a letter to orson pratt and erastus snow giving themthethen
the followincfollowing instructions
in
0
selecting a location for a city there are a few requisitesto which wo desire to call your attention first and most impo-rtant is a good central position that shall naturally form a point
a hub city and a local head quarters for all the ulementssettlementsclementsupon the santa clara and rio virgin upper and lowerlover such alocality we think may be found at or near the junction of theserivers great care should be exercised in locatinlocating upon highground
9withrowiddowid dry gravelly soil a good distance from the river
bottoms and consequently free from the unpleasant and unhealthymiasmami usuallyaarasr arisinga from bottom lands in waerwannvaenvaelwaen cllmatesclizratesclimates thenext considerationconsider willstion be the obtaining of a supply of goodpurepum water for dorestindorresticdoresticdordo purposesrestic this may be accomplished byconducting water from springs many of which you will probablyfind at no great distance and by the digging of wells but noreference should be had to the procuring of water sufficientfor mills or manufacturing parposespurposespar allposes such establishmentsshould be located on the streams as convenient to the settle-ment as proper sites can be found the above essentialsprocured you will next look around for building materialsgood stone and good timber and when found open practicableroads to them so that they maynay be easy of acessabess to all wewish to caution you against sleeping out upon your fermsferns whichwill be necessarily located on the bottom lands and may besonesome distance from your houses you had better traveltr abivel littledistance to sleep than to expose your health by sleeping onthose damp bottoms we repeat the suggestions that the brethrenundertake the cultivation of such small tracts of land as theyare able to cultivate to advantage having in view first theculture of cotton as the most important staple adapted to thatclimate and the one most needed by the people of utah at thepresent lime
it will be noted that brigham young was especially interested in
establishing a settlement on highidah ground with drydu gravelly soil which
would offer good drainage even though the farfarnsarfarm lands would be located
near the virgin river botton lands he cautioned the people against
building hoieshoriesholeshorles there
23joel richsricks formsforasfomas and methods of early mormonmorionmorrion settlement loganughduhutah utah state university 196 ppap 010 1
a
tlse uleuiements
digging
1lments
cot konkon
1123
14
7071
followinc
t L
establis
70 71lodan
I1
timsertimber
roeyacey
genagen41 ae
tinating ushyusaj
34
towns located on fans created by rivers breaching existing deltas
salt lake city
salt lake city was originally settled on an alluvial fan which was
formed by city creek after it had cut its way through a terrace formed
by ancient lake bonnevillebonriev mostille of the early settlements in salt larelake
valley were nademade either on the bench lands to tho eastcast andfindaind north or
upon fans near the mouth of near by canyonsewicwiemi theyons early leaders were
apparently concerned with the type of land formationmationmatlonfo where the firstmormon city was to be built
brighambrighimBri youngghim said the soil appears of excellent quality abun-dant watered by many streams of the purest water and timber inthetho mountains the atmosphere is clear the air salubrious wehave selected a site for a city which for beauty and conveniencewe have never before equalledequal itled is on a gentle declivity whoreevery garden house lot or room may bo abundantlyown supplieddantly withcold water from the mountains at pleasure he described thefirst soil which was staked off for planting esas friable warmwarnwannwanli andgravelly
0
er
al
24
brigham youngsyouncs description of the land is typical of an alluvial
formation the gentlegentie declivity of the land with friable warnwarmwarri gravellygravetgravel
soil
ly
indicates that these were important criteria in the site selection
for sallsaltsail lk city
provo
the frstarst settlement in utah valley provproveprovobrov was located as a fort
near the Timpanotimpanogos or provoplrjvo river and below a point where a smallsmailsmal
creekere branches off the main stream in 1849 the first pioneers chose
this particular location which was about two miles wostwest of the present
downtowndown businesstown section and was situated on the alluvial banks of the
24thomas C rcey the story of deseret independence missouritissoiii
zion printing and publisherpublishjrPublish conrandcuncanyconranvounCunoon 19danycany PP cac6 71
fi rst
fc iney thzionts prifri tin4 pu 6
ca-st
gos
Jr
toans
A
1
iushj 7
east
35
MAPHU 4
lehiehach
bonabora evillle
strstueainsearns
36provo river in 185048501855 the settlers locatedrelocated their settlementett eastwardlement
nearer the western base of the wasatch mountains here the pioneers
couldcotocolodcolo taeta advantage of the gently sloping alluvial fan deposits which
were laid down by the river as it breached the provo bench the new
site further west provided better land drainage there veswaswesvas less encroach-
ment of subsurface water atpt the new location thus makingraking the groundgrowidgrowed
tiu&ble for a greater variety of crops the river at this location had
sufficient drop to provide water power for grist mills 2
As the settlers began to develop farm land to the north andend east of
the provoprove townsite they notedno thatbedled the river creeks and lake had given
thetho area a varied soil strata the rapidly flowing streams had left here
and there a substratum of rocks and coarse gravel the more slowly moving
currents had carried gravel sand and silt where the streainsstreamystreamsstreany had over-
flowed their banks rich alluvial soil was spread over the near by flood
the early pioneers in the provo area not only found water plentiful
from the river but also found underground sources of ater issuing forth
as springssprinassarinas at the basobase of the deltas and fans to the north and east this
underground source of water flows through gravel deposits which were formedforred
by alluvial outwashout actionwash at various stages of lake borjneville beds
of clay were formed before andaridanid after this outwashout actionwash andsand served to
trap the water forming underground reservoirs the spring water wswas
valued as a source of drinking water as well as irrigation water in
manymary cases the settlers found the water table to be within sixsj tox eight
25Hubertruberlrubert howe bancroft history of utahuth salt lake city utahbookcraftbookcraf 1964 p 310
m s
ke
do wm
ti11ableabie
25
rlch
f ms
60
a
25hubert
ma-ry
d
u
Bookcraf 119
water
alpwll
37
SKETCH I11
all
40
41
G V 4 C 14
474.7ar
26yu
F 0 cac2 T
K E TC H E v lfL rf ryzovrzov0
qedqgd
y
38
feet of the surface this water could be obtained through hand digging
and would supply some water for livestock
americanamerlean fork
thothe settlers of american fork located their settlement along the
banks of americanameAnerne forkforicrican river in july of 1850 where they could take ad-
vantage of the natural meadows along the creek the main area of
settlement wswaswae located on alluvial fan deposits created by the river as
it cut through the bench lands at the base of the wasatch mountains
the sand silt and clay structure of this section provided natural
meadows onxi these meadows much needed farm land was put under cultivation
water could be diverted at higher elevations on the american fork river
and a system of canals was eventually constructed to provide the needed
irrigation water for the pioneerspioneersfpioneer crops
the water fromfroin the river was used for culinary purposes and as
early as 1853 n ordinanceordin wasanceameeazee passed prohibiting pollution of the stream
soon surface wells wore dug with the water being used primarilyprimacprimax forilyliy house-
holds in the lands south of town artesian wells were dug furnishing
water from which hundreds of acres of land could be irrigated
the low medow lands near the lake woewotvotvouvoe ldid have been cultivated by
the settlers but they werewyre found to be too wet and heavily alkaline for
ordinary crop production and asa-s a result the higher and drier preas were
brought under cultivation first
towns located on or near deltas
ogden
As early as 1841 the land here thothe city of ogden now stands was
hold as a spanish grant by milesklies M goodyeargoodyoarGoodygood whopearoarrearear built a stockade and
was tch
an
v
sf
teh
imninnimmigrantsmigrants
formsormed agr4agra eulculeui
39
a few log houses at a point where the weber and ogden rivers meet on
the 6thath of june 1848 james brown of the mormon battalion purchased thilthis
tract of land fromyron goodyeargoody forear 5000 during 1848 jamesjanesjares brownsbro familyrufsrnfs
and three other families moved into the cabins left by goodyear on they
banks of the weber river
brigham youngyo waslaglmg determined to make ogden a pivotal city for
future settlements in the weber valley the october general conference
of the church in saitsaltsattsa larelakelekelakeleat1t cityke in 1849 voted to survey and locate a city
in james browns neighborhood brigham young visited mr brownbrownsbrouns
ogden was therefore established on a delta at the junction of the
ogden andemd weber rivers in 1850 brigham youngfoung gave the people of ogden
the plan of the city to be formed with city lots and outlying agricul-
tural lands that samesane year the history of ogden on its present site
began the president urged the people to move at once to their city lots
and to build for themselves substantial dwellings a meeting place ardand a
school house to fence their gardensardensaddens and plant fruittraitfrait trees so the place
bid p 307
ricks onOD cjtc1t191 p 5
s
26
we finallyfin decidedalv should be laid out on the
south side of ogden river at a point of bench land so that water from
the weber and ogden rivers might be taken out for irrigation and other
purposes 27
bri ghar
9 ID
26jbid D
2j 54
settle-ment during 1849 to determine the best site for the city which he knew
would soon accommodate many new immigrants to the great basin brighambrigha
stated that he and his party ascended a sandhill to discover the best
location for a town which e
m
kicks
young
cataj
thid291bid
40
might become a permanent settlement and the headquarters for the28northern
logan
portion of the territoryterri wtollytoily
when settlers from wellsville in the southwest end of cache valley
were told to found other settlements one of the first to be settled was
logan the city was located at the base of a delta formed by the logan
river A finger of lake bonneville extended into cache valley thus
allowing the creation of deltas along the mountain sides where streams
poured into the ancient lake the site of logan was chosen as a location
place because of its rich alluvial soil and pasture lands to the west of
the city the logan river provided power for the early grist millsmiusmins while
the nearneornerr by mountains afforded timber and summer grazing land for tilethetlle
livestock ac2c
sprinerillesphineSprine
springville
9villrilleavillwas settled in 185018110 and was located at the base of a
delta mapleton berichbench hobble creek cuts through this bench as itenters the valley fromfron the wasatchvlaelavia mountainssatchsateh to the east the settle-ment of springvilleSpring wasville established along the north bank of this creek
the early settlers were able to take fullfulifudi advantage of springs which
issued forth at the base of this delta hence the name springvilleSpring
hobble
ville
creek supplied water for irrigation purposes the waters of
hobble creek were later diverteddiveydiver downed the slopes of a small slluvisl fanluvi
thus allowing the settlers to irrigate most of the fields mundinesurroundingmundingsur the
settlementsettlesettie
bnncroft28
mentnent
op00B citacitcit9in p 308
ibid p 59759759T
29
Phibrinwib
spring I1villelilellie s I1
issued
a vi A 3
he
v
the
bancroft
aed
9.9 pe
oremormoren
the area where the city of oremorengremgren now stands was known by the early
settlers of the valley as provo bench
springvillospringvi110 utahutalhutash art city publishing co 1941947 p 15111lyliyl
ororn m
thatthit
mesorosmenoros that live uthutahut county1ah centennialcentfenral
berichtbericho oremoren was not settled for at
least ten to twelve4elve years after near by provo
32ood N huffkuff ete aleliefi
welvebelve
41
this name is still used to
describe the delta or bench lands to the north of provoprove the provo
bench lands were not settled until after the year 1860 since it was
possible to cultivate farms during the surnamersuirimersunamersulsui monthsrimer and then move back
to the provoprove settlement for the winter months the bench land is ele-
vated above the provo river and hence no streams naturally flowed onto
it since water for irrigation was a real problem to the earlycarly settlers
this too was & factor in delayingdalay settlementinaihaing on the provo bench lands
the parent underlying materialmaternater ofiallai the provo bench is composedcomcon ofposed
cobblerockscobble androcks coarse gravel with a thin layer of clay and silt as a
covering there are no intermediateermediate layers of clay deposits which would
serve to trap the water and establish water tables as is the case in the
lake plain lands this explains why the settlers were unsuccessfulunsuccess insllAilsliobtaining water by17 digging shallow wells into the bench structure the
pioneers soon discovered that the soil had a high meabilitypermeabilitypeipel rate and
low soil moisturamoisturemoi capacitycapacstura initly 1863 a small canal was constructed and
in 1865 permission was given by thothe territorial government to divert
unclaimed water from the provo river the settlers eventually found
thath3 because of the basic landform1lndformlandfordland andform soil composition such crops as
fruit trees and berelesterriesberdiestereterrbere whichlesies require good drainage could be grown most
profitably encn this thin rocky soilsoli 5030 because the top soil was not deep
and streams did not flow onto the bench
11 MenorosSpringvillo
in 1
41ermediateemmediate
jra
roey
zozonzodn
3lhamilhanilton on
iakaak
42y
towns located on lake bottoms or river bottoms
jamyrapa3jnvrapamyraPa
in
Myra
the fall of 1851 several families located on the lake botton
lands about three miles west and slightly north of the present city of
spanish fork thus forming the nucleus of the settlement of palmyra
although palymrapalyntraPalyn waslratra located on the lake bottoms land it was also located
along the north bank of the spanish fork river as it flows toward utah
lake at this location the settlers could tako advantage of the rich
alluvial soil which was washedvi fromashshed the near by mountains and spread over
the surrounding flood plains during the high water periods in the spring
eventually the andslands1 in the vicinity of palmyra became too alkaline and
wet for normalnornalnormah cropcroero production thus necessitating the abandonment of the
communitycomi 331unity
laketownLake1aklaketownLake
townetownutown
wastown settled in 1864 as one of many settlements nnin bear
lake valleyvriley the town itself is located on the lake plain two niles
south of bear lake evenevonemm though the settlement is located on the lake
