ZAKARIA A. KHAMIS

GEOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS

GE 2110GE 2110

Descriptive statistics

Statistics are interesting….”only when they are set in wider context that they begin to come to life”

Five Rules for using statistics by Danny Dorling1.Often there is little point in using statistics

2.If you do use statistics, make sure they can be understood

3.Do not overuse statistics in your work

4.If you find a complex statistics useful then explain it clearly

5.Recognize and harness the power of statistics04/19/23

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Zakaria Khamis

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In most cases, it is helpful to describe data by a single number that is most representative of the entire collection of data

The single numbers which tend to appearing in the middle of the data distribution MCT

They act as the fulcrum (center of gravity) at which the data balance

Measures of Central Tendency

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Means are of many types, the very commonly used is Arithmetic mean; however, there are Geometric and Harmonic among others

Arithmetic Mean

Simply is the average the observations (data)

Arithmetic Mean is in most cases referred to mean and is denoted by

Means

x

Means

The mean, or average, of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n

Mathematically,

Where xi denotes the value of observation i, and n denotes number of observations

Mean value is influenced by extreme measurements

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n

xx

n

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1

Means

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Means

Geometric Mean

The geometric mean only applies to positive numbers.

It is also often used for a set of numbers whose values are meant to be multiplied together or are exponential in nature, such as data on the growth of the human population or interest rates of a financial investment

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Means

The Geometric mean of n numbers is the nth

root of the product of the numbers

Mathematically,

Where xi denotes the value of observation i, and n denotes number of observations

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n

n

iixGM

1

Means

Harmonic Mean

This is most commonly used when the average rate is what of interest E.g. the average speed of a car; the average rate of population increase

The Harmonic mean of n numbers is given by

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n

i ix

nHM

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1

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Median is defined as the observation that splits the ranked list of observations (arranged in ascending or descending) in half

When the number of observation is odd, median is simply equal to the middle value on a ranked list of observations

When the number of observation is even, median is the average of the two values in the middle of ranked list

Mode and Median

Mode and Median

Mode refers to the most frequently occurring value

If two numbers tie for most frequent occurrence, the collection has two modes and is called bimodal.

Which of the three measures of central tendency is the most representative?

The answer is that it depends on the distribution of the data and the way in which you plan to use the data

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Measures of Central Tendency

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Measures of Central Tendency

Class examples:12, 33, 11, 45, 45, 34, 20, 67, 87, 19, 12, 12

Mean =

Mode =

Median =

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The phenomena and aspects of the world we lives is changing spatially (within location) and temperarily (time to time)

For examples. The changes in human population, the changes in standard living, and changes in literacy rate and the changes in price

variability attract the experts to make detailed studies about them and then correlate these changes with the human life.

Measures of Dispersion/Variability

Measures of Dispersion/Variability

In statistics, the MCT measures the center of the data while the dispersion measures how the observation spread away from the center

If the observation are close to the center ( arithmetic mean or median) dispersion, scatter or variation is small

If the observations are spread away from the center dispersion is large.

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Measures of Dispersion/Variability

Suppose we have three groups of students who have obtained the following marks in a test

Group A: 46, 48, 50, 52, 54  Mean =50Group B: 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 Mean

=50        Group C: 40, 50, 60, 70, 80  Mean

=60     

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Measures of Dispersion/Variability

The idea of dispersion is important in the study of wages of workers, prices of commodities, standard of living of different people, distribution of wealth, distribution of land among farmers and various other fields of life.

It will help in identifies those variation and solve any problem which might happen.

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Is the difference between the highest and the lowest value in a series of data

Dispersion Range

minmax xxRange

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The variance represents the average squared deviation of an observation from the mean

The standard deviation refers to the square root of variance

Variance and Standard Deviation

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n

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The standard deviation of a set is a measure of how much a typical number in the set differs from the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the more the numbers in the set vary from the mean

Imagine a researcher examine the monthly salary of Zanzibar secondary school teachers. He took 10 samples out of secondary school teachers .

44,   50,   38,   96,   42,   47,   40,   39,   46,   50’ 0000

Variance and Standard Deviation

Variance and Standard Deviation

He calculated the mean = 49.2

This information telling us that all secondary school teachers receive 49.2 per months.

However there might be variation because we have different categories of teacher in Zanzibar: diploma, bachelor degree, Master degree , private and public owned.

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Variance and Standard Deviation

Standard deviation = 17

Mean +/- standard deviation 49.2 - 17 = 32.2

49.2 + 17 = 66.2

This mean that, most of the secondary school teachers receive between 32.20 and 66.20tsh/=

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While standard deviation (SD) is the measure of dispersion that is associated with the mean; Quartiles measure dispersion associated with the median

Consider an ordered set of numbers whose median is m. The lower quartile is the median of the numbers that occur before m. The upper quartile is the median of the numbers that occur after m.

Quartiles

Quartiles

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Inter-Quartile Range

In some statistical analysis we may need to find the difference which exists between the Quartiles the inter-quartile is calculated

Inter-quartile range is the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile

When the data have been ranked from lowest to highest, with n observations, the 25th percentile is represented by observation

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4

)1( n

Inter-Quartile Range

The 75th percentile is represented by observation

This provides much more detail information about the data, for it provides within data picture of the variability by removing the outlying values

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Skewness measures the degree of asymmetry exhibited by the data

The data can exhibits +ve skewness or –ve skewness

If the mean of the data is greater than its median, the data is positively skewed; and if the mean of the data is less than its median, the data is negatively skewed

Mathematically,

Skewness and Kurtosis

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Skewness and Kurtosis

Kurtosis measure the peaking of the data relative to the normal distribution

Data with high degree of peakeness is said to be leptokurtic and have the kaurtosis value more than 3

Flat data has the kurtosis value of less than 3, and it is called platykurtic

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41

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ns

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Skewness and Kurtosis

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