VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

Geography

Chapter-3 Our Changing Earth

Key Terms:-

(i) Seismograph: - An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes,

such as force and duration.

(ii) Weathering: - Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface.

(iii) Erosion:-It is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water,

wind and ice.

Flow Chart on the Evolution of Landforms:

Earth movements

Textbook questions:

Q.1 Why do the plates move?

Ans: 1. Plates move because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth which

moves in a circular manner.

2. Plates move very slowly – just a few millimeters each year.

Q.2 What are sand dunes?

Ans: 1. When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another.

2. When it stops blowing the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill – like structures.

3. These are called sand dunes.

Q.3 How are beaches formed?

Ans: The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forming beaches.

Q.4 Define the following-

1. Sea caves- Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks. Cracks develop. Over time they

become larger and wider. Thus, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are

called sea caves.

2. Sea arches-As sea caves cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves

remain, thus forming sea arches.

3. Sea cliff- The steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea

cliff.

4. Sand dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand, and are most common in deserted

environments.

Endogenic force Exogenic force

Sudden forces 1. Earthquake 2. Volcano 3. Landslides

Diastrophic forces 1. Buildings 2. Mountains

Erosional and Depositional 1. River 2. Wind 3. Sea-waves 4. Glacier

VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

Q.4 Extra Questions:

Q.1 Define Volcano with the help of a diagram.

Ans:

A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust

through which molten material erupts suddenly

Q.2 Write a short note on earthquake with the help of diagram.

Ans:

(i)When the Lithospheric plates move, the

surface of the earth vibrates.

(ii) The vibrations can travel all-round the

earth.

(iii)These vibrations are called Earthquakes.

(iv) The place in the crust where the

movement starts is called the focus.

(v) The place on the surface above the focus is

called the epicenter.

Q.3 Draw a diagram of features made by a river in a flood plain and explain it.

Ans:

(i)As the river enters the plain it twists and turns

forming large bends known as meanders.

(ii) Due to continuous erosion and deposition

along the sides of the meander, the ends of the

meander loop come closer and closer.

(iii) In due course of time the

meander loop cuts off from the river and

forms a cut-off lake, also called an ox-bow lake.

(iv) At times the river overflows its banks, it

deposits layers of fine soil and other material

called sediments along its banks.

(v) This leads to the formation of a flat fertile

floodplain. The raised banks are called levees.

VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

Q.5 Give reasons:

(i) Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom.

Ans: In deserts, winds usually erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper

part.

Therefore, such rocks have narrow base and wider top, which take the shape of a

mushroom.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.

Ans: Flood plains are formed by the deposition of fine soil and other material called

sediments on the river banks.

As the soil and sediments are brought by flood water, they are very fertile.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stacks.

Ans: Sea waves strike at the rocks.

As a result, cracks develop which become bigger over time and hollow like

caves are formed on the rocks.

They are called sea caves.

These cavities become bigger and bigger and a time comes when only the roof

of the caves remain to form sea arches.

Further erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left.

These wall like features are called stacks.

In this way, sea caves are turned into stacks.

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.

Ans: Most of the buildings are not safe enough to resist the vibrations of the

earthquakes.

They are not made earthquake-proof.

They collapse tearing apart due to shallow foundation and lack of adequate steel

in the interior design.

VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

Geography

Chapter-2 Inside Our Earth

Key Terms: -

1. Sial: - Si-silica and Al-alumina together called Sial

2. Sima: - Si-silica and Ma-magnasium together called Sima

3. Nife: - Ni-nickle and Fe- ferrous i.e., Iron together called Nife.

Textbook questions:

Q.1 Explain the three layers of the earth with a diagram.

Ans:

(i) Crust

The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust.

It is about 35 km.on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.

(ii) Mantle

Just beneath the crust is the mantle

Extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust

(iii) Core

The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km.

It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called nife

Q.2 What is a rock?

Ans: (i) Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock.

(ii) Rocks can be of different colour, size and texture.

Q.3 Draw a flow chart on the types of important rocks with examples.

Ans: Types of Rocks

Q.4 How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?

Mantle

Outer Core

Crust

Inner Core

IGNEOUS

Basalt, Granite

Sedimentary

Limestone

Metamorphic

Marble

VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

Ans: Extrusive rocks: -

(i) When the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and

becomes solid.