bollonsboltons it rests upon alluvialallualiu soilvial of considerable depth numerous
wells have baenbeonbeen drilled to depths exceeding three hundred feet without
hitting solid rock formations nearly all the alluvium except some
surface materials from the lake have been transported by the bear32
riverpaverpiverraver from the uinta mountains to the south east
hamilton gardner history of lehi salt lake city utahughduh thedeseret news 1913 p 14
seth euiotteulotteliott budge the geography of bear lake valley unpublishedmasters thesis dptdriptdrift of geography university of utah 1950 p 1343
loca tedt1
P t1
bo 11tons
e
materi als
1 awsews 9
32seth unpibli shedI11
1
sp lnainginaspina
ais
nyra
ta
ouroaroanoun meadows are generallymade by the rivers overflowing the land in the center of thothe valleysvawhich
1
isleys
apportioned to each town and again to each citizen of thethotown in the middle of the summersurlmersullmer the streams are so low that we
cn get on the meadow land and cut and haul
malnalnai ff
highirh mountainsnountains on each side and the townsto areems laid off on thesloping bench land fans and deltas wherever there happens to bea river or brook flowing from the mountains thosethese streams areformed by springs on the hills or by melting of snortsnow on the mountainsand as we cannot depend on rain in this high altitude we are obligedto build towns on the water courses on the bottom lands near thecenter of the valley andarldarid beginning at the lower edge of town ourfarmingfarning land is laid off the farms of a whole town being commonlyenclosed with a single fence round the outside thus effecting agreat saving in fencing materialsmatenateriols
flofio 7ingtingaing
overflooverflog rino
43
binefbinrf
after a long and difficult journey tho first settlersseltsett intolerslors south-
eastern utah founded the village of bluff the pioneers in this region
found the only suitable lands for farming were located along the san
juan river bottoms they therefore divided the lands along the alluvial
river banks into farmfarn plots and established their community
pioneer description
the following is a description written in 1869 by a mr mallinsonmaj
an
linson
english convert to the church of the territory and settlements
the territory is made up of a series of valleys with rangesrangosdangosdangesof high
our hay honehome butbathathut atother seasons it is innundatedinn withundated water M
soon after the mormon communitiesconcom weremnitiesunities founded in a particular
location men were appointed to survey a city plat for town lots here
the peoplejeopleleopleleopiekeople could live together while cultivating farms on the perlmeterperimeterpeniperipenl
of
netermeter
the village A comparison of these various survey patterns reveals
manymajymarvmaiv inteinterestingresting points for discussion
maelvinmtelvinmmelvinMt Jeivinelvin frost factors that influenced homesteadinhomesteadingHomesteadHomehomohono andsteading landabandonmentAbandon innentment san juan county utah unpublishedunpublished hastermastertasters1 thesis1
dept of geography brigham youn university 1960 p 2
3ric3 op cit p 102
33
134
24
y4riyaric it
in331iel nlnrinvin
ring
lreime
pap3 jn
uau1
springaspringvme
TABLE 3
relationshipMLITIONS OFHIP settlements TO IANDFORM
settlement L
salt lako citysugar househoureousehous
holladay
mill creek
south cottonwood
draper
ogden
north ogden
uintah
hooper
plain city
huntsville
farmingtonFarn
bountifulbowntif
ington
provo
americanAre forkrican
lehi
pleasant grove
alpine
payson
springvllle
palmyra
locatedocated on located on located on located onor near or near lakelak plain river bottomsa fan a delta
X
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
e river
i 1 1
e
j
sei TLEME NTS
farowanfarolan
5
TABLEUBLEubie 3 continued
settlement
spanish fork
santaquinSan
oremoren
taquin
tooeletoooletobole
grantsvilleGrants
stville
john
manti
ephraimEpIn
moroni
raim
mt pleasant
spring city
fairview
fountain green
gunnison
clifieldrichfieldRi
salina
monroe
pa rowan
cedr city
paragonahfaragonahParaFarafanapana
beaver
gonah
minersvillehinersvilleMinersHiners
nnguitchp&nguitch
vilieville
located on located on located on located onor near or near lake plain river bottomsa fan a delta
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
45
cod- r
46
TABLE 3 continued
settlement located on located on located on located onor near or near lake plain river bottomsa fan a delta
companiescomcor appointedappo-intedvanies equipped and supported by the churchchurclft
2 a colonizingcoioniz companynp was generallygonegoregere pointedappoint&appointedappointssprallyraily
acsieskes
CHAPTERCHAPTFR IV
EARLY MORMON settlementSEITIseitl SURVEYSURWEYRIENT PATTEFUISPATTERNS
background
investigation of the early mormon settlements and their survey
patterns reveals considerable variation in their layoutlay arrangem&nlsout
the communitiescorya areoreunities not allauailali ten acre block patterns nor do they follow
exactly the plan for the city of zion
derrionslderrionk ratescates
trangtrans1ornionsarmons
pat4pata
the settlementssattlesattie tendrients to fallinto groups withveithvithveath ten acre eight acroaero six acre five acre and foutfourfcii acrer
bloclblocksbloch key townst fromowns each of these groups have been selectselected for norenouenode
detaileddet studya eachiledlied will be discussed in an effort to show the chara-
cter
cha
bicsticsstjesstiesties
ac
uris of the survey pattern typical tcto that segmentsegisegl thethoent other
c&romunities while riotnot described in depth are shownshow on tables which
willvill give the essential characteristicscharacterisll of each
the process by which these settlements wecewereweiswedswei establisheds demonstrates
the nannermannermarxerrannermarrerrarrer nin which the ormonsor attemptedmonsnons to translate
to fod the settlorientsett
and
lorient
3 thothe cocompricanyripanyny was pectedeypectsdpeckedey to pattern its corrunitycomecorrcoer instituticsjnstitunity
afteraf
tirlstcrls
thoseter of salt la e city
B s ir in dc cabrid yssharvard universityunivorsity prosspressprosfprobsproff 15581553s PPFPF1158q 6895fcofc868P
4895
varfictionfiation
s
ern tydieal
tiescoreormofmun L 9
ics
fo nd
35
5joonard35loonard J arrlngtonarrington prcrtun A t0rs ity
arran enenemen s
cd
n
sl
arrinetoringtor
loir
ass
bally
frii
ap
00.
iteITCstcI1 WS trT 0r s s
valvailey bestabestab lish-
ing a ey settlementsettlernon upon it fromfron this hub or key colony other
settlements werewemwero established throughoutthrouch theout valley as terrain and9nd3nd water
allowedau theowed center of all mermon communities maswasoasogs salt lake city and
around it the sub centerscaters or hub colonies in the other valleys of the
great bsinbasdnbasan wereworewone subsequently established
the site for the location of salt lokedredoke city was chosen by briehanbrirhan
young on july IS 1847 between the forcsforlcsforlis of city creek on this sanesariesamesanlesanie
spotsrotscot briham said they would lay out forty acres of land for the build-
ing of a temple those actions were done in the presence of sever
milton R hunter uh th storstoryv
49
brigham young and his two counselors headed the land settlement
projectpro theyhectiect were of course the leading personalities in formulating
and putting into operation the colonization and 111agevillagewillagev layoutlay programout
they had as close helpershelhei thepars twelve apostles and many others such as
stake presidents and bishops who held key positions of leadership in the
various settlements which were established throughout the great basin
71 was through this official system of montionmormonmorron governmentgoven thatimentament brichanbrighan
young controlledcontrollecontrollercon thtrolle foundingthe of the nanymany communities in utah brighambrighayoung personally supervised the laying out of marymany of the towns into
surveyed square blocks with wide streets and the allottingallotinga13otingalloailo ofting famingfabing
lands and city lots to the settlers 0 despite the influence of church
leaders investigation has revealed great variation in village layoutlayIpatterns
outay
salt ipkeIP cityclyke
As previously mentioned briehanbrigham young and his associates followedfollo
a
nedved
general policy of selectingselectlingselect ainglingzing favorable silesiteslue in a valleyvalloyvailey and establish-
ing
of her people salt dakolako cityutah the deseretdeser6t news prossPTOSJpress 1946 p 226
leadin
pres dents
t
36
0
8 bellween
several
settlernon
the
layout
vailey
bril ham
gween
moroilmore convenient to have the temple block conform to the
ten acre pattern of the first plot orson pratt in his record of the
first survey explained it as follows
on monday we commenced laying out the city beginning fwaththe temple block in forming this block forty acres appeared solarge that a council was held to determine hetheywhetherhetheriT or not itwould be wisdom to reduce it one half ot being decided in ourviews we held council again two days later when we gave asour mature 6pinionsopinions thtthkttakt we could not do justice to forty acresthat ten acres would be sufficient 3
As the city extended into the disectedbisected delta lands north and east
of the original site it was found that tenter acre blocks with their one
and one eighth acre lots were inconvenient because of the broken nature
of the land in that part of the city and the blocks were reduced to
two and one half acres
50
members of the quorum of twelve apostlesapos4apost orsonk lesies pratt made a motion that
the temple be built upon the site previously designated by president
young the apostles at the same time decided to lay out the city in
blocks of ten aeresacreacres with streets eight rods videwide running at right angles
with twenty feet on each side given to sidewalks the blocks were to be
divided into lots of one and one eighth acres each
before the survey of the city was completed it was decided that
it would be more
it was further determined at this time to
build only one house on a lot rentytwentytenty feet back from the line in the
center of the lot thistis was urged as a means of preventing the spread
of fire throughout the city another decision made at this tire was
to have four houses built facing west and on the opposite sidsidisie i of the
37roborts37poborts37 qonrobertsRoborts citct vol iliillIII111lyliti p 280
vol HTIITitttit p9 282232
379 9
not
11 J
39
the
38dward9 historyhiftoryHift oforY 1t laklikdak city salt ukelake Ccitytyg
utah edmardedward W tullidetullidtullidgeTul publisherlideilde 19169 ppap9 47647847
roberts39rohel
6
optsats9 ci t
silt lakeae FYb 1 sh r
9 5
38edwarddward W tallidotullidotullidellidoTuTultuiildelide S il t
thit
salt189
athistory
solusolasora th ninthLeithneithNI south fiveivelve blocks west fifth west and approximately
five blocks north of temple square this basic plan for the city was
submitted to the whoiewholeriole crrp in a town meeting on the evening of
july 28 1871847 As eacheich part or section of the plan was presented to the
people it was unanimously passed and approved
hrildlldibidliidald P 280380
lanian
carpclr
51
block four houses facing east with no houses being constructed on the
north or south of this block the next blocks north or south were to
have four houses on the north and four on the south but none on the
east andarilarmiarki west sides this plan provided a home layoutlay patternout whare
no houses would front each other on the opposite sides of streets
those houses built on the sanesame side would be about eight rods apart and
would still provide sufficient room for gardens which would runmn to the
center of the block this planpian of having four houses built on one
side of a block and others on alternating sides was abandonedaban indonod a short
time
the plan for salt lakelako city also provided foaforfoz publicr squares of
ten acres each laid out in various parts of the eltycitycitelwyelnelx for public grounds
the temple square was the initial center for naming the streetsstre
the
etsotsebs
streets around the temple block were called north south east and
west temple streets respectively east temple street was soon chanzeeh&nei
to main street the others were to be named first north second orthnorthI
first south socondsocordsocoro south and so on following all sides the originalcricrl
street
ginal
pattom extended three blocksblocsbloes east third east nine blocks
south
VIadsrds
40P 0
f
I1 p
40 80
i
elch
loiidi
vreskres
farrinfarmin fl
feetsfeet9
thnttant
52on the olstoist of july orson pratt began the surveysurvay ofoa the4 city
tho latitude of the northornnorthernnort boundaryharn of thetho templetenpietempiete npleaple blockhe writes I1 ascertained by meridian observation of the sunto be HO40 degrees 45 minutes 44 seconds the longitude as ob-tained by lunar distances taken by thathe sextant and circle wasill111iiiili degreesdecrees 26 minutesini 334nutes seconds or hours 25 minutes46 seconds west of greenwichGre itsemich altitude above the level ofthe sea was 4300 feetseet as ascertained by calculations deducedfrom the neanmeanricannican of a number of barometrical observations takenon successive daydays 11
when the city itself was laid out landlaridrand for farmingfarminfl and pasturing
purposespta wasposes surveyed outside the city dinitslinits in sivo ten andane twenty
acre plots the smallersm&3 plotslortor were nearest the city boundaries the
others followed in thezhe order of their size this was done to pivent
nonopolyrionopolymonopolynonorionomono ofpolyroly land and possible attempts at speculations in town lots101.0
or nr by farming lands
we must make note of the fact that even though salt lake city wswas
theune first settlement made in the great basin it did not follow exactly
tho plnplpinaln of the city of zion the city of zion was laid out with thehemiddle tier of blocks fifty per cent wider than the others or fifteen
acres to the block this was for soesonesome unknown rensonreasonren neverson incorpor-
ated into tho survey paternpattern of salt lakeakedakeaye city each ten acre bioclkblockwlock inn
the city of zion was subdivided into twenty hifhplfhlfhalf acre lots while in
salt lakelaielale city each ten acre block was subdividedsubdivsubdie intoeded1ded eight one and
one eighth acre lots in thothe city of zion each house was to stand
twentytwenty fivesivesivty feet back from the street while in salt lake city the houses
were to be built twenty feet back from the street line while these mayroayray
be insignificant differencesdiffenediffere theyancesences do point out th t there wemwere many
deviations fronfromfrenfrem the plan of the city of zion the churchchurel loaders
joi411bid p 01
rcrd p 282
ITheIT cne sls nL
7
C
11 uts
p eventevevent
42
n CAI1tr 1
incortx 1
de riationsriat ionslons
281
42j rj d j
the
10
divent
rard
murmparcmuze rr E
I1
ll11
POE E F 11
11 1 1el r 1 11 1
j L
helTMWbeoxeomekdwigLVIG4 0 V CTSICTSmoleok
tretleglollo otaoth
ac&c re E1
L- CT S PG
53
VA 5
r
i
03p012t
L
A IT onueLVEUNKEobue OTC
arclantlAracreeancl
11
socScL elletellhtoc OUE- AJC seAJCctr czoprzop WDEw GOO p urlve f cy ofa
i
T ji uor EPT ZO20 iai1
rapr4pK
E I1elI1
I1 I1L L j
FE
elF
F ihllelihn E ie 0PLAT 1141 galtHALTgatt
5T caelae ul TS E kak4 H T mc PAFTEFCZ saiwersuiwer cac3
11 borledworwoc
I1
e 5feptLe
lne 611
ted
arlve
I1 lovelandoveland may 1 1821872
ogden mayor lorin farr august 2 1872182187 and logan mayor william B
