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Discussion Review
Restu Tandirerung
Ashadhien Noer Pratama
Lumigia Li Meco
Arif Wahyu Barokah
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outlin
e
Earthquak
e
Geohazard
Management
and
Mitigation
Introduction
Earthquake Elements
Surface Effects ofEarthquakes
Earthquake-ResistantDesign
Important Structur in hazard
area
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Earthquake
The occurrences:transform faults,convergen,divergen.
The surfaceeffects: faultsand crustalwarping,subsidence and
liquefaction, andtsunamis andseiches in waterbodies, etc.
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Earthquake Types
Plate-edgeearthquakes: Theboundaries of the
lithospheric plates aredefined by the principalglobal seismic zones inwhich about 90% ofthe worlds
earthquakes occur.
Intraplateearthquakes: Areasfar from the plate
edges arecharacterized byfewer and smallerevents, but largedestructiveearthquakes occurfrom time to timesuch as those of NewMadrid, Charleston,and northern China
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Plate-Edge Earthquakes
http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk
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Bantul, Yogyakarta,2006
http://andrigeosains.blogspot.com/p/pada-tahun-2004-gempa-dengan-kekuatan.html
Thecauses:
Opak faulthttp://rovicky.files.wordpres
s.com/2006/07/subduksi-
jawa.jpg
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1. The source of earthquake
2. Seismic wave types
3. Ground motion
4. Intensity and magnitude
Earthquake Elements
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The Source of Earthquake
Tectonic
earthquak
e
Most earthquakes occur along the plates
edge. The plates are driven by convection
motion of the material within the earth
mantle.
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The Source of Earthquake
Volcanic
activity
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Types of volcanic eruption
that cause the earthquake
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Seismic Wave
Types
Love wave
Reiligh
wavePrimary
wave
Seconda
ry wave
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Ground Motion,http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=ground%20motion
Ground motion is the movement of the earth's surface from earthquakes orexplosions. Ground motion is produced by waves that are generated bysudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the explosive source and travelthrough the earth and along its surface.
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Intensity and Magnitude
Intensity is aqualitativevalue basedon theresponse of
people andobject on theearth surface.
Magnitude is aquantitativevaluecomputedfromseismogramdata.
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ATTENUATION
Attenuation is the decay or
dissipation of energy or intensity ofshaking with distance from the source
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Amplification
An increase in ground acceleration
with respect to base rockexcitation istermed the ground amplification
factor.
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Duration
the duration of strong ground
motion plays a direct role in the
destruction caused by anearthquake. it is a function of the
size of fault rupture and fault
type, path from the source to thesite and site geology
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Recurrence and Forecasting
forecasting the location,
magnitude and time of
occurrence of an earthquake isthe role of the seismologist and is
necessary for seismic design
and for the early warning of animpending event.
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Periode ulang 2475 tahun
P i d l 475 t h
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Periode ulang 475 tahun
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Surface Effects of Earthquakes
Fault:
offset
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Subsidence
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Liquefaction
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Slope Failures
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Tsunami & Seiches
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Volcano Hazard
Earthq ake Resistant
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1. Ground Motion
a. Dynamic Force
The large amounts of energy released
during earthquakes produce dynamic
forces result in transient deformations in
rock and other nearly elastic geologic
materials
b. Significance
The effect of the dynamic
forces, therefore, can be
divided into two broad
categories:
The effect on structures
The effect on the geologic
material itself
Earthquake-ResistantDesign
c. Field Measurement
Ground displacement
(amplitude) is measured by
seismographs.
The force imposed on
structures, is measured by
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KEmax = mv2 max = (W/g) v2max
Motion amplitude (displacement),frequency or acceleration (results
from combining amplitude andfrequency)
Force with which energy movesthe structure
Energy itself,defined in terms ofthe motion which it produces(kinetic energy)
S f D R l ti hi
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Surface Damage Relationships
2. Earthquake
destruction is
related to a number
of factors includingmagnitude,
proximity to
populated areas,
duration of theevent, the local
geologic and
topographic
conditions, and the
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a. GeneralCharacteristics
Reaction to Strong
Ground Motion
Energy Transmitted
to Structures
b. Response ModesStuctures exhibit various
modes of response to
ground motion depending on
their characteristics. Peak horizontal ground
acceleration
Vertical acceleration
Differential
displacements
Frequency
Duration of shaking or
repeated application of
forces
Structural Response
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c. Dynamic Reaction ofStructure
Source
Force on StructuralMembers
Single-Degree-of-Fredoom System
Multi-Degree-of-Fredoom System
Dynamic Response
Source
The dynamic reaction of a
structure to ground motion is
governed by its characteristic
period T or structural frequency
of vibration which is related to
structural mass, stiffness, and
damping capability.