(ii) Rocks formed in such a way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks.

E.g., Basalt.

Intrusive rocks:-

(i) Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust

(ii) So, solid rocks are formed, called intrusive igneous rocks.

E.g., Granite.

Q.5 Explain rock cycle with a diagram.

Ans:

(i) The process of transformation of the rock from one to another is known as the rock

cycle.

(ii) When the molten magma cools; it solidifies to become igneous rock.

(iii)These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are transported and

deposited to form sedimentary rocks.

(iv) When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they

change into metamorphic rocks.

(v) The metamorphic rocks which are still under great heat and pressure melt down to

form molten magma.

(vi) This molten magma again can cool down and solidify into igneous rocks

Q.6 Give reasons:

1. We cannot go to the centre of the earth.

Ans: (i) The centre of the earth lying about 6000 km from the ocean floor.

(ii) There is only molten magma at the earth’s centre. Oxygen is absent.

(iii)Such conditions do not permit the survival of any living organism.

2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments

Ans: (i)When big rocks break down into small fragments (or sediments), the fragments are

transported and deposited by water and wind.

(ii) The loose sediments compress and harden over the years to form layers of rocks.

These rocks are known as sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from

grains of sand.

3. Limestone is changed into marble.

Ans: When subjected to extreme heat and pressure, it gets converted into marble, a

metamorphic rock.

CLASS: VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

History

Chapter-1

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years

Flowchart: (Time period)

MEDIEVAL HISTORY

(8th to 18th Century)

Key Terms:

1. Cartographer - A person who draws or produces maps.

2. Archive - A place where documents and manuscripts are stored.

3. Habitat - The natural home or environment of an animal, plant or

other organisms.

4. Manuscript - It refers to old documents actually written by hand before

books were made.

Textbook Questions:

Q.1 Who was considered a ‘foreigner’ in the past?

Ans: In the past, the term ‘foreigner’ referred to a stranger who was not a part of that society or

culture.

Q.2 List some of the technological challenges associated with this period.

Ans: 1. Persian wheel in irrigation.

2. Spinning wheel in wearing.

3. Firearms in combat.

Q.3 In what ways the meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ has changed over the centuries?

Ans: 1. Today we understand Hindustan as “India” the modern nation-state.

2. In the 13th century, Minhaj-i-Siraj used the term in a political sense for lands that were a

part of the Delhi Sultanate.

3. In the 16th century, Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography of the culture and

the fauna of the subcontinent.

Q.4 What are the difficulties historians faces in using manuscripts?

Ans: 1. Poor handwriting.

2. Different interpretations.

3. Coping errors.

4. Different versions of manuscripts might lead to confusion.

Q.5 How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing

so?

Ans: Historians divided the past into periods based on the economic and social factors which

characterise them.

Early Medieval

( 8th to 13th cen.)

period

Later Medieval period

(14th to 18th cen.)

CLASS: VII SOCIAL SCIENCE

In doing so, they face the following problems:

1. Economic and social changes keep ongoing. Hence, it is difficult to draw definite

boundaries.

2. These periods compared with modernity.' Modernity ' carries a sense of material

progress.

Handout Questions:

Q.6 Explain how the affairs of jatis were regulated?

Ans: The affairs of jatis were regulated in the following way:

1. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations for managing the conduct of their members.

2. An assembly of elders was responsible for enforcing these regulations. This assembly of

elders was called jati panchayat.

3. But jatis were also required to abide by the rules of their villages.

Q.7 How did scribes copy down the manuscripts? What was its drawback?

Ans: 1. Scribes copied down the manuscripts by hand because there was no printing press in

those days.

2. They introduced numerous changes in the manuscripts

Civics

Chapter - 1

On Equality

Key Terms:

1. Universal Adult Franchise It means that all adult (those who are 18 and above)

citizens have the right to vote irrespective of their

social or economic backgrounds.

2. Dignity This refers to thinking of oneself and other persons

as worthy of respect.

3. Agitation The situation in which people protest or argue,

especially in public in order to achieve a particular

type of change.

Textbook questions:

Q.1 What is the importance of universal adult franchise in a democracy?

Ans: Universal adult franchise means that every person above the age of 18 have the right to

vote.