we must consider the word foundation in the broadest sensesensa
of the word
it is interesting to note that the townsitefcownsite of salt lekelake city
was not officially given a patent land deed until june 1 1821872 at this
time mayor david H wells purchased the townsitetom forsite l63067163o616306716306 or 125
an acre for 573045573055730.45 acres of land the patent vmswasvas issued by president
ulysses S grant through the general land offleeiceiee an agency that has
since been absorbed by the bureaubareau of dtndlnddand management the boundaries
as spelled out in the patent were the city limits of that day which
were thirteenth east then the boundary of ft douglas south to ninth
south and west to about a quarter of a mile east of the jordan riverrivaredveredvar
one reasonable explanation ss to why the citizens of salt lakelake
city were squatterssquatters11 on the public land for twenty five years is
that the general land office was not establishedaablishedest in utah until after 180160igopatents for four other utah cities wore also issued in 18721 by
president grant these four were to provo mayor abraham 0 serootsrroot
september 13 1811871 brigham city mayor chester
p 38
salt lako
54
themselvesthera sawselves thabthatthau certain changes were necessary as the survey was
made or shortly thereafter when one says that the plan of the city
of zion thus became the foundation for settlements of the mormonscormons in
the great basin salt lake city being the first villageIvilegilegli establishedeslagel
in
ab1i
184
shed
1847 1143
office
s
uta ai
L
an will lamlaneamlog
11
toh
snisrisndthftaf1eldfieldleidbeld
richplch
bloebloc Is
ionlon of eight acre
block settlements logan and tooelethoele are the hub cities of this group
arditiadditi on
55f
summarysunSur
of
unary
all the communities examined only sixteen in addition to saltlake city were found to have been laid out in ten acre blocks four of
these holladay sugar hoesehouse south cottonwood jordan were founded
within the salt lake valley as outlying spokes of the parent hub col-
ony ogden some forty milesniles to the north the hub city for weber
valley was also surveyed into ten acre blocks to the south in utah
valley we find american fork in this classification ephraim in sanpetesanrete
county and fillFirLfillmoremoreriore in millard county are the only ten acre settlements
south of utah valley brighambrigharr youngyomyow visitedig fi3jlmore shortly after itsr
foundation in 1851 to select the site for the permanent town and to see
that it was properly laid out by the territorial surveyor all of the
other ten acre settlements were founded in northeastern utah and south-
eastern idaho with wellseellsville smithfieldsnithfieldSnithsmith and hyrum in cache county
and woodruff randolph st charles and montpelierIlont inpelierpeiler richpich county and
neighboring bear lake county of idaho eight of these settlementsjattlensattlen hadhdantsents
eight lots of one and one quarter acres to the block six had ten lots
of one acre to thetho block while the other four settlements divided their
blocks into twenty sixteen and twelve lots to the block only
eolladayshouadaysEollHoUhoneon tenadays acre bocksblocks were further subdivided into twentyti oneenty
quarter acre lots to the blocblockbioc thus patterning its survey in this
rz e ablpbl ok echtelht OE JC 0 eltaizeaiztaidt LOT rer 3loalo310dlo
vo
o0
56
re ecc YL
p illili marzmorzmare G OT
MAP 6
eit
aar eca
squaaqua re
57
tabieTABLE 4
settlements WITH TEN ACRE BLOCKS
settlement
salt lake city
holladay
south cottonwocdcottonwood
fillnorefilinorellnorelinorefilimoreFi
ogden
amerleanamericanmaekae yolkforkfoikyorkrican
ephrainephraim
sugar house
wellsville
smithfield
hyrum
mendon
st charles
montpelier
randolph
woodruff
jordanjorganjerdan
whenwhon surveyed
184 and1852
1852
1852
1852
1850
1850
1853
1857
1863
1863
1863
1863
1864
1865
1870
1871
1873
numbernwaberneaber oflots perblock
8
20
16
8
10
8
10
16
8
10
8
8
10
10
8
8
12
size oflots inacres
1.25125
5.5
6.6
1.25125
1
1.25125
1
6.6
1.25125
1
1.25125
1.25125
1
1
1251.25
1.25125
8.8
streetsize
in feet
1321329 6682.5825
82.5825
82.5825
1323321.3282.5825
1321329 66
1321329 6682.5825
99
66
99
99
99
99
99
99
132 99
132 99
82582.5
blockpattern
square
squarsquare
square
square
square
rectreel squaresqualsquaresquar9
square
square
square
square
square
squareswareM
square
e
square
nd
square
0
squarsquare
rectangular
TABIZ
1847
186
1 18 30
118 65
1329
82 5.5 R c ta n craa r
1- 25 129
3
e
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
825
825
825
825
825
825
132
nlnnin
lalial eae4 ghtaht
whawh4ute
58
logan
although wellsville was settled in 1856 some three years before
logan it was not to be the hub city of cache valley for colonizing
after 1861 peter maughn was asked to locate another settlement ten
miles to the northeast of wellsville in the year 1859 the fertile soilandang pasture land were ample and water power was provided by the logan
river the first settlers in logan drew lots for their land tn the
spring of 1860 while there was yet two feet of snow on the ground the
townsite was first surveyed by william B preston and territorial surveyor
jesse W fox A second survey was made and recorded in 1863 the tow-
nsite was divided into eight acre blocks each blockbloj wsum furthers divided
into six lotsrots3 ofots one and one third acres the nainrinmain street was one hun-
dred thirty two feet wide while all other streets were to be ninety nine
feet in width
duringdaringduningdarlngduming 1864 paradise hyde park and millvilmillvillomallvilMill werevillo surveyed into
eight lots of one acre to each block garden city to the northeast of
logan and to the southwest of bear lake was also surveyeds intom eightveyedkeyed
acre blocks in garden city the blocks were divided intonto four lots of
twotuo acres eachechepch
tooelotooeletofele
about the ath of september 1849 the first white settlers came
into thoeletooele valley with the purposepir ofpose finding homeshones and establishing
RP permanent settlementsettlcment ther were three familiesfani inliesllesiles this croupprouprroup
dosiahjociahvosiah call cuddonjudson tolman and samuolsarrualsamkolSar mechanrual families after exploringploringthe valley and lower part of the canyons for springssprinc andrs trees they
i o0
ea h
cce
5 101 s
4411h
ezploring
bloc- s
le
1
ruai floring
blocbiocbloe t- s
blocbiocbloe
echoeh
laraar
59
decided to settle by a small stream just south of the present city of
tooelethoele
brigham young granted the timber rights in small middle creek
canyon and the privilege of a mill site on big settlementSettle canyonmentnentmont creek
to ezra T benson anson call josiah call and judson tolman in
novemberNov ofomber 1849 shortly after this time the robert skelton john
rowberry phineas wright francis lougy and orson bravettblavett families
settled at the bottom of an alluvialalluvallua fanlailalial near the mouth of settlement
creek canyon this site was located about one milemllenile southwestsouth ofwyestwrestkrest the
present city of tooelethoele these early pioneers builtwiltbulitmilt several cabins on
the north side of settlement creek before winter came they were joined
by twelve moremorsnorenors familiesfarkalfarkil endsndandlesies the founding of tooletoo v9sle well underway
for
46
the next four years more settlers came into the valley and
many munitycomnunitycormunitycommunityconcor buildings were constructed but until 38533.85318531.8535853 thothe tomtown hdhad
not been laid out in the failfarlrailrait of 1853 the townsitetownsitotoimstownthims vaswassiteitesito surveyedsui byveyedkeyed
jesse W fox and the people located on their smallsmausnallsnail tomtownto plotsm the
blocks of the townsite varied greatly in size of the original eight
blocks surveyed four of these were eight aeresacresseres acheach with approxirratelyapprocirrateight one acre lots to ech block while the other four blocks worewerevorevoyeweye sixs
acres
1
in area with six or seven lots to the blockblocbioc see map 7 As the
years passed ounerotherunero blocksblocbioc were surveyed into ten and four acre bloedobloeko
why the variance in the size of these rectangular blocs is a question
that remains unanswered the main intersecting streets were ninety nulenuieninenuloninoni
feet
ne
wide whilewydie the other streets averaged sixty six feet in width
tooele county dustersduhtersdatzcrhtersDuh ofters utah pioneersrioneerioneer historyhistorrHi ofstorr thoeletooelecounty salt lake city utah publishers oss 1961 p 19
biocblocbloe s south of salt lake city ephraim was
included in this category as well as in the ten acre group because both
dimensionsdirien weresions useduced in its survey pattern both gunnisongunnisons s and ephraimsephrainsephraimmEphrEph
blocksblocbioc
aimsrainspainspalms
werecs further subdivided into elgheight one acre lots meadowsmeadow blocks
were subdivided into four two acre lots to the rockmockroceblocbioc as was garden city
north of salt lake city willardwillar hoopervilleHoop andanianterville kaysvilloKaysvilvii werewerevillole
laid out with welve and sixsiasimska and eighteivnteivet lots respectively to the bloc
I1
idlIDI
ilelie
999ggs
slustu
ephraiephrainiephraineephraim gunnisonannisonGl and meadow were the only settlements of this
study with eight acre blocks
blocbioc
61
dF
999
1870
1858
1870180
1862
1883
number oflots perblock
12
8
6
8
8
6
4
8
12
8
4
size oflots inacres
7.7
1
1.33133
1
1
1.33133
2
1
7.7
1
2
streetsize
in feet
99
99 66
1321329 99
1321329 99
99
99
99
99 66
99 50
99
99
blockpattern
rect square
rectreelroetroel squaresaurasqura
square
re
square
square
square
square
square
rectangularrectamtia2ar
rectangular
square
sujfpnary
Ephraini
lle 18 13
m
aa ght
Is
L he
ville
Gunni sons
I
alms
aht
conlcoriconi
chancechnce to drwdraw a lot t a public meeting this seeded
blocbioc cs
ardand e
llyliyfohirfouir ily
62
millcreekMill tocreek the east and south of salt lake cilycityci wasLY also surveyed with
twelve one half acre lots in each bloeblockbloc it is interesting to note that
all of the eight acre settlements had streets which generally averaged
ninety nine feet in width the city of zion it will be rememberedrerierribered was
planned with streets one hundred thirty two feet wide
settlements with six acre blocks
the settlements within this classification number twentyfivetwenty
thus
five
forming one of the largest groups in our settlement classificationpotternpatternpe oftternattern tills number springvilleSpring brighamville city st george and
cedar city were chosen as typical examples for more detailed analysis
sprngyille
springvilleSpring wasville typical of other mormon villages along the wasatch
mountains tonoitoI farm houses stood out among the fields as all farmers lived
in the village andsnd traveled to their farmsfarns each day to work thetho orig-
inal survey or plat A of springvillesprinerSpringsprine wasillevillelile madenade by andrew J stewartstevart early
in the vinterwinterir of 1851521851 the52 main streets were one hundred thirty two
feet wide and laid out in a grid pattern on the four points of the com-
pass the other streets were either ninety nine or sixty siysix feet in
width the blocks wore surveyed into six acre squares with six one acre
lots to each bloc1bloclblochl certain blocks and locations were reserved for
public meeting houses churches and schools in the central partdart of town
sincesinco everyone wanted to mmown a city lot a fair dystesystemsyste had to be
devised in dispersingd these1spersespers lotsing it was finally decided to give each
lot a number thethozhe numbers werowere14 then1-1 placedrar0 in a box nd each hed of a
fnirily given
in7ville
mounta ins 4 arm
v
he ch he d
see edmeet-ing
r
10cat 1 ons
ciby
llo
cancefairily
SIXstybix OIH- ZS totatot5cotscoxsim14 EACH QLCC
vafty rz otalhjalocuciwae ORIVE
I1 el I1 I1 elfelletl 1 11
I1 leliieli 11 ell 1e1vj
W
s T m r C
sursorVC 1f MAP2000 OP 5pr4 1nc4v11 lr ciefcitf UTZHUTUTZutch
63
MAP 8
Nor161nal
l airseae bloo2100chloccalocbaloc217 SLOOCEI11
AFTER edalOtaledulnjalhJAL100 pizlmctvllle CT
r
it IF 1 1 1 1e1I1 I1
0 R I1 i N A PLAT OFCF wzivllWRIHWILLE dittCITYCITYIJJTAutahuta4c31 Y
LR
H
etl
lolaiese
fafty af
alhawlha beangbelng
ar4r arointroint
64
to satisfy the majority of settlers and the city lots were thereforethere
quickly
forefora
claimed 47
br leham ciszcityisyiszC
brigham city was founded somewhat differently than most of the
early mormonmonnon settlements the colonists who settled in the vicinity of
brighamBrig cityhaiaharahala had notriot beonbeen sent as an organized company under tho direc-
tion of brigham young but had simply drifted to this location a few at48a timotime in 1850 several families had settled on box elder creek which
is located about twenty miles north of ogden there two hundred four
people were living in and around the brallsriallsrall fort where brigham city now
stands in thetho year 1854 under the leadership of lorenzolorenso snow a great
organizer and leader better homes were built and irrigation projectsbrojeproje
were
3
improved
ts
earlyfarly in the spring of 1855 the townsitemsite of brigham city was
platted this first survey known as plat A
bri rham
extended from what is5sas
now second northworth to second south fourrour blocks east of main street angandandiangiandt the
49same distance west the original plat A map was not recordedrecor atdd the
box elder county court house until zaymayvay 180
As mapmaieapeai 9 indicates there wero thirty two rectangular blocks in
the original survey or platflatpiat A each block was six acres in area and
each wasras further divided into twelve one half acre lobslots anyone wishing
to procure a lot in plat A was given a title to the lot of his choice
after he had builtbulit four rods of the rock wall which was beinheinheln built
don arloscurioscarloscariosarios johnson A brief hitoiy of spnvnioqpr4n7villo sprinvilleaprinsprinutah
lleilelinprinted by william F gibson sprin7rilesprinllo 1900 p1 15
Rickspacksbicks sejs2jseesaj P 63
box elder county daughterslaughters of utah pioneerspionepioreplone histerigtoryersors nf 5 ox
elder county izhamriwm city utah aruarlartiru city pjbllshin
to
3cj s
ch
4i n H 2fprin godtedwod gi bson 1
racks48ricksbacks48 op eit949box
i shin 259layl1yley k arzr g 1937193 P 59r
early
may
nas
eld icham
maite
ai afabson
eita
mokmow taelerawle
ezleazle otahotawmarmam
edmede
walwat
lfflf4 MFew
YA
hal
p
ctv1 UTCH
MAPeap 9
65
P L A IT 11 al
PLAT A f5r6ham5r16ham CTYCITY UTAHLJTAH
iy
AL
hcr2e ROKR OK
F 11
i L L J L
IF I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1
r
j
F I1
I1 IF 1 1 11 1 1 1 11
L L i
11 11 IF ll11 11 11 11 1 1
je ravrzv AF raeleAFTMM
OMEHAIPomaOME
anwlqzjouvjZ
coatHAIoki tzePLOT spirztpirz ai&i OCK
geb900 10001.16tlg 1 vq&r
100J120
ay
66
around the city0city50 these lots would be used as tovmsite lots for homes
and possibly a barn for stock since the large farm holdings were located
on the perimeter of the town forest street or center street running
east and west was laid out one hundred thirty two feet midewideulde while the
other streets running east and west were only sixty six feet in width
iiiall of the streets running north and south were ninety nine feet wide
including main street which runs north and south west of the court
house block
st george
in january of 1858 brigham young dispatched a small partypertpartir of men
to establish a cotton farm along the virgin river in 1859 brichanbrighanbrigham
