Geographical Information Systems and Satellite Monitoring in Nuclear Safeguards

A. Poucet, S. Contini, F.Bellezza

European Commission

Joint Research Centre

JRC

Nuclear Safeguards

Nuclear Safeguards could be described as a comprehensive set of internationally approved technical and legal measures to verify the political undertakings of States not to use nuclear material to manufacture nuclear

weapons

This control is performed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

European Union: EURATOM

Countries that voluntarily accept IAEA safeguards must periodically declare their Nuclear Fuel Cycle activities

according to agreed protocols

Develop an integrated system for supporting Site level assessment

- Verify that the installations and activities for a given known site correspond to the declarations provided (Correctness)

- Verify that there are no undeclared activities or installations at the declared sites (Completeness)

Objectives of the Project

Country level assessment

- Verify the consistency of all declared fuel cycle activities (Correctness)

- Verify that there are no undeclared installations or activities in hidden sites (Completeness)

Declarations submitted under the model agreement (INFCIRC/153): • nuclear materials accountancy data (movements and stocks) • design information and other information in facility attachments

Information submitted under the Strengthened Safeguards System (INFCIRC/540): e.g.• information on R&D activities at the site• information on buildings on a nuclear site• imports and exports of specific equipment to/from the site

Data from inspections and results from environmental sample analysis

In-house knowledge of nuclear fuel cycle facilities

Open source information: including maps, information on infrastructure, satellite images

Information for site level assessment

How to structure and manage such diverse information?

How to present the information to the user (inspector)?

How to compare declarations with information from open sources?

How to analyse the integrated picture?

How to exploit synergism between data sources?

How to handle the data?

Modeling of complex systems

• “Model” used here to indicate a structured collection of knowledge (qualitative and quantitative) and procedures that supports the solving of a specific problem

• Multiple dimensions or viewpoints: e.g.– topological: location, infrastructures– functional: processes, material flows– operational: activities, production, outages

• Each viewpoint is organised in multiple layers: different levels of abstraction, from overview layers to more detailed representations

• Cross-links between elements in different viewpoints

Topology

Process

Operation

World map

Country levelCountry level

Nuclear Site level Nuclear Site level

Buildings levelBuildings level

Building floors and rooms

Building floors and rooms

Topology oriented view

Breakdown

Site description and lay-out

Site description and lay-out

Country level safeguards data

Country level safeguards data

World map

Country levelCountry level

Nuclear Site level Nuclear Site level

Buildings levelBuildings level

Building floors and rooms

Building floors and rooms

Building description and

use

Building description and

use

Topology oriented view

Data

Site description and lay-out

Site description and lay-out

Country level safeguards data

Country level safeguards data

World map

Country levelCountry level

Nuclear Site level Nuclear Site level

Buildings levelBuildings level

•Country maps•General open source information

•Country maps•General open source information

Building floors and rooms

Building floors and rooms

Building description and

use

Building description and

use

Topology oriented view

•Satellite images•Regional maps•Infrastructure

•Satellite images•Regional maps•Infrastructure

•Satellite images•Open source plant description

•Satellite images•Open source plant description

Verification

Nuclear site level

Function oriented view

Installation levelFacility level

Installation levelFacility level

Process/Unit level Process/Unit level

Component levelComponent level

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Containment &Surveillance measures

Containment &Surveillance measures

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

Breakdown

Nuclear site level

Function oriented view

Design information

Design information

Installation levelFacility level

Installation levelFacility level

Process/Unit level Process/Unit level

Component levelComponent level

StatusPurposeType...

Inventory changesMovements

Inventory changesMovements

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Physical Inventory

Taking results

Physical Inventory

Taking results

MBAreport

MBAreport

Containment &Surveillance measures

Containment &Surveillance measures

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

Data

•Signal sources•Alarms

•Signal sources•Alarms

•Material/item•Type & procedure •Measurements

•Material/item•Type & procedure •Measurements

•Signal sources•Alarms

•Signal sources•Alarms

Nuclear site level

Function oriented view

Design information

Design information

Installation levelFacility level

Installation levelFacility level

Process/Unit level Process/Unit level

Component levelComponent level

StatusPurposeType...

Inventory changesmovements

Inventory changesmovements

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Material Balance Area (MBA)

Physical Inventory

Taking results

Physical Inventory

Taking results

MBAreport

MBAreport

•Material/item•Type & procedure •measurements

•Material/item•Type & procedure •measurements

Containment &Surveillance measures

Containment &Surveillance measures

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

Key measurementpoints (KMP)

•Pictures•Inspection reports

•Pictures•Inspection reports

•Received signals and alarms•Video scenes

•Received signals and alarms•Video scenes

•Inspection reports•MUF calculations•Variance of MUF

•Inspection reports•MUF calculations•Variance of MUF

Inspection reports(e.g. PIV)

Inspection reports(e.g. PIV)

Verification

Nuclear site level

Site level activity programme

Site level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Notification of transfers

Notification of transfers

Operation oriented view

Breakdown

Overall production

Overall production

Nuclear site level

Site level activity programme

Site level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Notification of transfers

Notification of transfers

Operation oriented view

ModificationsConstruction

activities

ModificationsConstruction

activities

OutagesOutages

Operating/refueling schedule

Operating/refueling schedule

Data

Overall production

Overall production

Nuclear site level

Site level activity programme

Site level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Facility level activity programme

Notification of transfers

Notification of transfers

Operation oriented view

ModificationsConstruction

activities

ModificationsConstruction

activities

OutagesOutages

Operating/refueling schedule

Operating/refueling schedule

Country productionEnergy needs

Country productionEnergy needs

Satellite imagesEnvironmental

samples

Satellite imagesEnvironmental

samples

Import/exportreceipts

Import/exportreceipts

Verification

Site lay-out

Design information

Declaredprogram

Inferredoperationsrelated data

Inferredtechnicalcharacteristics

Inferredsite topologyrelated data

Coherencechecking

SiteAssessment

Statedeclarations

Gen . infoon fuel cycletechnologies

Potentialproliferationpathways

Environmentsampling

Satellite

imaging

Remotesurveillance

Routineinspections

Site

analysis

SITE MODEL

Open Source

informationAdditional

declarations/clarifications

Otherobservations

Topology

Function

Operations

Topology

Function

Operations

Conceptual scheme for site level assessment

Platform

• PC with Windows 98/NT

• Use of COTS: • ESRI Arcview Version 3.2 as main GUI

with ESRI-ERDAS Image Analysis extension• Links to tools of MS windows • Links to DBMS: e.g. Access, Oracle• Links with CAD software• Links with internet

Satellite images

IRS-1C, PAN sensor , GSD 5.8m

SPIN, KVR-1000. GSD 2m

IKONOS, PAN sensor , GSD 1 m

Next steps

• Further refinement of models • Development of fully operational pilot application on Ispra site

• Development of analysis procedures

Potential link with environmental monitoring

Use of terrain data (e.g. digital elevation maps), meteorological data (e.g. prevailing wind fields) and dispersion models:

• to visualise and characterise sampling points

• to support location of best places for environmental monitoring

• to trace back from environmental samples to point of release