This is important to democracy because

1. It is based on the principle of equality.

2. It does not discriminate on the basis of social or economic backgrounds.

Q.2 In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?

Ans: 1. Both Omprakash Valmiki and Ansaris treated unequally by their fellow citizens.

2. Both of them suffered unequal treatment and were discriminated at the individual

level because they belonged to different castes or religions.

3. Both the incidents show that though the law enforces equality, such inequalities exist

within our society.

Q.3 What do you understand by the term ‘All persons are equal before the law’?

Ans: 1. The term ‘All persons are equal before the law' means every person, from the

president of the country to the ordinary citizen of the country has to obey the laws

mentioned in the Constitution of India.

2. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of caste, religion, race, place of

birth or gender.

3. It ensures that the government will take care of the needs of all the citizens and fulfill

them.

4. It safeguards the interests of people and ensures that all persons have access to all

public resources.

Extra questions:

Q.4 What do you mean by Constitution?

Ans: A Constitution is a document that lays down the basic rules and regulations for the

people and the government in the country to follow.

Q.5 What is ‘Civil Right Movement’?

Ans: Civil Right Movement is the movement that began in the 1950s in which the African-

Americans demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.

Q.6 What is ‘Joothan’?

Ans: Joothan is an autobiography of a famous dalit writer Omprakash Valmiki.

Q.7 What is the midday meal programme?

Ans: Midday meal programme refers to the programme which is introduced in all

government elementary schools to provide children with freshly cooked lunch.

Q.8 How has the government tried to implement equality in India?

Ans: The government has tried to implement the equality

1. By laws

2. And through government programmes or schemes to help disadvantaged

communities.

Q.9 Write a short note on equality.

Ans: 1. Every person is equal before law.

2. No discrimination based on religion, race, caste, place of birth or gender.

3. Every person has access to all public places.

4. Untouchability has been abolished.

Geography

Chapter-1

Environment Flow Charts:

The Major Components of Environment

Living things Monuments Individual

Land Buildings Religion

Air Industries Family

Water Bridges Economy

Natural Environment

Lithosphere

It is the solid crust

or the hard top

layer of the earth.

Hydrosphere

It refers to the

water bodies

like rivers,

lakes, oceans

etc. on the

earth.

Atmosphere

It is the thin

layer of air

that surrounds

the earth.

Biosphere

It is a narrow

zone of the

earth where

land, water

and air interact

with each

other.

Textbook questions:

Q.1 What is an ecosystem?

Ans: It is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with

the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live.

Large rainforest, grassland, desert, mountains, and rivers etc. are examples of

ecosystem.

Q.2 What do you mean by the natural environment?

Ans: 1. All living and non-living things which exist together naturally form natural

environment

2. Land, water, air, plants and animals comprise the natural environment.

Q.3 What is the lithosphere?

Ans: 1. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth.

2. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil.

3. It is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains,

valleys, etc.

Q.4 Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic environment with examples.

Ans: 1. Biotic environment - The world of the living organisms is known as the biotic

environment. E.g. Plants and animals.

2. Abiotic environment - The world of the non-living elements is known as the abiotic

Natural Human Made Human

environment. E.g. Land and water.

Q.5 Why is our environment important?

Ans: The environment is important to us because it provides the air we breathe, the water we

drink, the food we eat and the land where we live.

Q.6 Give reasons:

1. Man modifies his environment?

Ans: 1. Man modifies the environment to fulfill his needs and make his life comfortable.

2. Man builds homes, factories and modifies the environment and its mineral wealth.

3. For food, shelter and agriculture, he cuts forests and utilizes land and water.

2. Plants and animals depend on each other.

Ans: 1. Plants consume carbon dioxide and give oxygen to air and prepare food.

2. Animals absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide for plants.

3. The dead and decaying animals act as nutrition to plants.

4. Forests are the natural habitat of animals.

Q.7 Suggest some ways to conserve the environment.

Ans: 1. Grow more trees.

2. Use alternative sources of energy.

3. Save natural resources.

4. Reduce pollution.

5. Spread awareness.

Q.8 What is the ecological balance? Why do we need to maintain it?

Ans: 1. The perfect balance or equilibrium in the transfer of energy and matter among the

different components of an ecosystem is known as ecological balance.