young visited this group and at this time visualized the prospective co-nter for the settlementsettlesettie ofnent st george seeseo chapter II11 st george wswasvas
important in the opinion of brigham young since it was to be the center
for future settlements in the southern utah territoryterritorri
with
51tory
the outbreak of the civil war the cotton supply in utah
quickly dwindled brigham young called three hundred nine additional
settlers to strengthen and build settlements along the lower virgin river
with instructions that they were to develop cotton farming and other
semitropicalsemi cropstropical when this group arrived they eventually settled
in the vicinity of present day st george under the leadership of
erstuserestus snow a committeezuritteecowcor waszurit appointedtee to choose a townsitewrsitewrsiseto and procedo
with the town surveysur thetey original plat was laid out in square blocks
528 x 528 feet each city block had just over six acrosaaros to the block
ibid p 260
ricks opov cit p 69
S t
ej
50bidL
51pacicsA I1
to-m
ad-ditionalitionallonallonai
see
aliail
ariciorici t
6
which wero further subdividedsxbivided into eight 8.8 acre lots three of the
lots worewere reserved for school purposes thothe streets were ninety feet
wide including twelve feet wide side walks weuteuve note a departure herehomeheme
from the standard procedure of laying off the streets in rods which would
have madenade the streets either ninety nine feet six rods or 825 feet
five rods thirty six blocks were surveyed in this fashion as part of
platpiatplax A with the central block set apart as a public square this
original plat was not officially recorded at the washington county court
house until 1821871877
after the town lots had been given to the settlerssett oflerslors st george
the next problem was the division of the agricultural land south of townbown
it was finally decided to survey the farm land into comparatively friallsriall
plots most farms were no larger than five acres with two and oneole halyhalfhplf
acres being average this procedure was used because the number of set-
tlers was large and the area of arable land was limited
edrcedar cityolty
although pa nowanrowan was settled in january of 1851 and became the
county seat for iron county cedir city soon became the mostnost important
town in the county in november of 1851 shortly after the carowanparowan
settlers had begumbegun their settlement a scotch company trained in coal
mining and the making of steel arrived on thothe attlelittle4ttledittledittieL muddy river now
known as coal creek to fonnfond the colony of cedar city they had been
sent by brigham young from salt lake city for tho purpose of making steel
which was scarce in utah during the early years of settlement the set-
tlers used the drift wood found alonalongaionaiono the banks of coal creek to build
roberts cl vol V p 123
67
82 5
P th 52
tov n
s all
ciparowqn
cedar
dz ft
52 v9
bedr
adz
va
torlortoi of rectangular and square slippedshaped blocks
icks op citcu pD 90
bancroft OPon cit
lesjes
YBanyeanerocro ft
dad4 vert
replacereplaci ng
68
a dam which would dvrb the water to their farm land
in 1852 cedar city was laid out in lots four rods by twenty rods
with streets six rods wide and alleys cutting through the blocks three
rods wide this allowed blocks of six acres each and four lots to the
blocblockbrockbioc eachlc lot was just under one and one half acres in dimension
As previously stated most of the streets were six rods or ninetynjjiety nine
feet wide with the exception of main street which was oneono hundred thirtytwo feet wide this pattern of survey provided two hundred eight lots
for the new settlers moving to this location
m-
any people moved from cedar city in 18581853 due to the failure of
the ironiron industry the experiment failed since the work could not be
done on 0 sufficiently large scale to make it profitable sheep and
cattlemen soon moved into the region replacing the manufacturing enter-
prise thetho animals were ableabileabie to find excellent summer range on cedar
mountain while the western desert provided good winter pasture
summerysummjry
from the tablecabletaule showing the six acresere settlements it s possible
to mke certain observations tn eighteen communitiescorwiunit4 the blocks are
further divided into four one and one half acre lots to the blockblocblochbioc in
four villagesril mehnneesinf blocksblocsbloes are subdivided into eight 8.8 acre9cre lots per
blocblockbioc and&nd in the rer9ininfre three4m settlemntssettlementssettienbettien1ining the3ntsints city blocs re surveyedsurvsarv
into
sy
sixS
ed
one5 acreX lots the street widths in six acre blocblockbioc vllgesvillrgesvolgesvary and re not consistent as in thetho eghtlghtechtighte acroaeroacre settlementssettle inrents twenty
one of thetho towns the blocks are square in shapeshaposwape three towntowns re surveyedsurgur
with
joyedtoyedroyed
&r combinationcombiriat
p 317
53
54
n 0L 1 11
ror
NL
slinryq ry1Is
m ke
are
st acetcet
are
ovms are
53p i c s or
ybancro
s-up
wh- le
vent
ener
darb
oems
3515
shosno U A r
elsinoreElsi
whenithenthenuhen
18793879
I
noro
surveyed number
1851
of
18511351
lots
185138511.851
per
1851
block
1852
6
1852
6
1855
4
1859
4
1862
4
1862
4
1864
6
1811811
4
1811871
8
1873
8
1873183
4
18711874
4
18753875
4
1879
8
8
4
4
4
4
size ofletslotslctlet inacres
1
1
1.5151.5151.5151.5151
1.5353.5158.8
8.8
1.5151.515
151.5
8.8
8.8
1.5151.5151.5151.515
streetsize
in feet
132 9966
120 99
1321329 99
99 66
99
1329132 99
1321329 9966
90
82.5825
90
99
99
132 99
66
82.5825
99
66
99
82.5825 66
blockpattern
square
square
square
square
saussqus re
square
rehred square
squaaqua re
squaresouane
square
square
square
square
squaaqua re
reetreelrect squaresouansquab
squaqu re
square
square
square
isquareasquare
69
TABLE 6
settlements WITH SIX ACRE BLOCKS
settlement
springvilleSpring
santaquinSan
ville
nephinedhimedhi
taquin
parowancarowan
palmyra
cedar city
brigham city
paragonahPara
toquervllletoquervtoquero
gonah
stillelile
george
circlevilleCir
holden
cleville
delta
huntshunto lieilehiebie
draper
coalvillealvilleCo
ordervilledervilleOr
monroe
999
Squ x e
rect
square
1864
55 q i v re
s
in
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
825
825
825
square
18871882
orloni
squaroaquaro
70
TABLE 6 continued
settlement
kanabcanab
summit
levan
fairview
fielding
kamaskanaskamkan recoirecordedas
when
191219122
surveyed number
1880
of
1882
lots
188
per
1888
block
1894
4
led
4
4
4
4
4
size oflots inacres
1.5151.5151.5151.5151.5151.515
streetsize
in feet
99
99
99
82.5825
99 82.5825
82.5825
blockpattern
square
squaaqua ro
square
square
rect square
square
settlements with four acre blocks
of the five groups of settlements in this study the four acre
block settlements are by far the largest twenty eight communitiemmlitiescommunitivecomm
or
unitie
morenoremonemoro than thirty percent zaneorezareoneanelane within the classification of four acre
settlements provo is the largest of these and also is considered a
hub city for all of utah valley tvotwo other cities pleasant grove
and spanish fork are also selected as varied examples in this same
category
provo
in march 1849 john S higbee at the head of thirty fardliesfard
tocktook
lieswagons horses cattle farmingfarring implements and householdhousehoase equipmentholdhoid
endand left great sitsaltsait lake city to establish a mormon settlementsett onlerent thothe
provo riverpliver the placepince chosenchozen wasnasngswalswats a favoritfavorite indian fishing ground
C
ab1bcor
e 11oriororibrioror
crouril1
1 1
3
15
15
15
15
15
15
825
825
825decoi
tatzalcalirrigirrigzal
anidarld
aionalon
gip617ht
survfsuraf yed runningrurininc eleven blocks
each way with the publicrmblicemblic square in the center A block was twenty four
rods by twenty four rods or slightly under four acres and contained eihtecht
lots each beinprbeinpbeinar six by twelve rods or one half acre each mainminmaln street
now fifth west street and center street werwerawerpnera made eight rods 132 feet
nidewide ardand the other streets five rods 82.5825 foetfootfeetroetroot widevidewl theede plat
th jp cruiceguijocruide to the state ew yorkyorlaorl hastings house publishers1939 p 216
sprcprinia
71
where the utes held a fish carnival at the time of the spring spawningspaimingaimingfording provo river the settlers established themselves on the south
bank see chapter II11 farming and building were begun andend within a
few weeks the settlers hdhadhod constructed a fort plowed two hundred twenty
five acres of land and planted rye wheat andarida cornnidrid
in 1849 samuel clark established the communitycommunitys first tannery and
john blackburn erected the first sawmillsawmilsammil a crude hand operated affair
thatthaithab wsw soon replaced by a water driven mill two large canals diver-
ting water from provo river were dug for irrigation that same year the
first gristmillgristri imswasmsiii11 builtbu and put in operation
A decision was made in 18501650 to move the settlement eastwardeasi aboutewardtward
a mile anda half where the pioneers couldcou takead1d advantages of more favor-
able geographical factors see chapter V
during the summersu ofmmorammor 1850 surveyor lemon came from great salt lake
city and began the survey of provoprove he struck the first stake in the
center of whatweat wswc tos be the public square and is nowrow pioneer park
assisted by peter W conover as chain bearer he surveyed the northwest
quarter of the city one hundred and sixty acres were laid off into city
lots in the spring of 1851 thishis wortworkwor wasc continued by andrew J stewart
A city plot one mplemlemdmierieale squarele plat A was surveyed
955
s
lt
A n
elev sn
55jth 9 new
1
sp
1
825
durnlurnwurn
inesanes they found that the city lines varied fromfron those of the
government by only one degree to the right east the streets did not
therefore run exactly on cardinal lines but were off only one degree
since the instruments used by the pioneer surveyors were not of the
highest gradograde we must compliment these men on their ability to surveysurrey
the city with such a littleittle3 discrepancy in running theirthedr survey iineslinesinesinosknos1 58
pleasantpleacant grove
on their return from the provoprove indianindi waran daniel wells and lewis
PwPtObinson passedpssass throughed the meadows fed by battle creek it appeared to
be choice land to theca leaders for they said in their report that no
9better stretch of rich grasses was to be found anywhere indn the arid hestwest 7
56j5j lrinuscrinus jensen Fjarizjarly hi st
Pleapiea santcant
astjst i5
72
extended six blocks westvest of main street and five blocks east six
blocks south of center street and five blocks north the numbering of
the blocks began in the southeast corner of the plat and ran west thence
east on the next tier and so on the last number one hundred twentybientybienly
coming in the northwest corner
in the fall of 1850 and during the summer of 1851 many of the
settlerssettSOtt movedlers out of the fort onto their towntourn lots the tier of blocks
on the east side of main street being the first to be occupied the one
on the vestwest following
the government surveyors earlecamecarieeanie to prevo in 1856 in running their
survey
story of provoprove tjthuttath provePahqh uthututrbovoeovodovonewmew
2E fl 1 IF 1111 11 1 fj I11 11 111iliiii IF 1 1 IE 1 11
1
P romROV0 u T S A
AF tcruztcrzmerzmurz sasllsamllSA ltseltslL malpma1pSecieci e
cj k5 r
eltsearzoo atl
ka
tstisb
74
their decision was to stake out claims where battlebattie creek spread over
the land though they did not at the timetine pause to do so
the name battle creek was derived from the first skirmish between
the indians and whites on february 28 1849 before the first settlershad moredmovednovednored into the valley here a group of outlaw indians were
surrounded zindandaind forced to surrender after several of their number had
been killed
it was not until september 13 1850 that a permanentper settlementmanentmanert
was made at grove creek which is directly north of battle creek here
an inviting grove of cottonwood and boxelderbox treeselder was chosen as a spot
to build cabins the cabins would serve as a protection against the
elements and possible indian attacks soon other settlers were to foll-
ow and by 1851 the settlement had grown to encompass tho slopes between
battle creek and grove creekcreole
the years of 1851 and 1852 saw battle creek stretch out for about
three miles and take on the appearance of a line village or string
town within these two vigorous years of pioneering the conmunityconnanitycommunityconconneon atunityanitymunity
the foot of mt ti mpanogos had become a string of farmsarmsarn homes reachinggacheach
from
lngang
the eastern limits of american fork to the north edge of provo
bench lindonlinden this settlement pattern followed rather closely the
well marked old indian trail of that dy that led across the northern
end of thetho meadows which lay to the northeast of utah lake U S high-
way 1 later followed this old trail this system of spreading out along
the road leading to and from pleasant grove was in direct contrast to the
accepted method of living within the village As stated above many of
the pioneers builtbulit their homes along this open country road one of the
homehomohonehonashones was boutaboutoutb a hlf mile from the eastern edgeodgeerieecieeege of american fork nearner
re
01
bul 1t
Bbatieatleatie
istrizigriiig
lindon
hout
at
zelzetkelerssettlersktlers were now
f
11. PP 37
75
a spring that was thenhen called cold spring it was there that father
stephens made his home it was large enough in construction to become a
social center for the settlement which was fast becoming a string town
with the outbreakoutcut ofbreak the walker war in 1853 brigham young instruc-
ted the people to build forts and gather within themthen A small townsite
was surveyed in this year 1853 by jackson stewartstewert of provo fifteen
lots of three by ten rods were arranged on each side of the central
square or public corral with the houses set about in the center of the
lot all houses faced toward the central square 0161
within a few years more blocks were surveyed on all sides of the
original site the average block was four acres in area and further
divided into four one acre lots the blocks were not surveyed with the
same uniformity of such settlements as provo and spanish fork the
streets were only sixty six feet in width as an average thus giving
the community narrow streets when compared to provo and spanish fork
spanish fork
the history of spanish forkfoikfolk paralleled that of palmyra between
1851 endand 1856 in which year both settlements were united in thetho one
settlement of spanish fork tnin the fall of 1851 john W berry albert
K thurber jamesjariesjarles W thonasthorns stephen markrimarkrrimargriMark aindfindandfandri geergegeorgegeorageorc eickshicks1 with3
several other familiesmiliesniilesfamfar located along thetho spanish forkforfonkfon river about three
miles northwest of the present site of spanish fork these familiesfarifani
formed
lieslles
the nucleus of the settlementsettlenmettlen ofent palmyra by the sumnersummersurrsuir ofelerriereuer 1852
it was felt by the general authorities thtth3tthat enough
huff et gl 00oo catcztcita pp1pa &
11
60
severi I1
pa 1lmyra
60 1 ar4rib d p 1
61huff cit9
northwe-st
sen ish
11.