Force on Structural Members
Result in stress and deflection instructure.
Dynamic Response
Defined by its displacement
history
R
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A response spectrum
is a plot o f themaximum values of
accelerat ion , veloc i ty,
and disp lacement
response of an inf in i te
ser ies o f sing le-
degree-of-freedom
systems subject to a
t ime-dependent
dynam ic exci tat ion,
such as but not
l im i ted to ground
ResponseSpectra
Response spectra
are used as input indynamic analysis of
linear elastic
systems, i.e., theyare a convenient
means of evaluating
the maximum lateralforces developed in
structures subjected
to a given base
motion.
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-0.200
-0.150
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0 5 10 15 20 25
Waktu (detik)
Percepatan
(g)
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The method selected for dynamic analysis
varies from the relatively simple conventional
approach to comprehensive analytical
procedures. The selection depends upon thedegree of risk and hazard.
Structure Purpose and Type
Pertains to failure consequence Earthquake Occurrence and Magnitude
Pertains to the hazard
Seismic HazardAnalysis
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Comprehensi
ve Analyt ical
Methods
The combined influence of ground
accelerations, their frequency
contents, and, to some extent,
ground shaking duration, in relation
to the period and damping of the
structure, are considered in
comprehensive analytical methods.
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Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis
(DSHA)
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis(PSHA)
Time-History Analysis
Seismic Analysis Progression
D t i i ti S i i H d A l i (DSHA)
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Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA)
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Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
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-0.200
-0.150
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0 5 10 15 20 25
Waktu (detik)
Percepatan
(g)
Time-History
Analysis
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The design earthquake is normally defined as
the specification of the ground motion as a basis
for design criteria to provide resistance to a
moderate earthquake without damage, and to
provide resistance to a major event without
collapse.
The DesignEarthquake
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Standard Structures (Uniform
Building Code, 1997)
Design basis earthquake
(DBE) Operating basis
earthquake (OBE)Standard Structures
(USACE, 1999)
Operating basisearthquake (OBE)
Maximum design
earthquake (MDE)
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Thepurpose of a SSI analysis is to evaluate a
coupled bedrocksoilstructure system
including resonance and feedback effects, for
foundations on or below the surface.
How to model :
Half-Space Analysis
Finite-Element Method of Analysis
Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)Analysis
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Identification
andtreatment ofgeologichazards
Estimation ofthe designearthquake
Establishmentof foundationdesign criteria
Evaluation of
structuralresponse todynamicforces
Detailed Study of Regional and Local
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Detailed Study of Regional and Local
Geologic Conditions
Fault Studies Prepare Geologic
Structure Map Investigate for
Capable Faults
Detailedreconnaissance andremotely sensedimagery interpretation
Fault zone extent andcontrol width
Exploration
Quaternary Dating
InvestigateOther Major
Hazards Flood potential
Slope stability
Ground subsidenceand collapse
Ground collapsefrom failure ofcavities in solublerock
Liquefaction andsubsidence potential
Site Soil andFoundationStudies Soil formations
Rock formations
Groundwaterconditions
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Evaluation and Analysis Ground Motion Prediction
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Evaluation and Analysis
Foundation Design andStructural response
Seismic Hazard Analysis
Foundation Evaluation and Selection
Seismic Input for Design Response
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Limitation in the Present State of the Art
Earthquake Characteristic
Surface faulting to intermediate and deep-
focus events
Well defined relationship between datadistribution and areal extent
Occurrence prediction based historical
activity not only last 100 or 200 years but
recent geologic time
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Limitation in the Present State of the Art
Ground Condition and Response
Fault Identification and Capability Evaluation Relationships
between fault displacement and Magnitude
Ground Response in term relationships among soil type, depth,
layering effects, bedrock boundary configuration, and response
characteristics of acceleration and frequency content must be
established
Dynamic Soil Properties
Evaluations of other soils must rely upon estimates of properties
from various correlation procedures.
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Thank for
Atention