2. We need to maintain it for the continued survival and existence of the organisms as

well as the stability of the environment.

Q.9 How is the lithosphere useful to us?

Ans: The lithosphere is useful to us as it provides :

1. Forests and grasslands for grazing.

2. Land for agriculture.

3. Human settlements.

4. It is also a source of mineral wealth.

Q.10 Write a short note on Biosphere.

Ans: 1. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land (lithosphere), water (hydrosphere) and air

(atmosphere) interact with each other to support life.

2. The plant and animal kingdom together make the biosphere or the living world.

3. Biosphere makes the earth a unique planet in the solar system.

.

History

Chapter-2

New Kings and Kingdoms

Key Terms:

1. Samanta -

Samantas were the big landlords or warrior chiefs in different

regions of the subcontinent in the seventh century.

2. A sluice gate - It is traditionally a wood or metal barrier which is commonly used in

rivers and canals to control water levels and flow rate.

Flow chart:

Types of lands

Textbook questions:

Q.1 Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”?

Ans:

The parties involved in the tripartite struggle were the rulers belonging to the Gurjara –

Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties for the control over Kanauj.

Q.2 What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the

sabha in the Chola Empire?

Ans: All those who wished to become members of the sabha should be

1. Owners of the land from which they have collected the land revenue.

2. They should have their own homes.

3. They should be between the age of 35 and 70 years.

4. They should have been the knowledge of the Vedas.

5. They should be well-versed in administrative matters and should be honest.

Q.3 How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?

Ans: 1. Rashtrakutas in the Deccan were subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.

2. In the mid-eighth century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya

overlord.

3. He had performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha and became a ruler.

Q.4 What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?

Ans: 1. The new dynasties gained wealth and power by forcing peasants, traders, cattle-

keepers and artisans to pay revenue and declared themselves as maha-Samanta.

Vellanvagi

Land of

non-

brahmana

peasants

Brahmadeya

Land gifted

to

Brahmanas

Shalabhoga

Land for the

maintenance

of a school

Devadana, tirunamattukani

Land gifted to

temples

Pallichchhandam

Land donated to

jain institution

2. They got independence from their overlords.

3. They performed rituals to declare themselves as Kshatriyas with the help of

Brahmanas.

4. Many of the new kings adopted high sounding titles as Maharaja-Adhiraja and

Tribhuvana-Chakravartin.

5. They built large temples to store their wealth and used the temples in wars.

Q.5 What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?

Ans: 1. A grand-dam constructed across river Kaveri called Kallanai.

2. Tanks were built to utilize river and rainwater for irrigation.

3. Dams and tanks were provided with sluices to regulate the flow of water.

4. Embankments were created in the delta region to prevent flooding.

5. Digging of wells for water storage.

Extra Questions:

Q.6 Write the difference between Brahmadeya and Devadana.

Ans: 1 Tax-free land granted to Brahmanas was called Brahmadeya.

2. Land gifted to the temples was called Devadana.

Q.7 What do you understand by Vetti and Kadamai?

Ans: 1. Vetti and Kadamai were taxes that were imposed during the Chola period.

2. Vetti means forced labour under which peasants were forced to work for the king

or their village landlords for free.

3. Kadamai refers to land revenue that peasants had to pay to the king.

Q.8 Write a short note on Chola Administration.

Ans: 1. The Chola administration was highly organized and efficient.

2. The King was an important person.

3. Nadu, groups of villages, had many administrative functions including justice and

collecting taxes.

4.'Ur' was a village assembly and they looked after the administration of the village.

Q.9 What do you know about architecture of Chola Period?

Ans: 1. Chola temples were the centers for craft production.

2. Temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-cholapuram are an exclusive example of

architectural and Sculptural marvels.

3. Temples were not only the places of worship, but they were also the hub of

economic, social and cultural life.

4. Chola bronze images considered the finest in the world.

Q.10 How were brahmanas rewarded by the kings?

Ans: Kings were rewarded Brahmanas by grant them land. These grants were recorded on

copper plates and given to those who received the land.

Map question

On the political map of India locate and label the major kingdoms between 7th to

12th centuries:

(I) Chahmanas (ii) Gurjara-Pratiharas(iii) Palas(iv) Rashtrakutas (v)Cholas