seksetsettlersftlers by ballotso that all had an equal chance of getting a piece of land cioecloecloseclooto the town or somesonesorne at a distancedista butbncenee all appeared to besatisfiedatisahlsabis withfiedfledtied this way of dealing
nityanity
filersmaiers
76
present in this vicinity to form a town george A smithsimithsamith visited the
settlers and took the leadership in selecting the townsite in
october 1852 the settlers petitioned the territorial legislature for a
city charter which was granted A ten acre square was laid out as a
townsite the farm lands were surveyed around the perimeter of the
44144.1 462
settlement
isaac brockbankBrockb jramkadk relates some interesting details of this
settlement in his diary
during the fall of 1852 a great many settlers caprecamecprecangcarg on thetown site and soon there were great numbers of cellars dug andoccupied during that winter the town was nearly all undergroundthough a few persons put up log rooms the winter passed dwayawayvery pleasantly we had an abundance of good firewood on thecreek close by and could get two loads a day we had no meatto eat only as we chanced to kill jack rabbits when the snowwas on the ground the snow was deep most of the wintervinter andhaving no hay to feed the stock we drove them among the cane andwillows on the borders of utah lake where they lived and kepttheir flesh
in the spring of 1853 had to wait until the grass wasgood before we could commence to do any farm workwoikworywolk the groundwas all unbroken andard most of it required a good double team toworkworic it during the winter the land around the townsitetolm hdhadsitebeen surveyed and was distributed among the
during these armesrmesnmesamesane yersyears families had settled further east of
palmyra on an alluvial fan formation mideidem by the spanish fork river
this comrwiitycormiutiity vaswaswosvos known as the upper settlement this small group
of not over a dozendolzen families was forced to move into the palmyra fort
during the wilkervilkerhalkerhaiker wardar of 1853 following the close of the walkerwarkerwaikerwalher war
in the summer of 18511854 those upper settlemgntsettlement pioneers began to
return to their landslards during this same year the upper settlement
ibid p 373378073323023
ibidgolb p 380480
vic
we
tko
t3
11upper
62
d
441
gway
war
280
ta
comcox nunitiesnuni ties
77
pioneers built a fort as further protection against any future indian
raids
before the spring of 1855 james C snow using the southwest
corner of the fort as a starting point had surveyed a city plot of ninonince
blocks adjacent to the fort the blocks were twenty four rods square or
just under four acres to the block the blocks were further subdivided
into eight lots of one half acre each main street running north andani
south was surveyed as eight rods 132 feet in width while an eight rod
street running east and west center street bisecteddisected main street at rightri2htrial
angles
tthus dividing the community into quarters the other streets were
six rods ninety nine feet wide the lots in the original survey were
&uau taken up aridandarld a number built on by the settlers who were leaving the
fort during the summer of 185518551 64
the first houses erected in spanish forkforik were built of logs fronfromfroni
payson canyon most of these early habitations however were dugidug outouts
and later construction was of adobe or sun dried bricks
sunary
twenty two of the settlements in this category haqqhavshavq blocks which
are divided into four one acre lots to each block the prominent cities
in this group today are bountiful richfield salina manti lehilohileht
and pleasant grove
the four communities of provo spanish forforkyorkyor north ogden and
wanshipw&nshipwanshin haveh blocksave with eight lets of one half crepereacre each park citycites
average block is divided into six lots but here there is great variance
elisha warner the history of sprnsh forkforc spanish fork utahthe press publishing companyComcon 1930viny p 5
he
citys
64elisha cn nish54
s
64
ere
winy
lunary
idue
I16606
66
82582.5 66
50
66
blockpattern
squaaqua re
square
rectredreh square
square
square
squaresaiSli
squaqu
quare
re
aquesque re
square
square
square
square
square
squaaqua re
squaaqua re
squaresquiresouiresou
squareredmond
kreirekue
rectredreheedwashington
38713.8713821
souarisquareI1
park
1873
peetredrehreetcity 18801680 squareS
1681 squaaqua
jikarijiiari
number
res-inta
of
cariclrioira
lotswhen
persurveyed
block
185138513.851 8
1851 8
1853 4
1853185 4
1855 8
1856 4
185818531.85318581853 4
1859 4
18501860 4
1860 4
1864 8
1866 4
1870 4
181 4
1871 4
1871 4
4
4
6
4
size oflotsxtsats inacres
5.5
5.5
1
1
5.5
1
1
1
1
1
5.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7.7
1
streetsize
in feet
99
13213211 82.582566
99
132 99
13213291029 99
132 99
99
82.582566
go99
66
66
99
99 66
99
I1auaquaaea
squaresqupre
sqisai
78
TABLE I7
settlementsSETTLE WITHMEYES FOUR ACRE BLOCKS
settlement
north ogdenodenprovoprove
pleasant grove
lehi
spanish forkforfonkfonbeaver
mount pleasanpleasantpleaman
spring city
heber city
charlestoncilarCliar
wanshipmanship
leston
st john
plain city
mantikantimantl
richfield
salina
TABLE 1
square
1
are
square
3qua re
82
5
J
Pleasan
825
825
825
square
R41 c1s j-ead1d 18as
Tremontrerontons rocksnocksblocksmocksbrocks are broken
down into the smallest lot segments that of sixteen one quarter senesereacreacne
plots since tremontorstremontonsTremon surveytorstonstonszons is of more recent origin this mayray
account for thothe small size of the lots
twenty twotuo towns are surveyed with square block dimensions five
settlements have blocks of both rectangular andaridgridarld square design
settlements ithwithu five acre blocks
ten settlements of the cotiltotiltottob numberaaa1 included in this study are
within the classification of settlementssettlement with five acre blocks of this
proup etcnlantescslsnte is chosen as the representative townto torr bo further
explored
79
TABLE continued
settlement
moroni
junction
bluff
bountibounri fulfui
tremontontremontinTre
fountain
monton
green
centervilleCent
blandingblending
erville
when surveyed
1882
1890
1891
1892
1903
1905
19151935igl193
1916
5
number oflots perblock
4
4
4
4
16
4
4
4
size oflots inacres
1
1
1
1
.2525
1
1
1
streetsize
in feet
99
99 82.5825
99
9909 66
79
99 82.5825
66
99
blockpattern
square
square
square
rectangular
rectreelreet square
squaaqua re
square
square
date survey was recorded
in the number of lots for each block tremontontremontonstremontinTremonton
999
bountiful
square
si ze
t io
thi s
s w th
Ls furt 1rer
25
825
825
croup
modrmorrmord on cavalry in pursuit of indians during the blaclblackblaekblace hawk war itwas not colonized until 18751851.8751871875 during februaryFebr ofuaryaary 187185185 men from both
beaver and panguitch came into the region exploring the country in
search of good livestock range and a location that nightmightight offer a milder
climate where a coimunitycorzaunitymunitycommunitycoicolconzacorzaconta couldunity be established
these men laid out the arable land in one hundred sixty acre
tracts since land was unsurveyed at this time measurements at best
were rather rough they all agreed that the farm land would be divided
into sections of twenty two and one half acres each this would leave
some land for settlement by future pioneers it is evident that they
were concerned with establishing a community rather than large individ-
ual famfann tracts this policy undoubtedly accounted for the rapid growth
in population during the following yepesyesrsyeprs 065
the settlement of escalante was motivated by the desire on the
part of the settlers in the older communities fcrbcr new economic opportu-
nities and for a climate morenoremoronoro suitable for agriculture
eaieal
80
escalante
although potato valley was discovered as early as 1866 by a group
of monnon
this area of
utah was especially inviting to cattlemen and shcepnenslheerpmen since most of the
other rangeranderand landse hadhd boer-i claimed or overrunover withrun livestock the
people were not called to go to this section as ahadlzadihad been the case
with numerous other pioneer munitiescorjmnitlescopcou escalante was one of a small
group of coiwiimitiescorvrivnnities that wswasnas not settled in the traditional mormonhormon
patternP
nelson 0 citcil ppap 848584 85
c
4
wi h
cal 1ed
seluntied 1
tte rn
65nel- on opeion
aed
blocbioc
81
the original townsite was laid out in the spring of 1861876 it was
divided into eighteen five acre blocks each block in turn was divided
into four lots of one and one quarter acres with one village lot for
each family As the village grew additional blocks and lots were
surveyed until the town contained over fifty blocks
on the village lot the farmer built his home and farmyard few
buildings were constructed on the farm itself since barns corrals
sheds poultry houses hog pens were all located on the one and one
quarter acre town lot there was space on the home lot for the family
garden andend some fruit trees as well as for ornamental shrubs and trees
around the house
summary
As the five acre table indicates seven of the five acre settle-ments had blocks which were further divided into four one and one quarter
ereacrecrea lots per block farmington had blocks with six lots each midway
blocks were subdivided into eight lots per block alpinealpinesripinealbines lots dimen-
sions
dil
were
m
the
an
smallest of the group with fourteen one third acre
lots to the block the streets were generally ninety nine 825 or
sixty six feet in width eight of these communitiescoruniunities were laid outoat in a
square block pattompittom alpine and payson had both rectangular and square
blocs in their ori ginal plats with little uniformityunifomity between one tierof bloc cs and another
SUMM
c
s original
Alpines
uiswid
999ggs
ggs999
125124
staastatk e
mentsrentsbonts wallwjllw be1 analyzedanair.1111 in the fifth chapter where the fortifications of
severalsevor settlementsal will bo discussedis incussed detail
liii
ccocc7cctonunitiestities forts and walls were con-
structed as defensive measures against the indian menacetenace which threatened
the pioneers especially duringduming the period between 1853 andsid 1870 in
most cases protectivedrotective walls were adlaida outd alongalonpalona streets which were partpirt
of thetho original surveyedsuricsurvc ridgryed ind a few instances a fort was constructed
priorpelor to the official survey when this wswasvas done a point of the fort wis
often selectselected as thethuth startingj point for bhothothebheuhe town survey these state
82
tibleTABLETABIE 8
settlements WITH FIVE ACRE BLOCKS
settlementSettlesettie
salemsaleasalensaied
whenunenehennent
midway
surveyed
alpine
1855
minersvilleMiners
1860
escalante
ville
1868
mt
160igo
carmel
3863.8618761.876386181861876
pay
188011880
76
son 188
monticello 1887
farmington 1892
hurricaneburxhurx 1913ree1913rec1913ibaneicane
durbornurebornurbor
reerec
oflots perblock
4
8
14
4
4
4
4
4
6
4
size oflots inacres
1.251256.6
.3535
1.25125
1.25125
1.25125
1.25125
12.5125
9.9
1251.251241.24
streetsize
in feet
99
99 66
66
82.5825
99
66
99 66
99
1321329 82.5825
82.5825 66
blockpattern
square
square
rectredrea square
square
square
squaaqua re
rectrecu square9
square
rect square
square
in and about nanymanymarrynarry of these
is I1o0
escal ante
square
payson 1887
fa mintonmi nt
co 1 1
durin
pr
ed
dl
structed
ed
125
35
125
125
125
125
825
825
825
aid
titles
lor
ree
ment
aclactaelnlnrin
gopgor
mkeako
CHAPTER V
EARLY MORMONMORITON fortificationsFO
background
FICATIOS
when the mormonscormons first arrived in the valley of the great salt
ikelake one of their first objectives was to build a fort and where po-
ssible a wall in or around the community as a protection against
possible indian attack the wall would also keep the livestock from
the garden plots within the city proper this pattern wsvinsvias followed in
most of thetho early mormon settlements in general the mormon settlershad friendly relations with the indians of the region but occasionally
maraudingmaraidingraudingraidingma indians would ttcktttack theA settlers especially during the
period between 1853 and 1870
speakingspeakinsheakin in farolanfarowsnfarowan in 1851854 brigham young gave the followingfolkfoli adviceadvielowing
which was applicablepplicbls to all the early communities
lt1 want to see a settlement fort in everyevry city I1 wantyou to make a wallwaliwaii around here so that no nin cancnean get over ndif your enemies come with scalingsc laddersling they canean not getgot toyou and no gun faze the wall and be perfectly safe make fourpermanentpermperc gatesanent and raskerr9kerrske yourselves secure so that you cncan sleepin pece nko the waliwellwaii six feet thick and six or eight deetteettsethigh and dont be talking about it but go to and do itthe settlers were also given three general rules to foliofollow for
their protection against thetllethle indiansindi 1ans the cattle were to be erivendriven
into the fort if the indians threatened 2 the fort wswas to be the
ricks op ck p 38
83
i
Iand
pe ce n ke et
ag dinstinst dr v n
66p lcksl or c t P
Speakin g
p refectrfecteliylllyelly
r
seling
permanent
I1
671bidime613611 vortfortyort salt lakedakeIAlake cityke utah utah
printingprint coing 196 p 20
roberts op cit
84y
center of the town and the people would at first have their homes within
this enclosed site asis protection against the indians 3 the settlerswere warned not to reestablish a colony which they had been forced to
vacate unless a parlyparcypartypar ofcy fifty well armed men were available and no
women or children verowerowerevere to be taken to these settlements unless a good
wall ten feet high and three feet thick was first built they werewore to
have a grist mill and a source of water where possible within the
fort 67
the first fort salt lake city
the mormons11ormonscormonsMor inmons the parent settlement of salt lake city selected
one of the blocks from the original plat to be enclosed as a fort the
ten acre block which waswasswasz chosen was between third and fourth south
streets and between second and third west streets homes or cabins were
built withirithrithinithnithi adobesacobes or with logs and were arranged to form the maiiwallvalluail of the
fort the outside wall of each house formed the outer wall while allwindows and doors openedop toned the interior of the fort the roofs of
these cabins consisted of poles or split logs laid close together andQ
covered with cedar bark that grew about the marshes acting both up-
on reports of the climate and the dryness of the soil in the valley
several inches of dirt wswas used on these flat roofs as a protection
against rain nd snow when the winter andend early spring rains camocamecaro
they leaked bdly umbrellas were frequently used within the house to69
keep the rain from dripping onor people as they sloptslopsiopslept or ate thertheirthe mealsr
IMs
noicholnsnicholas G mornyornnorn th old
vol iliillIII111lit p 303
th
68
61y
the
10 44 D
69roberts aa ci
mo-ryn ilielile
69
and
adly
wallwasgallwas
85
fortunately tho first wintervinter in the valley was a mild one as it could
have been disastrous the floors of the cabins were made of leveled
clay which was packed and rdenedhardenedilaiia into a smooth surface
the one block selected for enclosure by the pioneer leaders for
homes was found inadequate for the number who made their way into the
valley during the fall of 184 it vaswas not long until additions of one
block trerewereverekiere made adjoining the originalorigins fort on both the north and south
sides these additionseddit wereionslons called north and south forts respectively
they were connected withvith the old fort by gates and each of the latterforts had gateways to the outside the houses around the perimeter of
these additional enclosed blocks as the first one were built solidly
together of adobesacobes or of logs the highest wall on the outside the0
shed formed roof sloping inward
during the spring and early summer another block was evidently
added to the three already described in a general epistle issued afterpresident young returned to the valley in the summersumner of 18481846 is stated
on our arrivaltr inrival this valley we found the brethren had erected four
forts composed mostly of houses including an area of about forty71seven acres 1171
the lndlzndindland surrounding the fort was considered the best suited nd
most convenient for crops and a twelve foot high adobe wallwaiiwail vaswas to have
been placed along the crop land to keep the grazing animals on the out-
side the inner line of the wall or fence extendedexton dueded east from the
jordanjordonjordanjondonjordjond riveron along the south iinolinoline of ninth south street to a point
twenty rods east of the east line of ninth east street thence due north
7otbid70tbid
d711b ad1d
1847
70
and
888685885
ap1p
73andrew73 lovedoveandrew 111offyovenofflovenoffveNoffLo history of utah 181869 salt lakedakedakolako citycac1
utahty
deseret 1 ewspresssPressew 101940 p9
86y
to south temple street continuing dueduo north along INN street to fourth
avenue thence due west to the east line of state street thence north-
westerly along wall street to seventh north street thence due west to
the jordan river specifications called for it to be six feet thick at
the bottom thirty inches at the top and twelve feet high and surrounded
by a ditch of unstated dimensions 2 this wall was never completed
as planned in the late 1850 a fence of poles and adobe enclosed
the entire area to give added protectionrotection against possible indian attacks
in 38513.851 the boundary of the village was extended to the base of
the wasatch mountains on the east one half mile beyond the hot springs
on the north and to near twenty first south on the south settlement
had spread eastvrdeastuardto to sixth east and westward to seventh west this ex-
pansion left too ittielittleittlelttie1 land between the village and the wall for a
growing population and great fields on the south side of the adobe bar-
rier began to be utilized for crops s the village continued to expand
it covered the former croplandcro soilplind and increasingly large areas had to
be allocatedallsepalloep outsideted the wall
the growth of the village during the 1860ts18601 ws expressed merely
in a slight expansion of settlement toward the estenst and along the bench
to the northestnortheast the avenues were constructed plongslong this bench thus
creating the first major departuredepdeR fromarture the original plan the avenues
and blocks were less than half as large as others in the city becausebeca
of
use
the relief dwellingsdheil alsoings moved eastward covering more of the crop
land between the village and the wall near yinth estepsteast many homeshomos were
actually built on the outward side of the wall to near fourteenth east
p 55
OZ
72
1850s
a p
73
0
As
r
1847117ews pross
72mornmorgonmorganeorgan opon cuct1847 1
along
vecvacvee
fortificationslifications in central utah
provoprovbrov fort utah
the first settlement of provo was made on the south side of the
proveprovo river near the lower crossing approximately first north and
eighteenth west streets today at what was later known as old fort
field in the spring of 1849 the erection of fort style houses was
commenced at once fort utah measured twenty by forty rods and was
surrounded by a fourteen foot stockade withirithinith gates at the east and west
ends box elder trees which were more accessible and durable than
cottonwoodcotton werevoodwood used for buildingbuildina material loglou cabins eithwith roofs
constructed of split lumber and dirt formed the exterior of the fort
each cabin had two clothcioth cove red windows puncheonsluncheonsPunche wereons used for floor-
ing the vacentvacsnt spaces between the houses were filled with pickets
embeddedbeddeden closely together in the ground to complete the stockade A
eattiecattlecpttleeattle corral attached to the southeast corner of the stockade was
used at night and a guardhouse was erected within the corral smaller
private corrals were placed within the stockade close to some of the
cabins A brass cannon was placed upon a natural mound located in the
center of the fort 4
brigham youngyouncryounce arrived at the original settlement site in septem-
ber of 1849 to inspect the fort and the settlement in general the
original fort had beenben selected because the provo river andad a snailsmallsmailsnall
branch stroamstreamstmamstrearstram flowing southward gave sonesomesoaegomegone protection fronfrom the surnsswarnsswens
of horionmorionhormon cricketsiclcetscr that infested the bench lands to the east and
f graco winkleanlilinlefrianwindleanWin cdedklean provo pioneer yoronyoronxor cuycion portlandportl&dtyoregoncq Binforbinforjsp7on and hartvart publishersblishersblisterspu 19219421 polibliolt 5shers
forafor41
87
t uta0 LF
with ro0fs
nt sp ces
74
ID
74graco16Js
buildina
covered
111
1 6
ees
ennon
yoraq paon
plapiacesin
estabaestabldishedished thenntherrthedr selves
soutelsouthl thence west to seventh west and thence north to center
street77Street the77 wall was to havohave an eighteen inch rock foundation and unswos
to be twelvotwelve or fourteen feet high with a width at the base of four or
75lbid751bid751251bid
88y
north the annual springspyingspy floodinging of the provo river however innunimiunannun
dated the grain fields and prolonged the spring planting for this area
on september 1 brigham youngyounpyouna heber C kimball and others rode out of
thetine old fort to locate a moremoro suitable townsite they found a very
eligible place about two miles northeast of the fort 75
the settlers constructed a small fort six by twelve rods at what
is now sowiettosowiettetowiettoSow northiettoietteletto parkpaek using this smallsnailsmail fort as a starting point
the future city was surveyed contrary to brighambrbgham youngs orders church
and city officials of provo were moving out of the fort and establishing
homes and farms all over the valley george A smithsplith was sent by brig
ham young to take the lead in getting the settlers to build a larger
fort and then to build homes within the fort provo confident of itssize and strength in numbers was one of few settlements south of big
cottonwood that made no attempt at further fortification during the
first year of the walkerwaiker war
the settlers finally decided to wall in their city during a temp-
orary peace period the colonists who had established themselves along
the river bottoms and in other outlying placesplacksin in the spring of 185
moved into the city and began constractionconstructioncons oftraction a mud waliwallgalluailwailwaii as directed by
p 51
ibidil p 75
77lbid p 78
C
17
76
placesin
brigham young the wallwilluailwaliwail was to run north from seventh west and center
street to fifth orthnorth thence east to university avenue thence south to
sixth south
N
w s
C
765
W ibid 10 780
9
jensenjonsen oo00 cit
tuchruch
ppap 1010510 105ajensensjensen9
89
six feet and slope to s width of two feetfootfoet at the top there were to be
bastions and port holes for defense against the indians
in the building of the wall a number of rods was assigned to each
man nd additional amounts of moekworkvorkvora were to be done by those men owning
city lots the nethodmethod of construction was similar to slip forms used in
modern day concrete workvork poles were placed in position six to the rod
three on each side of the section of wall to be built planks were
placed at the bottombottorabottona inside the poles and a mixture of clay and dirtdug on the outside was dumped between As the wall rose in height more
planks were added until the top was reached work on the waliwallhrail went on
for about two years during this time the west endand south sides and part
of the north side werewore completed As the danger of indianT attack gradrygryomyo
uallybally decreased work on the wall was discontinued some men finished
their assigned workworyvoryworld whileunlie others did little or nothing the wall never
did extend east of fifth west which was then main streetAs people moved out of the walled enclosure they claimed lots on
the south east and west As the hub city of utah valley provo
continued to growgro and the major trend of settlement was in a general
easterlyoaster3ir dilectadirectiondirecta this meant the settlers would gradually be moving
up the gently sloping fan towards the foothills of the wasatch mountains
tooelethoele
soon after the original eight blocks of the community of tooelethoele
were surveyed by jesse W fox in 18513 work began on a fort wall the
wall was to enclose the town on all sides and was constructedconstricted in muchnuch
the some way asns the prad wallwalwaliwaiiwailwai in1 salt lake city the men who had lots
78
ci y
r
on
bloc s
C ty
9SJ ensen
and
wor
werevere
offerlofferiI1 ng
sprcpr
anglng
90
within the proposed enclosure were each to complete sections of the wall
it was planned that bastions or lookouts would be constructed at each
corner of the wall gates were to be built at midwaymid pointsway in each
side of the fortification thus offering easy access to and froinfrom the
fort the wall as was the case in many other towns was never actually
completed on all sides the wall was finished on the south and east
but only partially conplotedcoripleted on the north and west As the indian
menace had subsidedsubsj peopleded were not motivated to finish the project
never the less the wall did offer some protection against possible
attacks duringdurino the 1850 79
lehi
when the erection of the first cabins began in the fall of 1850 at
sulphur springs later known as snows spring it was planned to build
them end to end in the form of a fort the spring vaswasurasutas to be situated in
the center of the fort this design was never carried out because of
the small number of settlers present only the north side was coinpleted
with eight houses together with four on the east and three on the west
and the south side was entirely open native cottonwoodcott treesorwood found to
the north along dry creekcreelcreet were cut and brought to the settlement after
having been trirmedtrliimedtrimmed and cut into proper lengths they vreviere used to buildPA80theuhe elyfirst cabins the walls were approximatapproximatelyapproximal seven feet high and
the roofs were maderadenadenadodadedado of willowswi andnows dirdirt the openings between the logs
wereworeverevore chinked with piecesp oflecesfeces wood and daubed with mudmidhid A sod fireplace
in oneono cornercomercorrer of the momroomroonmon served for cookingoLAngco heating and lighting the
79tooelethoele county duhtersufhtersdustersDuh ofters uuhauh pioneerspionRionplon ODsersgerggorg cit ppap 192019
gardnerGard
20
0onnortnorlnoet c p 21
1850sC
si de entirely
hav
11 cd
D
80 t
ut- h
duri no
i ncsacs
gardnor
iid821bilidald d9
tineetineo
actedalted
91
cabin doors were made for some cabins from the wagon boxes whilepap1quilts were used for the same purpose by others
when the walker war broke out in 1853 george A smith was placed
in command of the utah militia south of salt lake city he immediately
directed all of the settlements to construct some type of fortification
the settlers of lehi at this time were scattered from the present state
road to utah lake although the majority lived at evansville different
localities were examined but the choice was finally narrowed to two sitesone the present new survey the northwestnorth partwest of modern lehi the
other the site upon which the city lower lehi was eventually builtbulitbuibul
this
at1t
latter siteyiteulto was selected because no one had already constructedconstructedconsticonati
homeshorieshorleshomles
acted
theretherettherel thus avoiding rivalry and argument and also because theft
surface well water was considered more desirablesimblede
the
82
plan for the new fort was not complex it called for forming
allailali the log houses into a hollow square aboutalvutalmut seventy rods in diameterdianeteraneterameterinside the enclosure were to be built corrals stockyardsstock andyards stables
As the crops werowezeuezowerwezuez harvestede that fall they were brought into the stockadesto
and
cade
the log cabins were moved and placed end to end thus forming the new
fort thetha north lineitne of this second fort was three rods northnorw of main
street the west line was tereethreetereotl rodsa westee of third west street the
south line was midway between second andsnd third south streets and the
east line wswasw midways beleen center and first westiestlest streets the second
fort with the increased centralization of people resulted in a closer0
union of connunitycoanconncorl iffelifeilfeaa1aunitymlnitymunity whichfe so characterized the mormon settlements
und ppap 181918
jld19
p 66
ibid ppap 66666 6
81
cmps
1h
he
re
83
81nid
81 bid
di
character3 zed
8 1
ibad
eade
ah
da
iidlidald
92
As a further precaution against indian attacks and because by
1854 lehilohilehl had five hundred settlers the city council decided to build
a twelve foot high adobe wall with a rock foundation this would sur-
round the present fort on all sides work was begunbegan on the wall in june
of 1854 the wall was six feet wide at the bottom and sloped to a
thickness of three feet at the top for the use of the defenders
portholesport eightholes feet fromfron the ground and a rod apart might be used
the bastions which projected out from thetho wallswauswailswanswa midwayridwayriUs betweendway the
corners served as additional protection entrancetrancetraneeEr to the fort could bobe
made through gates on each side which were well guardeduarded as they werep
located in close proximity to the bastions As a means of assuring
work on the milswall each block within the wall was divided intoino eight lots
and for each lot that a mannan owned he was required to build four rods of
wall or pay the equivalent sixty bushels of wheat or sjctysj dollarsxtyaty
byesyety the fall of 1854 the wall was nearly completed and what was accom-
plished served as effective defense against maraudingraudingma indians OJ85
just prior to the construction of the wall thothe city was surveyed
under the direction of david evans who was mayor at this timietimetinie using
only a pocket compass and a carpenters square a plat containing six-
teen square blocks tvjcntyijonty rods long intersected rithwith streets six rods
in width was laid outouroul running abound the interior of the wall wasbras to
be a street eight rods widevidepride except on the south where it was only five
rods wide thus the dimensions of the fort were onoone hundredhui fourteendred
rods in lengthlong4longa and one hundred eleven rods in width with the wall
enclosing the whole
ibic p 78
id p 79
atiacks9
18 Y
guardcardeded
84
ml19
bu 1ld
41 he
a
t
1 h
iloldoid
9
oray1y
65ibid
midway
sixty
nith
abic
othota
satasat&
li4lia zoosu0
93
001
6e
i
WALL TICK AT easeOASEeash
gg
ft0
tafttf
g
bizbez
A
0
atesurveyPURVEYeurzvesunvey OF lerLEU
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1 ogg4m53 TAICXAT tomTOFTORtoptcp
UTHR
HOWMCM
walladWALLEDWALLCED
I1
ejclcrwrzeelciEMCItat4
0 z0
oyotzeAL
apzp 40J I1 J I1cec ve czocczcroc
lehlutnjas140kvlwci
alL I1 j sterzrterz6ftemaftem malyCALYEAMLY pontereponeereponcPONE malMAIoaroadencEremre
MAP
uvaIVA
11212 1
FMcrt
oate
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choc
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612112
peppermit thetho stock from each individual corral to enter
86huff CLet al 9.9 2n ctq DP 22622226227226 22722
cac3
bebo it ordained by the city council of lake cityamerican fork that a wall be built around the fort of said
city and the wall shall be eight yards banebackbandbawd of the houses andrunning parallel with the houses
2 that said wall shall be tvtevetvtelvetoteve feet high and six featfeetseateatwide at the base two feet wide at the top
3 that every individual owningtninganing a lot within the limitsliof
mitsthe city shall be required to build a wall across said lots
and allellelieil the extra wallwaii togetherto withyotheryether gates of said fort shallbe built by a tax levied upon the property owners and citizensof the fort
4 that a committee of four be selected or appointedto locate and superintend the erection of the wall and ifany individual shall neglect to build his share of the wallwithin a reasonable timotimetinotine it shall be the duty of the co-mmittee to complete the wall and take the property to defrayexpenses 86
the vailwallwanvalywavan wasn constructed of large adobesaldobesadones made of clay found in the
river bottoms land all the individual or privately omed corrals were
located immediately in front of the pioneer houses while the center of
the fort was reserved as the public corrals the corralscor werealsais built in
such a vayway as to pomitcomit
nan4
witvwitau
immediimtedi ately
94
american fork
in americanameAnclne forkrorkrican as in several other mormon settlements houses
were originally built on the famfarmsamsanmsann tracts rather than in the area which
was surveyed for the city however indian troubles beginning with the
walker war in 1853 de it expedient to move the isolated houses onto
the townsite for further protection it was decided to follow the
church leaders admonition and erect a fort for protection
the fort was eighty rods long and seventy four rods wide and con-
tained thirty seven acres of land during the month of august these
ordinances pertaining to the fort were passed by the city council
I1
on cit
ot er9 h
made
f
ov
9 tat3
nnitteeattee
6 f
o-n aedled
w- y
suoerintend
abely
an ctr
becbedanbed an
95
the public corral in order that they could be taken to pasture by the
herdersgerdersher 81ders
only part of thetho vailwallwaiiwaliwarl project was finished before the indian
danger abated tho settlers nevertheless arranged their firsthabitations in accordance eiithwithiiith the plan of the fort
the trend for migration in the coirummitycorumnity of american forkfonk was to
the south side of the original settlement site this brought the
settlers closer to their farm lands and pastures which were located
principally on the gently sloping lake lands to the north of utah lake
pleasant grove
construction onoin a fort was begun in pleasant grovogrove during the
summersumnersunner of 1853 jackson stewart of provo surveyedsurveTurve theyed site for a fort
during this summer and construction becanbegan at once the wallswauswaliswahlswans were madenade
of rock cemented togetherto withmetheraether mud the wallvall was two and a half feet
thick at the bottom and tapered to about one foot at the top itaveraged five feet in height and enclosed a four square block area be-
tween first west and third east streets and between third south and
first north streets the gates were at the intersections of firstsouth and third east first east and first north center street and
first west and main street and third south all traces of the old fort
wallsvailswaliswails built in 1853 have disappeared the stones wereworewero later used infaoato
other buildings and in the chimneys of thouric pioneer cabins 00
jbm
ibid p 184
87
ln
88
871bid
88jbid
ibm
surveyed
huebue
geeake
96
RU il&md4
ME
Alommumtty
022al022
t
Al 5A
G
3
fsiate
LU L di4i4 lot
LAYOUT OF OLD foatFOKTFORTfodFOR ATT pleasant 61zove6ke UTMUTW
artecz& OECZPVDFTF rfwr15cmiptrzCRAMLESh&ki
100lootoores i mzprz noebenoe&e
MO &i e
MAPYAPyup 12
N 13 I1 D 1 4 44 l-
u K tt Y
CA AT r
r5 D I1 1lal11 eae4 L 0 T
N
64t C
ozzal
lct
ozz
artechhaki
ai
walluailwaii
ol01 th
betabettderler
89tbidibid
bucletbaclet
97
the followingfollow descriptiondigbig of the old fort was rittenwrittenur by charles
B harper
As soon as the walls were fairly started the people beganto build homes within the fort square these homes were builtjust inside the walls of the fort on three rod lots with thetaehouse set about in the center of the lot all houses facedtoward the centerconter blocks of the fort A roadway extended allthe way around the four center blocks of the fort and acrossthis road from each home lot were the individual ownersjrnersloi barnswithin the space circled by the barns was a large communitycorral privately omedowned barns and the community corral to-gether covered the area now contained in four city blocksin later years when the town had builtbailthullthulitbabilt up considerably thebarns and corrals were removed and homes built and businessbuibLibul
blockssiness
erected in their place and it was around these fourconterconfercenter blocks that parades marched during all community cele-brations of the fourth and twenty fourth of july and othereventful days for many many years
this fort had a unique water system which the residentsbuilt to insure themselves of good pure water in spite of indianraids and also to protect the health of the community A smallbox flume carried the pure mountain water from thothe hills to thenortheast corner of the fort wall thence into the fort whereit was turned into smallersmailer boxed flumesblumes which extended all theway around the forbforu on the front line of each individual homelot at each home there was an opening in the llimetimetigerige where acover coolidcojlid bobe liftedlif andaridanidted water dipped out with a buc et andthen the voodwood cover immediatelyediate17in replacedn so that the water waskept clean nd purepore at all times the flumefiume water was usedsolely for culinaryculieulieuil purposesnory all stock being driven outsidethe fort wall and wateredvrat atered troughstroucbrouc outsidehs the w andconstructed separate and from the culinary system
the water system was not in use when the people firstmoved into the fort for the fort walls worewere not nearly completedwhen on july 18 1853 there came an order for everyoneeve toryoneiyoneiwonenove inside the fort lines at once with remarkable zeal thesettlers putpuzpul forth every effort and by julytuly twenty fourth justsix days later every family had been established in some kindof shelter within the fortsfors boundaries
the construction of the wansvailswauswallswalis and the building of thewater system went on all the more rapidly after the settlerswere all located within the fort aridandarld the people beanbecanbegan to buildhoneshoreshomes of a better type and of a morenore permanentper naturemanentmarent than thoytheyhd 89hadh whenuhen they had lived each family out on its ownourn farm
ibjd ppap 184185381851 84 185
C
fco 1d
and
aa t
ju j 181
by
d n
brations
ad
berbarbof build in an east and north direction after the
walerwalkermalkermaiker war yearshaierhaien
straigstrale
the city boganbegan to
the people found the soil fertile on the lower
slopes of the fan which slopes from the bottom of mount timpanogos and
the city graduallygraf movednovedkallytallykaily higher on this fan
springvillesprineSpring
the
ville
first fort in springvilleSpring wasville built on the rising ground about
where the third ward schoolhouse now stands it covered about one and
one half acres of land the fort was constructed to serve as a fortress
as well as a home there were log or block houses around the perimeter
locked together at the corners the roofs were made of layers of willows
andend clay while the windows and doors opened into the courtyard these
were the only means of entrance or exit from the fort these gates
were flanked by bastions atallalb the corners so as to offer protection
against indian attack and possible outbreaks of fire which might other-
wise sweep the entire wall in case of an indian attack the cattle
could bobe driven into the courtyard for security the logs for the
cabins were obtained from hobble creekcree canyon a few miles to the east of
the settlement both cottonwoodscotton andwoods cedars were found along the
canyon the cottonwoodcottonwoodc were used in the construction of the walls of
the houses while the cedars which grew tall and straight and would
split easily were used for rideridgeeidgedidge polespoless joistsfoists and rafters the work
on the fort was begun in september of 1850 and before the storms of
winter beanbegan the fort was completed
during the waikerwalterwalkerwalderwaider war a new fort mswast constructed to give the set-
tlers greater protection the new fort surroundsurrounded four city blocsblocks
joknsonjohnsonqojolnsonjoansonJoK 00oonson citcu p
98
an tr after he
timpanogos
SR e
so
ht
90
od
joh
99
the wall of thothe fort was madenade by constructing blockhouses at close
intervals from one another the buildingsbuild weredagsbags connected by a stockade
ten feet high whawhj ch was built of logs setsot three eetfeetbeet deep in the earth
all the surrounding families were called into the fort during these
troubled months A guard was posted outside every night until the91trouble subsided
in the spring of 1851854 the settlers decided to construct a mudraud viavm1311
around the city plat which was at thatteat time three fourths of a mile
square this they felt would give more roomroon for expansion and give ad-
ditional protection against the indians this wall was eight feet wide
at the base four feet wide at the top and twelve feet high it was
made from earth foundsound near the wall the wall and surrounding oatmoatrr
required two rods of the eight rod street which encircled the original
townsite the wall was built in much the samesane manner as those enclosingonclosinc
other pioneer towns four gates and bastions were put in to serve as
exits and entrances with the bastions giving extra protection for each
gate
after the indian menace was over many people began to move fromsrom
the original city plat enclosure springvillesSpring growthvilles pattern was
mainly in an easterly direction city plots were takentahen along hobblehobbie
creek and towards the mapleton bench homes were of course established
on allailali sides of the old fort but the major trendtrand was toward the east and
the wasatch mountains
bid9jbid p 2321
from
which f dee01 P
four
f
from
ta en
1
ea-st
ditional
11lesies
ilollo
eownlown
rectanrecean le
100
palmyra spanish fork
the people at paxiyrapa3jyraparPax enclosediyralyralyna a tenton acre square with what they
called a spanish wall for protection fromsrom the indians J wylie thomas
states eachach family had a small house built with itsA backbeckts fitted into
the wall of the fort and its door opening into the enclosure the
houses and wallswaliswails of the fort were built of large mud blocks or adobe
the fort was forty rods square and the walls ten feet high 92
many people moved into the fort at palmyra when the walkerwallerkalkerkaikervallervalier war
broke out in 1853 during this same year a group of settlers living
further eastoast on the river at a place called the upper settlement moved
into the fort following the close of the walker war in thetiletiietlle summer
of 18541189 those who had taken land in the spanish fork riverdiver bottoms
above the site of palmyra felt safe to return to their homos93homehomoshomes
As protection against further indian troubles thevaekne people of the
upper settlementSett decidedlementlemont to build a fort nearer to their farmfanafanfarnsanasannsan landa
george A smith opposed the movemoirenoire butbratbrutblut erighambrigharlfrighamerigBrig younghanlharlhani was contacted nd he
approved saying the town should have been built on that site in thetho
first place the fort was built at about 300 south main street of pres-
ent day spanish fork with adobe walls two reatfeat thickthiclchicl and twenty feetseet
high thothe homes were built along the inner side of the inner rectangle
which was one hundred feet north and south by sixty feet east and west
there were port holes in each of the ccnpartmontsccnpartments both in the upper and
lower stories lyean the center of the fort was a well from which water
wasvas drawn for culinary needs thothe only outside opening in thothe walls of
huff et al 0 cit p 381
93ibid931bid
andwalls1192
iio
s 9303
ind tan
and
41
esr
92 a
S nish
aeh
ian
ear
loi103101iollolthe fort was a gate sixteen feet high and four inches thick it ws
abqbconsidered a strong fortification for those days 7
spanish forkfoixfolkfoik grew not onlyoayony in an easterly direction but also to-
wards the north and south from the site of the fort the easterly
migration trend allowed the settlers to move gradually upward onto a
series of delta levels created by ancient lake1ikelikelakeaike bonneville here good
land drainage was available and the rising mineral salts did not present
the problems which were encountered by the palmyra settlers who had
tried without success to establish a community to the west and north of
spanish fork
ephraim
one of the most enterprising and attractive towns jniti sanpete val-
ley is ephraim it is situated on pine creek at thothe base of the wasatch
mountains nernear the center of the valley isaac behunin spent theahe wintervinter
and spring of 1852531852 053 pirefinepinemine creek in an attempt to establish a farm
he was unableunible to hold his claim because of indian troubles in the
winter of 1852185255185115 twentyvientygienty55 fiverivet members of the mantikanti militia2 moved to the
bitlesitesitle they had been unsuccessful in an attempt to establish a settlement
to the north here at pine creek these men builtbulit a small but strong fort
the walls werewenceweeceweewen formedre by using rock from the near by1 landsj and adobe fronfromyron
clay in the immediatei vicinityedliate the enclosureenc encompassedlomire an area of
one and one half acrosicrasidras within this fortification houses of rock and
adobe were also built once the wallsvailswalis of the fort were completecotple1 the
nenmen felt safe from future indian raids soon other settlers came to
live within the fort ariaielai takeel up claimscliijnsc3aims alongalonaalonoaiono pine creekcree within a year
warnerfamer op citcliiwarnerfahermaherlwarnerewarner 01
arlarelaryl
attisattosamptsmpt
rocroe
ppap 515251 52
four wt s
94
E im
beh min 41
on
L ve
e
uo wi thin
I
uin
narner
vienvren
aaa4afterlteraster isaac behuninsBehun attemptins at farming ephraim boasted a
95population of three hundred eleven people
payson
in consequence of the indian trouble of 1853 the people were co-mpelled to build a fort in many cases pioneer homes were torn down andard
used ininbuildingbuilding
102
and a half
the fort the settlement had grown so that it madenademadg a
row of houses sixty rods square the pioneers then built a fort wall
around this settlement the waltwallwait was four feet thick eight feet high
on the inside and sloped to the outside the mud was taken from a
trench four feet deep on the outside of the wall the north wailwallwaii was
never completed a the trouble with the indians usually cameearlecanlecanie from the
south gates were located on the south and east sections of the wall
the east gate was located at the old adobe barn the public square was
in the center of the fort where the old nebo stake tabernacle now
stands A flagpole stood in the center of the square and a public veliwellvieuveil
to the north of it 96
mrs j3anjaan lundholmLurid a 0hoLmhorm granddaughter of daniel stark anar
early surveyor of pay son informed the writer of this thesis that the old
fort wall extended east and west between second west and second east on
main street and fourth northporth streets the north south mllswallswailswalisnils connected
these walls running north and south on second west and second east mrs
lundholmlund canholnholmhoim remrememberenber as a girl seeing remnantsrantsre of this old fort wall
95hunter95funtert95 appponHunter citelteiteitycitacit9 p 241
rhea honemonohono geancleangoanguoan worthington and phyllis D swanson thepayson story payscnpaysanPays utahcn by the authors 190 p 3
w 11
northwall
as
great
payson
96rheaon Spays
vas
bhea
ater
nants
cloojlooj1004 ng
thithy
103
and a cornercomercomenconner marker which havohave since been covered or removed as newrew homes
were built throughout the area
in 1893 daniel starkstall was hired to resurveyre thesurvey city farming and
hay fields the limits of the city proper were extended half a mile in
each direction from the original plat the steep salem fan see chapter
II11 prevented the settlement from extending towards the east since the
pasture lands were to the north the town grew to the south and west as
inoremorelnore settlers moved into the payson area
fortifications at other locations
wellsville
peter maughan was asked to choose a site in cache valley where
future settlers could make their homes followingFolfoi brighamlouing youngsyoungg admo-
nition he investigated the area in the summer of 18561836 and after looking
over the valley he chose a site in the south west end of the valley
after reporting his findingsfindngsfind toogsngs brigham young he was instructedinstrue4 to take
with him any settlers who desired to settle in cache valley and there
found a permanent colony on the 15th of september 1856 a small partyparltyparety
of eight men and deveral women and children arrived in the valley to
establish a settlement during the fall of 1856 the pioneers began to
erect a fort venichwhich would afford themthen protection from indian attacks
timber vaswas obtained from the near by mountains these loslogsios were used
to make cabins which were placed side by side to form the walls alldoors and windows voreworewerevere constructedconstricted or cut in walls which racedfacedicedacedf the
Interiinteriev with mrs joan lundholm groatgreat granddaughter ofdaniel stark march 19619677
hono98hon91 worthintonworthinfworthingWorth andiniinF swanson op eatcitcateiteft p 7
ougliout 97
I1
98
1 ed
des airedalreddired
timberwas
tlintorview
ton
ev
hone
100loo
ppap 636463 64
poles9polese
sourthernsoutthern
itsjtb
104
interior of the fort poles brush and earth were used to form the
roofs of these homeshones the fortificat4fortification was originally known as
maughanskaughansbaughansmaughKaughMaug fortans but the name was later changed to wellsville to honor99daniel H wells who headed the original utah militia
brhamabrhambajbrj citvcitycitarham
As stated in chapter three brigham city was not settled by an
organized company of mormonsmornonsmormone under the direction of brighamBrig youngliamilaniian
in 38503.850 several families settled on box elder creek about twenty miles
north of ogden A year later more families came and a fort was built to
afford protection against the indians the map on page 105 indicates the
fort was built in a location near box elder creek when the city was
later surveyed the fort wall enclosed much of the original plat the
walls were constructed mainly of adobe or mud packed into rough plank
forms the houses of adobe and logs were built within the enclosure
in the spring of 1852 the settlers who now no longer feared the indiansindian
left the fort and began workvork on their farm near by dacheachbieh farm contained
forty to eighty acres for each man the men would go to their farms
each morning and return to the safety of their fort homes each night
santa clara and st george
the settlement of santa clara on the santa clara river was founded
by jacob hamblin rufusufusrutus alienauenallenailenanenluen and others these men had worked as8 mi-
ssionaries
s
among the indians who inhabited the sour thernthem part of the utah
territory intn 184 loglop109iop cabins werewern built in a cluster near the river
sonosomesomo nine miles north of its junction with the pjo virgin it was
considered wise to build a wall forsor protection against possible indian
uprisingsup theserisings early settlers decided to construct a wall of rocks
cemented with mud this would surroundzur theround colony on all sides it wasirasvaas
ninoniino feet high two feet thick and one hundred twenty feet square
since the village was comparatively small the dimensions of the fort
wall seemed adequateadequal for that time
the fourding of sjst george has been discussed in chapter three
it should be remembered that brigham young called three hundred nine
people to go as a group to settle in the vicinity of the virgin river
this relatively large group of settlers greatly influoncedinfluenced the fortifi-cation plans for st george the plute indians who lived in this region
were a comparatively weak tribe they had caused very little trouble
among the mormonsmomonscormonscomons in this region these two factors large group settle-ment and weakness of local indians made it unnecessary for the colonists
to build a fort thus st george was one of the few early villages to
be settled without the toil of constructing a fortification
cove fortcove fort was constructed by the mormon pioneers as an outpost on
the mormon trail or california road in 1868 brigham young thought itwise to constructcon Astract fort at this locationlocatcocat twentyloniondon three miles north of
beaver as a buiwarbulwark against& indianainestainst depredations and as a comfortable
way station for pioneers traveling between salt lake city and utah
dixiemxie the fort ws located on cove creek which issues from a recess
or cove in thathetho buchartuchartushzi mountains to the oastcast and was named from it itwas builtbulitdulit of blackblaclblace volcanvolcnjcvoican rockroekroel laid up in limeilmeiunelume mortar walls aroare
id101loi plbld9 71
101loi
for
le
or
de redationsrelations0 P
utahsw s
c
r
tur
10
eighteen feet high and four feet thickthim at the bottom tapering to two
feet at the top snailsmallsmail cabins of rock and adobe lined the interior of
the wall ttit is the only fort in an almost perfect state of preserva-
tion which still stands as a replica of the many forts constructed by
the mormon anpn onnersoncers as they attempted to protect their settlements
from cache valley on thothe north to santa clara in utah dixie
most of the main fortifications were constructed in the year 1853
or within the next year or two because of the walker war at various
places throughout utah other fortifications were built similar to those
in salt lake and utah valleys in sanpete county many of the earlyeaffy
settlements had some type of fortification nearlyyearly all of the hub
cities had some type of fort constructed
it must also be noted that many of the early commnitiescootiunitiescommunities never
built a fort as such several reasons might be given as an explanation
for this intn this early period nany of these villages which did not
provide protection for themselves were able to rely on the nearby hub
cities for protection in the event of an indian attack severalc settle-
ments were not founded until after the 1850 and 60s which were the
years of greatest danger as far as the pioneers were concerned
107
pioneers
utahs
1850s
c
gos
108
TABLE 9
SETTMYUTS AND fortifications
settlement
salt lake city
holladay
mill creek
sugar house
south cottonwood
draper
jordanjorden
farmFaxparnpannfaaingjuglug ton
bountiful
waysvillekaysvilleKayskaysvi
centervilleCent
villeilellelie
ogden
erville
north ogdenogdon
uintah
lynne
slatervilleSlat
hoopcrvillehoopervillapervillahgoHooboo
erville
plain
N
city
0
provo
Amerlamerlcaamericanknerlamerlia fork
wasvas a fort type ofbuilt construction
yes adobe logs
no
no
no
no
no
no
yosyes log cabin stockade
yes adobe
yes adobe
no
yes adobe logs
no
no
no
no
yo
no
yes adobe logs
yes adobe
was protective wallwailhalihalluaileailbuilt aroundsettlemensettlementSett Llemen
when the cormonsmormons founded their settlements in the great basin
they established a definite pattern of land occupancy aside from
the physical limitations of topography climatecl andimato soil they were
free to choosochoosechioso the pattern of land settlement which would best serve
their needs they selected the farmllfarrrifarnfann village plan and then adapted itto tilethetilotho semiaridsenisemi ar landsaridid of the west the morinonsmormonscormonsMorieori chosochosenons the famfarm villagevillsystem
agell
because it provided security enhanced the various church pro-
grams allowed for more advantageous utilization of adabiearableaz landsableabie among
ailali
seniarsemlar
diandlan
solisolldarit
settleisettledilent
tho group developed extraordinary group solidaritsolidaritysolidaric and was probably
best suited to the physicalphysghys environmentfl ofcaical tathoteotee great bainbasin
the basic plan for the mormon settlements was the plan presented
by joseph smith and known as the city of zion while the planvianpian of the
city of zion was a master plan devised for a farm coiituunityiwxr1ity the facts
do not support the statement that all of the fcfaxfayr western settlementssettlexenwere patterned after the city of zion 102
the region the mornons111ormonsmornone chose for settlement was semiaridsonisemisomi andaridarld
must have seeraedsoomrxi especiallyespe dryia11y to a people coming from the eastern
united states several climatic factors account primarily for this
semiaridsemi conditionarid 1 distance inland from thetho oceans 2 mountain
kelson siislisit 7
113
Xr
co
11k s
1
1 I1I1 L
0 14 elsonqlson cn ci P
lih1143147
barriers and 3 the influence of subtropical high pressure cells the
mountains of the region provided great natural water sheds thus supply-
ing streams which in many cases were of a permanent nature the
presence of streams was a major factor in developing the eastern margin
of the great basin since most of the valleys could be colonizedcoloni pro-
vided
zedsed
sufficient stroamstream flow was available
the mormonsmorrionsmormoneMor wererions faced with the problem of placing comparatively
large groups of people in limited geographical areas this could be
accomplished only by intensively irrigating the more favorable locations
analysis of one hundred mormon settlements revealed that the early
pioneers located their villages on or near alluvial fans or deltas
these werewore created by theuieule streams which also supplied the precious
water for both irrigation and culinary needs of the total numbernu in-
vestigated
mber
sixty towns were located on or at the immediateii basenedia of
alluvial fans twenty four coranitiescorjnranifcies were located on or at the babebahe
of deltas only sixteen villagesilagesflagesvi were situated on lake plains or river
bottoms land both the fans and deltas provided natural sloping lands
for irrigation andsnd rich well drained alluvial soilssolissolls which wore wellweilweli
suited to a variety of crops brihambrigham youngyolyouyoengyoe encouragedngna the settlers to
select sites encn aihhihhi groundrh where drainage would not be a problem
several settlementssottlersettler werezients forced to abandon their originalorigi positionsziaizial and
move lo10 higher elevations when drainagedralnage of farm lands became a problem
ILit is evident that the early pioneers soon realizedrealireallreail certainzedsed landformslandfonnsland
offered
forms
dioremoremorgnorg advantages than did others
investigation of thetiie early mormonmorrion settlements and thoirchoir originalori7inrl
city platspits revealedrev considerablecaled variation in their surveysurvaysunvey patterns
the conjrunitiescorxrunities venoweroeeroweno rotr auallailot surveyed in ten acre block patterns nor
oaicrioal dy sas4 xteeneteen
kighhigh
v eysays
0
v ages
irrgatlonfigationgationfidationfi
i
ba e
we
41o0
vestigated
3 14
1
draLnage
lih
territurritorri koria1koriakoriah
blocbioc
suustuveyedorveyedkeyed with one hundredhun thirtyIred LWO footfoo4z wide streets but
seemed to adopt street dimensions to fit their needs the number and
size of lots to oachcach block shows great variation between one town and
another of the different groups analyzed the towns with six acre
blocks and four acre blocks far outnumberedout thenumbered ten acre group with
twentyfivetwenty andfive twenty eight cities respectively the reasons for these
variations inir settlement survey pattern arearo difficult to trace in somosomesoresoro
cases it may havehavo been the availability of land which could be used fonfor
a townsite manyhanyha townsny apparently were surveyed according to tho
discroliondisc ofrolion tho local town leadership territorial surveyors ortertur ri
115
did they follow as many have supposed the exact plan for the city of
zion it was possible to group the villages into block patterns of
ten eight six five and four acres only seventeen settlements had
blocks of ten acres each salt lake city was the key city of this group
salt lake city was to be patterned after the city of zion but careful
study reveals many deviations from this plan the center blocks were
not surveyed as fifteen acres to the block nor vierewore the blocks further
subdivided into gentytwentywenty lotsdots to the block the influence of brighambrigharnBrig
younayoung
hainharn
and other church leaders was strong in the survey patterns of
manymoonynanynoony mormon communities but despite this influence manyanynanyrr variations were
noted As an exampleexa BrighbrigharibrighwrbrigherBrigdrigriple younghari requested the temple block be
surveyedsurvey asod forty acrosacrasabras but this was reduced to ten acres as the survey
was radairadanadaadair several settlementssettler werecantscintseints notlot founded originallyoinivinall by church
selected groups but rather by pioneers looking for new grazinggracing or farm
lands tho ton usually follow thu grid pattern of survey irithwith square
blocks but theetheotheethe weraweroweree warynary communities which had both square and rec-
tangular blocks the street size varied fromfrowfron villevill toaoeaee village they
were not all
for
inf luence
no kC Y
ra blaerulaer
fo l bowlow
cs A
11oao10
to
n-
s
orveyed
wr
1
many
irany
ilow
116ilg
locally appointed surveyors exercised some influence on the dimensions
of the blocks lots and streets
in and about many of the mormon communities forts and defensive
walls were constructedconstrue tedbed as defensive measures against the indian menace
which threatened the pioneers especially during the period between 1853
and 1870
coneonluletelyluleipke tely
especiaspeci y
the protective wall also served as a fence which would keep
the cattle from the city garden plots in most cases protective walls
were laid out along streets which were part of the original surveyed
grid in a few instances a fort was constructed prior to theuieU firstie
official survey when this was done a point of the fort was oftenofter
selected as the starting point for the town survey the walls were
generally constructed by using crude plank forms into which clay or
mud could be tampedcamped these adobe walls required many months to build
and a cooperative effort fronfrom all concerned few of the towns were
able to conpletelycompletely enclose their settlements withwildi a wall and many of
the early villages novordvornevorn built a wall or fort as such two reasons mightnight
be given as an explanation for this in this early period many commu-
nities which did notnocnoo provide protection for themselves were ableabloabie to rely
on the near by kubhub cities for protection in the event of aneanelnaln indian
attack since several settlements were not founded until after the
indian wars wore over they could not see the need to build fortifications
it should be apparent that the mormonscormons chose the pattern of land
settlement b6stbestbast suited to theirtheithoithol
v agosages
1
n-
eeds and then adapted it to their
physical surroundings the selection of a townsite by thesethose early
pioneers indicate considerable planningplahmplaxm wasng involved whilewhilo it is
true that not all morion communities werowere similar in their block
n-
eds
ule
iformbiform
117
arrangement or size nevertheless they were uniform in general grid
pattern in most cases fortifications were built where needed and
served the purpose for which they were intended one cannot help but
admireadnire the orderly and cooperative manner inir which the mormonscormons established
their villages in the valleys of the great basin
un
thingchinglhing ton
memoMcmomenocieriqcle
1957957
flanders robert dauca3rucadruca nauvoo kingdom on thevae mississippi urbariaurbarialUrillinois
bariauniversity of illinois press 1965
gardner hazriiltonhaariill history of lehi published by the lehi pioneercomnnttee salt lake city the deseretdaseretd3seret news press 19131013
claytoncleyton
hanman
voreor
okaiOkli ahomahon 63
hafoncafon leroy andrdend ann vs eds to the rockies and oregon 18391&21glendale
1f21955
borishonshongbong rhoa yorhingtonworhingtonYor geanhington and swanson phyllis D eds thothepaypa son story payson utah published by the authors 1950195
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